1
|
Deng L, Choi S, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Blake KJ, Subramaniam S, Baral P, Held KS, Vazquez-Cintron E, Broide RS, Brideau-Andersen AD, Chiu IM. Botulinum Neurotoxin Accelerates the Resolution of Bacterial Skin Infections in Mice. Toxicon 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
2
|
Shah M, Cabrera-Ghayouri S, Christie LA, Held KS, Viswanath V. Translational Preclinical Pharmacologic Disease Models for Ophthalmic Drug Development. Pharm Res 2019; 36:58. [PMID: 30805711 PMCID: PMC6394514 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of human diseases are critical to our understanding of disease etiology, pathology, and progression and enable the development of effective treatments. An ideal model of human disease should capture anatomical features and pathophysiological mechanisms, mimic the progression pattern, and should be amenable to evaluating translational endpoints and treatment approaches. Preclinical animal models have been developed for a variety of human ophthalmological diseases to mirror disease mechanisms, location of the affected region in the eye and severity. These models offer clues to aid in our fundamental understanding of disease pathogenesis and enable progression of new therapies to clinical development by providing an opportunity to gain proof of concept (POC). Here, we review preclinical animal models associated with development of new therapies for diseases of the ocular surface, glaucoma, presbyopia, and retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have focused on summarizing the models critical to new drug development and described the translational features of the models that contributed to our understanding of disease pathogenesis and establishment of preclinical POC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Shah
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Sara Cabrera-Ghayouri
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Lori-Ann Christie
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Katherine S Held
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Veena Viswanath
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The inability to effectively control microbial infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals affected by spinal cord injury (SCI). Available evidence from clinical studies as well as animal models of SCI demonstrate that increased susceptibility to infection is derived from disruption of central nervous system (CNS) communication with the host immune system that ultimately leads to immunodepression. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing muted cellular and humoral responses that occur post-injury resulting in impaired host defense following infection is critical for improving the overall quality of life of individuals with SCI. This review focuses on studies performed using preclinical animal models of SCI to evaluate how injury impacts T and B lymphocyte responses following either viral infection or antigenic challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Held
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States; Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States.
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States; Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States; Division of Microbiology & Immunology Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oropallo MA, Held KS, Goenka R, Ahmad SA, O'Neill PJ, Steward O, Lane TE, Cancro MP. Chronic spinal cord injury impairs primary antibody responses but spares existing humoral immunity in mice. J Immunol 2012; 188:5257-66. [PMID: 22523388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in immune depression. To better understand how injury inhibits humoral immunity, the effects of chronic thoracic SCI on B cell development and immune responses to thymus-independent type 2 and thymus-dependent Ags were determined. Mice received complete crush injury or control laminectomy at either thoracic level 3, which disrupts descending autonomic control of the spleen, or at thoracic level 9, which conserves most splenic sympathetic activity. Although mature B cell numbers were only mildly reduced, bone marrow B cell production was transiently but profoundly depressed immediately after injury. Despite the return of normal B cell production 4 wk after SCI, mice receiving thoracic level 3 injury showed a significant reduction in their ability to mount primary thymus-independent type 2 or thymus-dependent immune responses. The latter were marked by decreases in germinal center B cells as well as class-switched high-affinity Ab-secreting cells. Importantly, injury did not affect affinity maturation per se, pre-existing B cell memory, or secondary humoral immune responses. Taken together, these findings show that chronic high thoracic SCI impairs the ability to mount optimal Ab responses to new antigenic challenges, but spares previously established humoral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Oropallo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Held KS, Steward O, Blanc C, Lane TE. Impaired immune responses following spinal cord injury lead to reduced ability to control viral infection. Exp Neurol 2010; 226:242-53. [PMID: 20832407 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries disrupt central autonomic pathways that regulate immune function, and increasing evidence suggests that this may cause deficiencies in immune responses in people with spinal cord injuries. Here we analyze the consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI) on immune responses following experimental viral infection of mice. Female C57BL/6 mice received complete crush injuries at either thoracic level 3 (T3) or 9 (T9), and 1 week post-injury, injured mice and un-injured controls were infected with different dosages of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV, a positive-strand RNA virus). Following MHV infection, T3- and T9-injured mice exhibited increased mortality in comparison to un-injured and laminectomy controls. Infection at all dosages resulted in significantly higher viral titer in both T3- and T9-injured mice compared to un-injured controls. Investigation of anti-viral immune responses revealed impairment of cellular infiltration and effector functions in mice with SCI. Specifically, cell-mediated responses were diminished in T3-injured mice, as seen by reduction in virus-specific CD4(+) T lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ production and decreased numbers of activated antigen presenting cells compared to infected un-injured mice. Collectively, these data indicate that the inability to control viral replication following SCI is not level dependent and that increased susceptibility to infection is due to suppression of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Held
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, 92697-4265, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Held KS, Glass WG, Orlovsky YI, Shamberger KA, Petley TD, Branigan PJ, Carton JM, Beck HS, Cunningham MR, Benson JM, Lane TE. Generation of a protective T-cell response following coronavirus infection of the central nervous system is not dependent on IL-12/23 signaling. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:173-88. [PMID: 18570589 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional role of IL-12 and IL-23 in host defense and disease following viral infection of the CNS was determined. Instillation of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV, a positive-strand RNA virus) into the CNS of mice results in acute encephalitis followed by a chronic immune-mediated demyelinating disease. Antibody-mediated blocking of either IL-23 (anti-IL-23p19) or IL-12 and IL-23 (anti-IL-12/23p40) signaling did not mute T-cell trafficking into the CNS or antiviral effector responses and mice were able to control viral replication within the brain. Therapeutic administration of either anti-IL-23p19 or anti-IL-12/23p40 to mice with viral-induced demyelination did not attenuate T-cell or macrophage infiltration into the CNS nor improve clinical disease or diminish white matter damage. In contrast, treatment of mice with anti-IL-12/23p40 or anti-IL-23p19 resulted in inhibition of the autoimmune model of demyelination, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). These data indicate that (1) IL-12 and IL-23 signaling are dispensable in generating a protective T-cell response following CNS infection with MHV, and (2) IL-12 and IL-23 do not contribute to demyelination in a model independent of autoimmune T-cell-mediated pathology. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of IL-12 and/or IL-23 for the treatment of autoimmune diseases may offer unique advantages by reducing disease severity without muting protective responses following viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Held
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schaumburg CS, Held KS, Lane TE. Mouse hepatitis virus infection of the CNS: a model for defense, disease, and repair. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:4393-406. [PMID: 18508518 DOI: 10.2741/3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) results in varied outcomes ranging from encephalitis, paralytic poliomyelitis or other serious consequences. One of the principal factors that directs the outcome of infection is the localized innate immune response, which is proceeded by the adaptive immune response against the invading viral pathogen. The role of the immune system is to contain and control the spread of virus within the CNS, and paradoxically, this response may also be pathological. Studies with a neurotropic murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) have provided important insights into how the immune system combats neuroinvasive viruses, and have identified molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to chronic disease in persistently infected mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Schaumburg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hickey MJ, Held KS, Baum E, Gao JL, Murphy PM, Lane TE. CCR1 deficiency increases susceptibility to fatal coronavirus infection of the central nervous system. Viral Immunol 2008; 20:599-608. [PMID: 18158733 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) in host defense and disease development was determined in a model of viral-induced neurologic disease. Intracerebral (IC) infection of mice with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) results in an acute encephalitis followed by a chronic demyelinating disease similar in pathology to the disease multiple sclerosis (MS). No increase in mortality was observed during the acute phase of disease following MHV infection of mice lacking CCR1 (CCR1-/-) as compared to wild-type (CCR1+/+) mice. However, by 21 d post-infection, 74% of CCR1-/- mice had succumbed to death compared to only 32% mortality of CCR1+/+ mice, indicating that chemokine signaling through CCR1 significantly (p <or= 0.04) enhanced survival following IC infection with MHV. Increased mortality in CCR1-/- mice was not associated with increased viral recovery from the CNS, although CCR1 deficiency correlated with reduced T-cell accumulation within the CNS during acute, but not chronic, disease. Despite the reduction in T-cell trafficking into the CNS of CCR1-/- mice during acute disease, components of host defense remained unaltered; T-cell effector functions including cytolytic activity and proliferation and the expression of IFN-gamma within the CNS were not significantly different between CCR1+/+ and CCR1-/- infected mice. In addition, macrophage infiltration into the CNS was unaffected in MHV-infected CCR1-/- mice when compared to CCR1+/+ mice. Furthermore, assessment of neuropathology revealed no difference in the severity of demyelination between CCR1-deficient and wild-type mice. Together, these findings reveal that T-cell and macrophage trafficking are not dependent on CCR1 and highlight an important role for CCR1 signaling in promoting survival during chronic MHV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Hickey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aguilar JS, Held KS, Wagner EK. Herpes simplex virus type 1 shows multiple interactions with sulfonated compounds at binding, penetration, and cell-to-cell passage. Virus Genes 2007; 34:241-8. [PMID: 16927129 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-006-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) uses multicomponent mechanisms for binding, penetration, and cell-to-cell passage. These processes are affected by polysulfonated compounds. In this paper we have addressed the question of whether the same or different interactions of HSV-1 with polysulfonated compounds are involved in binding, penetration, and passage. For this, we have compared the inhibitory dose-response for a series of polysulfonated and cationic compounds known to block HSV-1 infections. These comparisons were done at the level of binding, penetration, and cell-to-cell passage. Variations in the parameters of the dose-response curves - IC(50) and Hill coefficients (n (H)) - are consistent with HSV-1 having multiple interactions with sulfonated cellular components in all these processes. Some of the interactions seem to be common to the three processes, while others are particular for each one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Santiago Aguilar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Held KS, Chen BP, Kuziel WA, Rollins BJ, Lane TE. Differential roles of CCL2 and CCR2 in host defense to coronavirus infection. Virology 2004; 329:251-60. [PMID: 15518805 PMCID: PMC7111831 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) is important in coordinating the immune response following microbial infection by regulating T cell polarization as well as leukocyte migration and accumulation within infected tissues. The present study examines the consequences of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection in mice lacking CCL2 (CCL2(-/-)) in order to determine if signaling by this chemokine is relevant in host defense. Intracerebral infection of CCL2(-/-) mice with MHV did not result in increased morbidity or mortality as compared to either wild type or CCR2(-/-) mice and CCL2(-/-) mice cleared replicating virus from the brain. In contrast, CCR2(-/-) mice displayed an impaired ability to clear virus from the brain that was accompanied by a reduction in the numbers of antigen-specific T cells as compared to both CCL2(-/-) and wild-type mice. The paucity in T cell accumulation within the central nervous system (CNS) of MHV-infected CCR2(-/-) mice was not the result of either a deficiency in antigen-presenting cell (APC) accumulation within draining cervical lymph nodes (CLN) or the generation of virus-specific T cells within this compartment. A similar reduction in macrophage infiltration into the CNS was observed in both CCL2(-/-) and CCR2(-/-) mice when compared to wild-type mice, indicating that both CCL2 and CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) contribute to macrophage migration and accumulation within the CNS following MHV infection. Together, these data demonstrate that CCR2, but not CCL2, is important in host defense following viral infection of the CNS, and CCR2 ligand(s), other than CCL2, participates in generating a protective response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Held
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - William A. Kuziel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Barrett J. Rollins
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Story JL, Held KS, Harrison JM, Cleland TP, Eubanks KD, Brown WE. The ocular ischemic syndrome in carotid artery occlusive disease: ophthalmic color Doppler flow velocity and electroretinographic changes following carotid artery reconstruction. Surg Neurol 1995; 44:534-5. [PMID: 8669026 DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(95)00368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Story
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Starck T, Hopp L, Held KS, Marouf LM, Yee RW. Low-dose intraocular tissue plasminogen activator treatment for traumatic total hyphema, postcataract, and penetrating keratoplasty fibrinous membranes. J Cataract Refract Surg 1995; 21:219-24. [PMID: 7791066 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(13)80514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been used to treat severe postcataract and vitrectomy fibrinous membranes, but intraocular bleeding has occurred with doses of 25 micrograms or higher. We report three patients, one with nonclearing total hyphema and uncontrollable intraocular pressure and two with severe fibrinous membrane formation, who had treatment with low-dose (4 micrograms to 6 micrograms) intraocular tPA. Although the fibrinous membranes or hyphema resolved in all three patients, they recurred and bleeding that required additional treatment occurred in one patient. Intraocular low-dose tPA may minimize the risk of corneal and retinal toxicity and may be considered an alternative treatment in intractable cases. However, secondary intraocular hemorrhage can occur, and the timing between the initial vascular injury, treatment with tPA, and subsequent bleeding may reduce the risk of further hemorrhaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Starck
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-6230, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
A patient with a positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) titer and cryptococcal meningitis suffered bilateral epithelial keratopathy caused by Encephalitozoon, which did not respond to sulfas, erythromycin, bacitracin, tobramycin, neomycin, polymyxin B, or fluconazole. Eventual administration of itraconazole for the meningitis apparently produced resolution of the long-lasting (2-month) ocular infection. This new oral triazole antifungal may be valuable against the increasingly prevalent microsporidial infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Debulking of the infection by corneal scraping may have contributed to the authors' success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W Yee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|