1
|
Barczak B, Łuczak J, Kazimierski P, Klugmann-Radziemska E, Lopez G, Januszewicz K. Exploring synergistic effects in physical-chemical activation of Acorus calamus for water treatment solutions. Journal of Environmental Management 2023; 347:119000. [PMID: 37776800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The research proposed a novel method of obtaining sorption material from readily available Acorus calamus biomass through a combination of physical and chemical activation processes. The material with the highest specific surface area (1652 m2 g-1) was obtained by physical activation with CO2, followed by chemical activation with KOH. Reversing the order of activation methods resulted in a lower specific surface area (1014 m2 g-1) of the carbon sample. Chemical activation produced activated carbon with a surface area of 1066 m2 g-1-, while physical activation produced 390 m2 g-1. This confirms the synergistic effect of combining the two activation methods for biocarbon. It was observed that physical activation with CO2 generates a diverse range of pores, including meso- and macropores, while chemical activation induces the formation of micropores. In contrast, reversing the order of these processes leads to the degradation of the porous structure. The application of physical-chemical activation with synergistic effects represents a significant advancement in producing high-quality activated biocarbon for various applications, such as wastewater treatment and energy storage. The combination of the two activation methods resulted in a synergistic effect, leading to the production of carbon material of higher quality. Additionally, the diversified pore sizes will enable the sorption of various pollutants in the aquatic environment and air pollutants, where gas particles are much smaller.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Barczak
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Justyna Łuczak
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Kazimierski
- Centre of Flow and Combustion, Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Gartzen Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E48080, Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Januszewicz
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Januszewicz K, Kazimierski P, Cymann-Sachajdak A, Hercel P, Barczak B, Wilamowska-Zawłocka M, Kardaś D, Łuczak J. Conversion of waste biomass to designed and tailored activated chars with valuable properties for adsorption and electrochemical applications. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:96977-96992. [PMID: 37584801 PMCID: PMC10495522 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Waste biomass, a renewable energy source, is inexpensive material that has great potential in sorption and electrochemical application. The selected waste materials (corncobs, coconut shells, walnuts, and pistachio husks) allow to close the production cycle and enable material recycling, which are important aspects in the hierarchy of waste management. The proposed methodology for production and activation of biochars can be used industrially due to highly porous structure, developed surface area, and sorption ability of the obtained activated carbons (AC). A significant increase (from 4 up to more than 10 times) in specific surface area (SSA) is observed for all samples after the CO2 activation process (0.5 h at 800 °C) up to 725 m2 g-1 for corncobs, 534.9 m2 g-1 for pistachio husks, 523 m2 g-1 for coconut shells, and 393 m2 g-1 for walnut husks. The highest value of SSA is achieved for the AC derived from corncobs. This material is evaluated for use as an adsorbent, revealing 99% removal of Rhodamine B (dye/AC ratio of 0.0017) and 69% removal of chromium (dye/AC ratio of 0.0028). Based on the adsorption kinetics analysis, it is demonstrated that the Cr(VI) undergoes physical adsorption, while RhB undergoes chemisorption. In addition, corncob-derived AC exhibits superior electrochemical performance in 6 M KOH compared to the nonactivated biochar. A specific capacitance of 70 F g-1 at 5 A g-1 is achieved, along with outstanding rate capability (45 F g-1 at 50 A g-1) and cycling stability (94% at 10 A g-1 after 10,000 cycles). In contrast, the nonactivated sample shows only 34 F g-1 at 5 A g-1 and 13 F g-1 at 50 A g-1, with a stability of 91.4%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Januszewicz
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kazimierski
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anita Cymann-Sachajdak
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paulina Hercel
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata Barczak
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Wilamowska-Zawłocka
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kardaś
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Justyna Łuczak
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Turzyński T, Januszewicz K, Kazimierski P, Kardaś D, Hercel P, Szymborski J, Niewiadomski J. The role of additives in improving the flammability and calorific value of leather shavings and the binding of chromium compounds in ash. Waste Manag 2023; 163:52-60. [PMID: 37001312 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Leather processing companies are struggling with the problem of increasing costs of post-production waste disposal. Therefore, the issue of thermal waste disposal at the plant and the use of generated heat in the production process is becoming more and more popular. Leather waste on its own does not allow for autothermal combustion despite the sufficient higher heating value (HHV). Therefore the Authors proposed to improve the flammability of the fuel by adding a small amount of wood sawdust to leather waste and produce premixed pellets. Six such samples were incinerated in a laboratory-scale reactor, which enables the simultaneous measurement of characteristic temperatures, exhaust gas analysis and sample mass loss rate. Research has shown that even a small addition of sawdust enables a stable combustion process and does not cause the formation of sinters. In addition, studies of the ash showed that in the case of chromium-containing waste, a large part of it remained in the ash in the form of Cr2O3. Nevertheless, very fine ash causes the small fraction chromium to be carried with the flue gas stream, therefore controlled agglomeration of the ash structure would be advisable in the final installation. Emission analysis showed high and moderately high NOx and SO2 emissions, decreasing with the increase in the amount of sawdust addition in the sample. Research has shown that leather waste is not a burden, but can be an attractive and safe source of energy for the company, while improving waste management in a circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Turzyński
- Centre of Flow and Combustion, Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Januszewicz
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Kazimierski
- Centre of Flow and Combustion, Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kardaś
- Centre of Flow and Combustion, Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Hercel
- Centre of Flow and Combustion, Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymborski
- Centre of Flow and Combustion, Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Niewiadomski
- Centre of Flow and Combustion, Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kazimierski P, Hercel P, Suchocki T, Smoliński J, Pladzyk A, Kardaś D, Łuczak J, Januszewicz K. Pyrolysis of Pruning Residues from Various Types of Orchards and Pretreatment for Energetic Use of Biochar. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14112969. [PMID: 34072760 PMCID: PMC8198515 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The routine pruning and cutting of fruit trees provides a considerable amount of biowaste each year. This lignocellulosic biomass, mainly in the form of branches, trunks, rootstocks, and leaves, is a potential high-quality fuel, yet often is treated as waste. The results of a feasibility study on biochar production by pyrolysis of residues from orchard pruning were presented. Three types of biomass waste were selected as raw materials and were obtained from the most common fruit trees in Poland: apple (AP), pear (PR), and plum (PL) tree prunings. Two heating rates and three final pyrolysis temperatures were applied. For the slow (SP) and fast pyrolysis (FP) processes, the heating rates were 15 °C/min and 100 °C/min, respectively. The samples were heated from 25 °C up to 400, 500, and 600 °C. Chemical analyses of the raw materials were conducted, and the pyrolysis product yields were determined. A significant rise of higher heating value (HHV) was observed for the solid pyrolysis products, from approximately 23.45 MJ/kg for raw materials up to approximately 29.52 MJ/kg for pyrolysis products at 400 °C, and 30.53 MJ/kg for pyrolysis products at 600 °C. Higher carbon content was observed for materials obtained by fast pyrolysis conducted at higher temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kazimierski
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (P.H.); (T.S.); (J.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Paulina Hercel
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (P.H.); (T.S.); (J.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Tomasz Suchocki
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (P.H.); (T.S.); (J.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Jakub Smoliński
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (P.H.); (T.S.); (J.S.); (D.K.)
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pladzyk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Kardaś
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (P.H.); (T.S.); (J.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Justyna Łuczak
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Januszewicz
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Januszewicz K, Cymann-Sachajdak A, Kazimierski P, Klein M, Łuczak J, Wilamowska-Zawłocka M. Chestnut-Derived Activated Carbon as a Prospective Material for Energy Storage. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E4658. [PMID: 33086654 PMCID: PMC7603389 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present the preparation and characterization of biomass-derived activated carbon (AC) in view of its application as electrode material for electrochemical capacitors. Porous carbons are prepared by pyrolysis of chestnut seeds and subsequent activation of the obtained biochar. We investigate here two activation methods, namely, physical by CO2 and chemical using KOH. Morphology, structure and specific surface area (SSA) of synthesized activated carbons are investigated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical studies show a clear dependence between the activation method (influencing porosity and SSA of AC) and electric capacitance values as well as rate capability of investigated electrodes. It is shown that well-developed porosity and high surface area, achieved by the chemical activation process, result in outstanding electrochemical performance of the chestnut-derived porous carbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Januszewicz
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.J.); (A.C.-S.)
| | - Anita Cymann-Sachajdak
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.J.); (A.C.-S.)
| | - Paweł Kazimierski
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marek Klein
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Justyna Łuczak
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Monika Wilamowska-Zawłocka
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.J.); (A.C.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Januszewicz K, Kazimierski P, Suchocki T, Kardaś D, Lewandowski W, Klugmann-Radziemska E, Łuczak J. Waste Rubber Pyrolysis: Product Yields and Limonene Concentration. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13194435. [PMID: 33028034 PMCID: PMC7579170 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tires, conveyor belts, floor mats, and shoe soles form a main-stream of rubber waste. The amount of these used materials continuously increases due to development of the rubber market. Therefore, pro-ecological utilization (i.e., energy recycling instead of burning) and recovering valuable and recyclable materials becomes an urgent necessity. In this regard, this work was devoted to the chemical recycling of selected used rubber products, and it especially explores the possibility of limonene production. Different types of waste rubber were characterized and pyrolyzed at microgram and laboratory scales, and the results were compared. Additionally, the pyrolysis of tires, the most significant stream of rubber waste, was also conducted in a semi-technical scale reactor. The effectiveness of limonene formation in the liquid fractions obtained from different types of waste rubber was compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Januszewicz
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (W.L.); (E.K.-R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Kazimierski
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (T.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Tomasz Suchocki
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (T.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dariusz Kardaś
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (T.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Witold Lewandowski
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (W.L.); (E.K.-R.)
| | - Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (W.L.); (E.K.-R.)
| | - Justyna Łuczak
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Januszewicz K, Kazimierski P, Kosakowski W, Lewandowski WM. Waste Tyres Pyrolysis for Obtaining Limonene. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E1359. [PMID: 32192185 PMCID: PMC7143481 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the technologies of limonene production from waste tyre pyrolysis. Thermal decomposition is attractive for tackling the waste tyre disposal problem, as it enables both: energy to be recovered and limonene to be obtained. This material management recycling of tyres is environmentally more beneficial than the burning of all valuable products, including limonene. Given this recoverability of materials from waste tyres, a comprehensive evaluation was carried out to show the main effect of process conditions (heating rate, temperature, pressure, carrier gas flow rate, and type of volatile residence and process times) for different pyrolytic methods and types of apparatus on the yield of limonene. All the results cited are given in the context of the pyrolysis method and the type of reactor, as well as the experimental conditions in order to avoid contradictions between different researchers. It is shown that secondary and side reactions are very sensitive to interaction with the above-mentioned variables. The yields of all pyrolytic products are also given, as background for limonene, the main product reported in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Januszewicz
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, PL-80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kazimierski
- Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 st., PL-80-231 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Kosakowski
- Polmos Żyrardów Sp. z o.o. (ul. Mickiewicza 1-3), PL-96-300 Żyrardów, Poland;
| | - Witold M. Lewandowski
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, PL-80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|