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Tran KH, Luki J, Hanstock S, Hanstock CC, Seres P, Aitchison K, Shandro T, Le Melledo JM. The impact of matching for reproductive status on the comparison of magnetic spectroscopic measurements of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid + in the medial prefrontal cortex of women with major depression. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:396-402. [PMID: 38244791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role played by medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the pathophysiology and the treatment of major depression (MD) is increasingly recognized. Although measurements of MPFC GABA and Glu have been shown to be sensitive to physiological fluctuations of female hormones, none of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) investigations of MPFC Glu and GABA in MD have controlled for possible bias effect of the reproductive stage of the women included. METHODS MPFC Glu and GABA+ (which include homocarnosine and macromolecules) referenced to creatine and phosphocreatine, were measured via magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) using a 3-Tesla magnet in 24 women with MD and 24 healthy women paired for reproductive status. All participants were unmedicated. RESULTS There were no statistical differences in either MPFC Glu [95 % CI: (-0.025, 0.034)] or MPFC GABA+ [95 % CI: (-0.005, 0.017)] between women with MD and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation does not support abnormalities in measurement of MPFC Glu and GABA in MD women when stringent control for reproductive status is performed. As a result of the inherent limitations of MRS methodology, our results do not preclude glutamatergic and GABAergic dysregulations in the MPFC of women with MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Tran
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Luki
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Hanstock
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Peter Seres
- University of Alberta, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada; University of Alberta, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, AB, Canada; University of Alberta, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada; University of Alberta, Women and Children's Research Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry Section, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Tami Shandro
- Lois Hole Hospital for Women, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Tran KH, Luki J, Hanstock S, Hanstock CC, Seres P, Aitchison K, Le Melledo JM. Decreased GABA+ ratios referenced to creatine and phosphocreatine in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of females of reproductive age with major depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2023; 48:E285-E294. [PMID: 37607825 PMCID: PMC10446145 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.230016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), especially the left DLPFC, has an important role in the pathophysiology and the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD); furthermore, the contributory and antidepressant role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is increasingly recognized. Given that most female patients with MDD are of reproductive age, we sought to assess in vivo baseline GABA levels in the left DLPFC among unmedicated females of reproductive age with depression. METHODS We compared healthy females and females with MDD. Both groups were of reproductive age. We confirmed absence of current or past psychiatric diagnosis among healthy controls or a current diagnosis of MDD via a structured interview. We measured GABA+ (including homocarnosine and macromolecules), referenced to creatine and phosphocreatine, via magnetic resonance spectroscopy using a 3 Tesla magnet. RESULTS We included 20 healthy controls and 13 participants with MDD. All participants were unmedicated at the time of the study. All females were scanned during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Levels of GABA+ in the left DLPFC were significantly lower among participants with MDD (median 0.08) than healthy controls (median 0.10; U = 66.0, p = 0.02, r = 0.41). LIMITATIONS When we adjusted for fit error as a covariate, we lost statistical significance for left DLPFC GABA+. However, when we adjusted for signal-to-noise ratio, statistical significance was maintained. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that GABA+ levels in the left DLPFC may vary by depression status and should be examined as a possible treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Tran
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Tran, Luki, S. Hanstock, Aitchison, Le Melledo); the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (C. Hanstock, Seres); the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Women and Children's Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Psychiatry Section, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont. (Aitchison)
| | - Jessica Luki
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Tran, Luki, S. Hanstock, Aitchison, Le Melledo); the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (C. Hanstock, Seres); the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Women and Children's Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Psychiatry Section, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont. (Aitchison)
| | - Sarah Hanstock
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Tran, Luki, S. Hanstock, Aitchison, Le Melledo); the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (C. Hanstock, Seres); the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Women and Children's Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Psychiatry Section, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont. (Aitchison)
| | - Christopher C Hanstock
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Tran, Luki, S. Hanstock, Aitchison, Le Melledo); the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (C. Hanstock, Seres); the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Women and Children's Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Psychiatry Section, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont. (Aitchison)
| | - Peter Seres
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Tran, Luki, S. Hanstock, Aitchison, Le Melledo); the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (C. Hanstock, Seres); the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Women and Children's Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Psychiatry Section, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont. (Aitchison)
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Tran, Luki, S. Hanstock, Aitchison, Le Melledo); the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (C. Hanstock, Seres); the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Women and Children's Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Psychiatry Section, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont. (Aitchison)
| | - Jean-Michel Le Melledo
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Tran, Luki, S. Hanstock, Aitchison, Le Melledo); the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (C. Hanstock, Seres); the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Women and Children's Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. (Aitchison); the Psychiatry Section, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont. (Aitchison)
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Tran KH, Luki J, Hanstock S, Hanstock CC, Seres P, Aitchison K, Shandro T, Le Melledo JM. Decreased GABA+ Levels in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Perimenopausal Women: A 3T 1H-MRS Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 26:32-41. [PMID: 36146906 PMCID: PMC9850658 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perimenopause is associated with an increased risk of developing a major depressive (MD) episode. A significant number of women develop their first MD episode during perimenopause, suggesting a unique pathophysiology of perimenopausal (PM) depression. Previous research has shown that depression is associated with decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) of MD patients. The objective of this study was to compare MPFC GABA+ levels in healthy reproductive-aged (RD) and PM women. METHODS A total of 18 healthy PM and 20 RD women were included in the study. MPFC GABA+ levels, which include homocarnosine and macromolecules, were measured via magnetic resonance spectroscopy using a 3 Tesla magnet. MPFC GABA+ levels were referenced to creatine + phosphocreatine (Cr+PCr). Absence of current or past psychiatric diagnosis was confirmed via a structured interview. RD participants were scanned during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. PM women were scanned outside of ovulatory cycles. RESULTS Mean MPFC GABA+ concentrations (relative to Cr+PCr) were decreased in the PM group compared with the RD group (PM mean = 0.08 ± 0.02, RD mean = 0.09 ± 0.02, t = -2.03, df = 36, P = .05) even after correcting for in percentage in gray matter (GM). Because PM women were inherently older than RD women (aged 48.8 ± 3.55 and 31.5 ± 9.66 years, respectively), the age difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P < .001). When age was treated as an independent covariate and included in the model, the difference in GABA+ between PM and RD women was no longer significant (P = .092). CONCLUSION Perimenopause is associated with decreased MPFC GABA+/Cr+PCr levels, which may contribute to the increased risk of experiencing a MD episode during PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Tran
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Luki
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Hanstock
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada,University of Alberta, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher C Hanstock
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada,University of Alberta, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Peter Seres
- University of Alberta, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada,University of Alberta, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, AB, Canada,University of Alberta, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry Section, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Tami Shandro
- Lois Hole Hospital for Women, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Le Melledo
- Correspondence: Jean-Michel Le Melledo, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Room 1E7.14, 8440 112 Street, Walter Mackenzie Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2B7 ()
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Tran KH, Luki J, Hanstock S, Hanstock CC, Seres P, Aitchison K, Shandro T, Le Melledo JM. A comparative magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of GABA+ and glutamate referenced to creatine and phosphocreatine in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of perimenopausal women and women of reproductive age. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:989050. [PMID: 36386999 PMCID: PMC9644378 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The perimenopause is associated with an increased risk of developing a major depressive (MD) episode. The biological changes occurring during perimenopause responsible for this increased risk of depression remain to be elucidated. Postmortem and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies have revealed decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of MD patients. The objective of this study was to compare LDLPFC GABA+ and Glu ratios (referenced to creatine and phosphocreatine) in healthy reproductive-aged (RD) and perimenopausal (PM) women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen healthy PM and 20 RD women were included in the study. Our dependent variables, LDLPFC Glu and GABA+ ratios which include homocarnosine and macromolecules, were measured via MRS, using a 3 Tesla magnet. Absence of current or past psychiatric diagnosis was confirmed via a structured interview. RD participants were scanned during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (MC). PM women were scanned outside of ovulatory cycles. RESULTS Mean LDLPFC GABA+ and Glu ratios were not statistically different between the PM group and RD group (PM mean = 0.10 ± 0.06, RD mean = 0.11 ± 0.04, t = -0.383, df = 36, d = -0.13, p = 0.70) (PM mean = 0.56 ± 0.06, RD mean = 0.57 ± 0.05, t = -0.794, df = 36, d = -0.26, p = 0.43), respectively. The perimenopause demarcates the end of the reproductive life. Unsurprisingly PM women were older than RD women (PM women: 48.8 ± 3.55 years, range 41-53 years old; RD women: 31.5 ± 9.66 years, range 18-47 years old) (p < 0.001). This inherent entanglement of group and age is a limitation of our study. CONCLUSION Contrary to our previous findings of decreased GABA+ and Glu in the medial prefrontal cortex in perimenopausal women, the perimenopause is not associated with decreased GABA+ or Glu ratios in the LDLPFC. This suggests that brain areas playing a role in MD display different sensitivity to the female hormones fluctuations associated with perimenopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Tran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Luki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Hanstock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Peter Seres
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Women and Children's Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry Section, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Tami Shandro
- Lois Hole Hospital for Women, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Maruf AA, Fan M, Arnold PD, Müller DJ, Aitchison K, Bousman CA. Reply to Dawes et al. Can J Psychiatry 2020; 65:586-587. [PMID: 32425056 PMCID: PMC7492884 DOI: 10.1177/0706743720925736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Maruf
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mikayla Fan
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul D Arnold
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Chad A Bousman
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Leirer DJ, Iyegbe CO, Di Forti M, Patel H, Carra E, Fraietta S, Colizzi M, Mondelli V, Quattrone D, Lally J, Ajnakina O, Lee SH, Curtis CJ, Breen G, Pariante C, Aitchison K, Dazzan P, Murray RM, Dobson RJ, Newhouse SJ. Differential gene expression analysis in blood of first episode psychosis patients. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:88-97. [PMID: 31113746 PMCID: PMC6677921 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosis is a condition influenced by an interaction of environmental and genetic factors. Gene expression studies can capture these interactions; however, studies are usually performed in patients who are in remission. This study uses blood of first episode psychosis patients, in order to characterise deregulated pathways associated with psychosis symptom dimensions. METHODS Peripheral blood from 149 healthy controls and 131 first episode psychosis patients was profiled using Illumina HT-12 microarrays. A case/control differential expression analysis was performed, followed by correlation of gene expression with positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scores. Enrichment analyses were performed on the associated gene lists. We test for pathway differences between first episode psychosis patients who qualify for a Schizophrenia diagnosis against those who do not. RESULTS A total of 978 genes were differentially expressed and enriched for pathways associated to immune function and the mitochondria. Using PANSS scores we found that positive symptom severity was correlated with immune function, while negative symptoms correlated with mitochondrial pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified gene expression changes correlated with symptom severity and showed that key pathways are modulated by positive and negative symptom dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Leirer
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK,Corresponding author.
| | - Conrad O. Iyegbe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, Box P092, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Hamel Patel
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK,Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Elena Carra
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, Box P092, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Sara Fraietta
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, Box P092, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Marco Colizzi
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, Box P092, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - John Lally
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, Box P092, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, Box P092, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Sang Hyuck Lee
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK,NIHR BioResource Centre Maudsley, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London
| | - Charles J. Curtis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK,NIHR BioResource Centre Maudsley, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK,NIHR BioResource Centre Maudsley, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, 11361-87 Avenue, AB T6G 2E1, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Paola Dazzan
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, Box P092, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Richard J.B. Dobson
- NIHR BioResource Centre Maudsley, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London,Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Stephen J. Newhouse
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK,Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Box P080, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
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Kingston D, Mughal MK, Arshad M, Kovalchuk I, Metz GAS, Wynne-Edwards K, King S, Jiang S, Postovit L, Wajid A, McDonald S, Slater DM, Tough SC, Aitchison K, Arnold P. Prediction and Understanding of Resilience in Albertan Families: Longitudinal Study of Disaster Responses (PURLS) - Protocol. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31736793 PMCID: PMC6834684 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a natural disaster in childhood can have serious, long-lasting consequences, impacting physical and mental health, development, and learning. Although many children experience negative effects after a disaster, the majority do not, and what differentiates these groups is not well understood. Some of the factors that influence disaster-related outcomes in the midst of adversity include parents' mental health, the home environment, and socioeconomic status. Furthermore, genetics has also a role to play in how children respond to stressors. We had the opportunity to conduct a natural experiment of disaster recovery following the Alberta 2013 Flood. This paper presents the detailed protocol on prediction of resilience in Albertan families, and validation with cortisol data. In addition, data collection procedures, developing resiliency screening tools, candidate gene identification, genotyping, DNA methylation, and genomic analyses are described to achieve the research objectives. This study produced new knowledge by using pre- and post-disaster information on children's health and development, including children's genetics and responses to stress. This information has been identified as important to governments and other organizations invested in early child development. Our comprehensive research plan generates evidence that can be mobilized population-based approaches to improve child and family resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Kingston
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Arshad
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine Wynne-Edwards
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Suzanne King
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shui Jiang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lynne Postovit
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sheila McDonald
- Child Development Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Donna M Slater
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Suzanne C Tough
- Child Development Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Arnold
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Smith V, Finlayson J, Livingstone M, Aitchison K, Flockhart A, Wheelhouse N, Wattegedera S, Rocchi M, Entrican G, Longbottom D, Chianini F. Distribution of Chlamydia abortus in Placentas from Naturally and Experimentally Infected Sheep. J Comp Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Colizzi M, Iyegbe C, Powell J, Ursini G, Porcelli A, Bonvino A, Taurisano P, Romano R, Masellis R, Blasi G, Morgan C, Aitchison K, Mondelli V, Luzi S, Kolliakou A, David A, Murray RM, Bertolino A, Forti MD. Interaction Between Functional Genetic Variation of DRD2 and Cannabis Use on Risk of Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:1171-82. [PMID: 25829376 PMCID: PMC4535639 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Both cannabis use and the dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene have been associated with schizophrenia, psychosis-like experiences, and cognition. However, there are no published data investigating whether genetically determined variation in DRD2 dopaminergic signaling might play a role in individual susceptibility to cannabis-associated psychosis. We genotyped (1) a case-control study of 272 patients with their first episode of psychosis and 234 controls, and also from (2) a sample of 252 healthy subjects, for functional variation in DRD2, rs1076560. Data on history of cannabis use were collected on all the studied subjects by administering the Cannabis Experience Questionnaire. In the healthy subjects' sample, we also collected data on schizotypy and cognitive performance using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and the N-back working memory task. In the case-control study, we found a significant interaction between the rs1076560 DRD2 genotype and cannabis use in influencing the likelihood of a psychotic disorder. Among cannabis users, carriers of the DRD2, rs1076560, T allele showed a 3-fold increased probability to suffer a psychotic disorder compared with GG carriers (OR = 3.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-7.63). Among daily users, T carrying subjects showed a 5-fold increase in the odds of psychosis compared to GG carriers (OR = 4.82; 95% CI: 1.39-16.71). Among the healthy subjects, T carrying cannabis users had increased schizotypy compared with T carrying cannabis-naïve subjects, GG cannabis users, and GG cannabis-naïve subjects (all P ≤ .025). T carrying cannabis users had reduced working memory accuracy compared with the other groups (all P ≤ .008). Thus, variation of the DRD2, rs1076560, genotype may modulate the psychosis-inducing effect of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colizzi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy;,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - John Powell
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gianluca Ursini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy;,Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MA
| | - Annamaria Porcelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Aurora Bonvino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Taurisano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Romano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Rita Masellis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Craig Morgan
- Department of Health Services and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sonija Luzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Kolliakou
- National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit, London, UK
| | - Anthony David
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy;,pRED, NORD DTA, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK;,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; tel: 44-(0)20-7848-0100, fax: 44-(0)20-7848-0287, e-mail:
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10
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Gassó P, Pagerols M, Flamarique I, Castro-Fornieles J, Rodriguez N, Mas S, Curran S, Aitchison K, Santosh P, Lafuente A. The effect of age on DNA concentration from whole saliva: Implications for the standard isolation method. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 26:859-62. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gassó
- Department of Pathological Anatomy; Pharmacology, and Microbiology, University of Barcelona; Barcelona 08036 Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona 08036 Spain
| | - Mireia Pagerols
- Department of Pathological Anatomy; Pharmacology, and Microbiology, University of Barcelona; Barcelona 08036 Spain
| | - Itziar Flamarique
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology; Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; Barcelona 08036 Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona 08036 Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology; Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; Barcelona 08036 Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona 08036 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Madrid 08029 Spain
| | - Natalia Rodriguez
- Department of Pathological Anatomy; Pharmacology, and Microbiology, University of Barcelona; Barcelona 08036 Spain
| | - Sergi Mas
- Department of Pathological Anatomy; Pharmacology, and Microbiology, University of Barcelona; Barcelona 08036 Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona 08036 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Madrid 08029 Spain
| | - Sarah Curran
- MRC Social; Genetic; and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College; London SE5 8AF United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- MRC Social; Genetic; and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College; London SE5 8AF United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Alberta; Edmonton T6G 2R7 Canada
| | - Paramala Santosh
- Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology (CIPP); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; London SE5 8AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College; London SE5 8AF United Kingdom
| | - Amalia Lafuente
- Department of Pathological Anatomy; Pharmacology, and Microbiology, University of Barcelona; Barcelona 08036 Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona 08036 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Madrid 08029 Spain
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11
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Hodgson K, Uher R, Crawford AA, Lewis G, O'Donovan MC, Keers R, Dernovsek MZ, Mors O, Hauser J, Souery D, Maier W, Henigsberg N, Rietschel M, Placentino A, Aitchison K, Farmer A, Davis O, McGuffin P. Genetic predictors of antidepressant side effects: a grouped candidate gene approach in the Genome-Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression (GENDEP) study. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:142-50. [PMID: 24414086 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113517957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unwanted side effects associated with antidepressants are key determinants of treatment adherence in depression; propensity to experience these adverse drug reactions (ADRs) may be influenced by genetic variation. However, previous work attempting to ascertain the genetic variants involved has had limited success, in part due to the range of ADRs reported with antidepressants. METHOD ADRs reported with antidepressant treatment were categorised using their likely pharmacological basis; adrenergic, cholinergic, serotonergic and histaminergic. To identify genetic predictors of susceptibility to each group of ADRs, a candidate gene analysis was performed with data from 431 depressed patients (from a total sample size of 811 patients) enrolled in the Genome-Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression (GENDEP) project, who were randomly allocated to receive treatment with escitalopram or nortriptyline. Data from 474 patients treated with citalopram or reboxetine in the GenPod project (total sample of 601 patients) were used for replication of significant findings. RESULTS We found no significant predictors of presumed adrenergic, cholinergic and histaminergic ADRs. Putative serotonergic ADRs were significantly associated with variation in the gene encoding the serotonin 2C receptor (HTR2C, rs6644093, odds ratio (OR)=1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.31-2.25, p=7.43×10(-5)) in GENDEP. However, this finding was not replicated in GenPod. CONCLUSIONS The association between serotonergic side effects and variation in the HTR2C gene in the GENDEP sample supports the hypothesis that serotonin receptor-mediated mechanisms underlie these adverse reactions, however this finding was not replicated in GenPod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hodgson
- 1Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
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12
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Dominguez MDG, Fisher HL, Major B, Chisholm B, Rahaman N, Joyce J, Woolley J, Lawrence J, Hinton M, Marlowe K, Aitchison K, Johnson S, Hodes M. Duration of untreated psychosis in adolescents: ethnic differences and clinical profiles. Schizophr Res 2013; 150:526-32. [PMID: 24025696 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duration of Untreated Psychosis (DUP) is an important measure associated with outcome of psychosis. This first study in the UK compared DUP between adolescent and adult-onset individuals and explored whether the adolescent-onset group showed variations in DUP that could be accounted for by sociodemographic and selected risk factors. METHODS This naturalistic cohort study included 940 new first-episode psychosis cases aged 14-35years (136 adolescent-onset versus 804 adult-onset psychotic individuals) referred to nine Early Intervention Services for Psychosis in London (2003-2009). Sociodemographic characteristics, age of onset, family history of mental illness, duration of untreated psychosis, suicidality and substance use information were collected at entry to the services. RESULTS Adolescents presented with significantly greater median DUP (179days) than adults (81days, p=0.005). Large differences in DUP were found amongst adolescent ethnic groups (median DUP: White: 454days; Black: 103days; Asian and mixed: 28.5days). In addition, younger age of onset and higher lifetime cannabis use were associated with longer treatment delay amongst adolescents. CONCLUSIONS This study of DUP in adolescent-onset psychosis found it to be approximately twice the length of DUP amongst adults. For the adolescent White sub-group, DUP was far greater than the UK Department of Health target (<3months). Both the high rates of lifetime cannabis use and the lower age of onset might explain the long DUP in this ethnic group. Physicians need to be particularly vigilant about identifying and managing early psychosis in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-de-Gracia Dominguez
- Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK.
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13
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Abstract
Over the last decade there have been further developments in our knowledge of the risks and benefits of benzodiazepines, and of the risks and benefits of alternatives to benzodiazepines. Representatives drawn from the Psychopharmacology Special Interest Group of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the British Association for Psychopharmacology together examined these developments, and have provided this joint statement with recommendations for clinical practice. The working group was mindful of widespread concerns about benzodiazepines and related anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs. The group believes that whenever benzodiazepines are prescribed, the potential for dependence or other harmful effects must be considered. However, the group also believes that the risks of dependence associated with long-term use should be balanced against the benefits that in many cases follow from the short or intermittent use of benzodiazepines and the risk of the underlying conditions for which treatment is being provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Baldwin
- 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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14
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Aitchison K, Datla K, Rooprai H, Fernando J, Dexter D. Regional distribution of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in rat brain and peripheral organs on chronic clomipramine administration. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1261-8. [PMID: 19553387 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) clomipramine has been widely used in psychiatry for over 40 years. More recently, its therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic drug has been identified. However, there are no prior data on regional distribution in the brain of clomipramine and its primary metabolite (desmethylclomipramine) after chronic oral administration. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in different rat-brain regions and to compare those with levels in plasma and peripheral organs after chronic oral treatment of Sprague Dawley rats (15 mg/kg) for 14 days. The levels of both parent TCA and metabolite were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography in six brain regions (cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum, brainstem and cerebellum), five peripheral organs and in plasma. Our data show that the cerebral cortex had the highest concentration of clomipramine (2.9 microg/mg), with successively lower concentrations in the hypothalamus, striatum, cerebellum, hippocampus and brainstem. Of the peripheral organs, the lungs and liver, had the highest levels of clomipramine, while in the heart, only the metabolite was detected. The plasma concentration (0.17 microg/ml or 0.48 microM) was comparable to that in the hippocampus and cerebellum (approximately 0.20 microg/mg). The differential distribution of clomipramine in different brain regions and the regional variation in clomipramine to desmethylclomipramine ratios have implications for the use of clomipramine in psychiatry and neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aitchison
- Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, UK.
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15
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Aitchison K, Serretti A, Goldman D, Curran S, Drago A, Malhotra AK. The 8th annual pharmacogenetics in psychiatry meeting report. Pharmacogenomics J 2009; 9:358-61. [PMID: 19841640 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2009.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Aitchison
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
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16
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Di Forti M, Morgan C, Mondelli V, Gittens L, Handley R, Hepgul N, Luzi S, Marques T, Aas M, Masson S, Prescott C, Russo M, Sood P, Wiffen B, Papili P, Dazzan P, Pariante C, Aitchison K, Powell J, Murray R. Skunk and psychosis in South East London. Eur Psychiatry 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Epidemiological studies have reported that the increased risk of developing psychosis in cannabis users is dose related. In addition, experimental research has shown that the active constituent of cannabis responsible for its psychotogenic effect is Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Murray et al, 2007). Recent evidence has suggested an increased in potency (% TCH) in the cannabis seized in the UK (Potter et al, 2007).Hypothesis:We predicted that first episode psychosis patients are more likely to use higher potency cannabis and more frequently than controls.Methods:We collected information concerning socio-demographic, clinical characteristics and cannabis use (age at first use, frequency, length of use, type of cannabis used) from a sample of 191 first-episode psychosis patients and 120 matched healthy volunteers. All were recruited as part of the Genetic and Psychosis (GAP) study which studied all patients who presented to the South London and Maudsley Trust.Results:There was no significant difference in the life-time prevalence of cannabis use or age at first use between cases and controls. However, cases were more likely to be regular users (p=0.05), to be current users (p=0.04) and to have smoked cannabis for longer (p=0.01). Among cannabis users, 86.8% of 1st Episode Psychosis Patients preferentially used Skunk/Sinsemilla compared to 27.7% of Controls. Only 13.2 % of 1st Episode psychosis Patients chose to use Resin/Hash compared to 76.3% of controls. The concentration of TCH in these in South East London, ranges between 8.5 and 14 % (Potter et al, 2007). Controls (47%) were more likely to use Hash (Resin) whose average TCH concentration is 3.4% (Potter et al, 2007).Conclusions:Patients with first episode psychosis have smoked higher potency cannabis, for longer and with greater frequency, than healthy controls.
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Maitland-van der Zee AH, Aitchison K, Kirchheiner J. Workshop outcomes report: initiatives to establish a European Network of pharmacogenetics/genomics and progress. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 31:151-5. [PMID: 17452095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hilse Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Cervilla JA, Russ C, Holmes C, Aitchison K, Smith CA, Powell J, Lovestone S. CYP2D6 polymorphisms in Alzheimer's disease, with and without extrapyramidal signs, showing no apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 effect modification. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:426-9. [PMID: 10071712 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allelic variation at the CYP2D6 gene has been reported to be associated with Parkinsons' disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD), but not with Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD has been associated with apolipoprotein E (apoE) epsilon 4 allele loading. METHODS We examined CYP2D6 and apoE polimorphisms in a sample of 259 patients with dementia, 210 of whom had a diagnosis of AD, and 107 healthy controls. RESULTS We found that the allelic frequency in our AD sample did not vary from that in the controls. The debrisoquine hydroxylase poor metabolize phenotype was not more prevalent among AD cases than among controls in contrast to that reported for PD and LBD. We also found that CYP2D6 status does not modify the risk effect for AD conferred by apoE epsilon 4 alleles. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide some support to the notion that, at a genetic level, at least at this locus, AD could be distinct from PD and LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cervilla
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics are claimed to show advantages in efficacy and tolerability when compared with older, typical drugs. However, the purchase cost of atypicals far exceeds that of typical drugs. Pharmaco-economic evaluations of the use of atypical agents are used, in essence, to determine whether or not the benefit gained by using atypicals is greater than the extra cost of their acquisition. Several forms of pharmaco-economic evaluation have been developed, but none provides definitive, unarguable findings. In psychiatry, the most commonly used method is the mirror-image technique, which retrospectively compares costs and outcomes before and after the use of a particular drug. Despite the large number of phamacoeconomic evaluations undertaken and published, the cost-effectiveness of atypical drugs remains unproven. Data relating to clozapine are the most compelling, but they remain ultimately equivocal. However, ethical considerations may prevent conclusive research being conducted. Some data support the cost-effectiveness of olanzapine and risperidone, but, again, the overall picture is far from clear. Little or nothing is known of the pharmaco-economics of other atypicals. Further research is needed before any atypical can be said to be cost-effective.
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Whitaker DA, Eayres HF, Aitchison K, Kelly JM. No effect of a dietary zinc proteinate on clinical mastitis, infection rate, recovery rate and somatic cell count in dairy cows. Vet J 1997; 153:197-203. [PMID: 12463405 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(97)80040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Forty dairy cows, paired at drying off according to expected calving date, milk somatic cell count (SCC) and previous mastitis history, and 10 heifers, paired by date of expected calving, were fed diets in the last 3 weeks of pregnancy which contained either 200 mg zinc proteinate and 60 mg inorganic zinc (Zinc group), or 260 mg inorganic zinc (Control group) per day in addition to the natural content of their feeds. After calving, the Zinc group each received 250 mg zinc proteinate and 140 mg inorganic zinc and the Control group 390 mg inorganic zinc per day above background levels. During the first 100 days of lactation there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of clinical mastitis rates, mastitis caused by environmental organisms, new infection rates or recovery rates. SCC showed no differences between the groups. Monitoring of body condition score and weight change, milk yield, blood metabolite values and fertility showed satisfactory and similar nutrition and productivity in both groups. The trial did not demonstrate any advantages from feeding proteinates to dairy cows and highlights the general absence of published controlled trial data on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Whitaker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Veterinary Field Station, Easier Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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Shaikh S, Collier DA, Sham PC, Ball D, Aitchison K, Vallada H, Smith I, Gill M, Kerwin RW. Allelic association between a Ser-9-Gly polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene and schizophrenia. Hum Genet 1996; 97:714-9. [PMID: 8641685 DOI: 10.1007/bf02346178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined a Ser-9-Gly polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene for allelic association with schizophrenia in 133 patients currently treated with clozapine and 109 controls. Allele 1 (Ser-9) was significantly more frequent in the patients (69%) than in the controls (56%) (P = 0.004). The 1-1 genotype was more common (43% vs 30%) and the 2-2 genotype less common (5% vs 18%) in patients than in controls. When the patient group was subdivided on the basis of clinical response to clozapine, using a 20-point improvement in the global assessment scale as cut-off, genotype 1-1 was found to be more frequent among the non-responders (53% vs 36%, P = 0.04). To place our results in the context of previous studies of this polymorphism and schizophrenia, we performed a meta-analysis of all published data including the present sample. The combined analysis shows evidence for a modest association between genotype 1-1 and schizophrenia (odds ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.49, P = 0.01). These results suggest that the Ser-9 allele, or a nearby polymorphism in linkage disequilibrium, results in a small increase in susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shaikh
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Arranz MJ, Dawson E, Shaikh S, Sham P, Sharma T, Aitchison K, Crocq MA, Gill M, Kerwin R, Collier DA. Cytochrome P4502D6 genotype does not determine response to clozapine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 39:417-20. [PMID: 7640149 PMCID: PMC1365130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1995.tb04471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, used in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia, is metabolized partly by the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6. Two phenotypes with respect to the activity of the enzyme are recognized (extensive metabolisers (EM) and poor metabolisers (PM)), resulting from allelic variation in the gene, CYP2D6. 2. Genotype was determined in 123 schizophrenic patients currently being treated with clozapine, in order to determine if EM or PM status influences response to this drug. Patients were divided into responders and non-responders using the Global Assessment Scale, and genotyped for the A and B poor metaboliser mutations by digesting PCR products with HpaII or BstNI. 3. Fifty-nine patients were heterozygous for allele B and for allele A. Eight patients were determined as poor metabolisers since they were homozygous either for A and B. Poor metabolisers were equally distributed between responders and nonresponders and no correlation between CYP2D6 alleles and response to clozapine was found. 4. The results are consistent with recent findings showing that CYP1A2, rather than CYP2D6, is the major enzyme responsible for the metabolism of clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Arranz
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London
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Samaranayake LP, Figueiredo HM, Rowland CA, Aitchison K. Comparison of the attitudes of hospital dentists and dental students in Glasgow, UK and Los Angeles, USA towards treatment of AIDS and hepatitis B patients. Am J Dent 1990; 3:9-14. [PMID: 2375851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A transcultural comparison of the attitudes of hospital dental practitioners and final year dental students in Glasgow, Scotland and Los Angeles, USA was made to assess their attitudes towards treatment of AIDS and hepatitis B patients. Almost all of the respondents were aware of the facts related to spread of AIDS via saliva and blood and the major oral manifestations of AIDS. Surprisingly, a significant proportion of respondents in both countries said they will not attend their dentist if the latter treats AIDS patients and significantly more Americans thought that AIDS transmission was likely in the dental clinic. An overwhelming majority thought specially trained dentists should be employed to treat AIDS patients while the majority of Americans, as compared with Scots surmised that AIDS is a serious threat to public health. In general, the attitudes of the two survey populations towards the AIDS epidemic and attendant problems was similar although the Scots were more complacent than their American counterparts, probably due to the less immediacy of the AIDS problem in Scotland.
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Abstract
In a consanguineous pedigree in which a severe type of osteogenesis imperfecta was segregating as an autosomal recessive trait, analysis of genetic markers for both collagen I structural loci COL1A1 and COL1A2 showed that the phenotype was unlinked to either locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aitchison
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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