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Toosi NR, Mor S, Semnani-Azad Z, Phillips KW, Amanatullah ET. Who Can Lean In? The Intersecting Role of Race and Gender in Negotiations. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684318800492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on gender disparities in negotiation often does not address the intersectional influence of other demographic categories. We tested the hypothesis that race intersects with gender to play a role in constraining assertive behavior in negotiations. In two studies, we examined White non-Latinx and Asian/Asian American women and men’s phrasing of requests for higher salaries (Study 1) and the amounts they requested (Study 2) in hypothetical salary negotiation scenarios. White women reported less confidence and less assertiveness in their salary requests and proposed lower first offers than did White men; Asian and Asian American participants did not show gender differences in these measures. Negotiation backlash, measured by the amount that participants felt they could request without being punished for being too demanding, mediated the relation between demographic factors and first offers. We explored outcomes in light of intersectionality theories and the status incongruity hypothesis of backlash. These results indicate that differences in negotiation are shaped not only by gender but also by racial category membership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin R. Toosi
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Shira Mor
- Faculty of Business Administration, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
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Abstract
Both older individuals and women are proscribed from engaging in power-related behaviors, with women proscribed from behaving agentically and older individuals expected to cede desirable resources through "Succession." However, little is known about whether these overlapping agency prescriptions equally target men and women across the lifespan. In seven studies, we find that older men face the strongest prescriptions to behave less agentically and cede resources, whereas older women are comparatively spared. We show that agency prescriptions more strongly target older men, compared to older women (Studies 1a, 1b, 2) and their younger counterparts (Studies 3 and 4) and examine social and economic consequences for agentic behavior in political, economic, and academic domains. We also find that older men garner more extreme (i.e., polarized) reactions due to their greater perceived resource threat (Studies 4-6). We conclude by discussing theoretical implications for diversity research and practical considerations for accommodating the fast-aging population.
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Martin AE, Phillips KW. What “blindness” to gender differences helps women see and do: Implications for confidence, agency, and action in male-dominated environments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
This study investigates how the contribution, identification, and consideration of expertise within groups are affected by gender differences. The authors examined the effects of member expertise and gender on others’ perceptions of expertise, actual and own perceptions of influence, and group performance on a decision-making task. The authors’ findings are consistent with social role theory and expectation states theory. Women were less influential when they possessed expertise, and having expertise decreased how expert others perceived them to be. Conversely, having expertise was relatively positive for men. These differences were reflected in group performance, as groups with a female expert underperformed groups with a male expert. Thus, contrary to common expectations, possessing expertise did not ameliorate the gender effects often seen in workgroups. The findings are discussed in light of their implications for organizational workgroups in which contribution of expertise is critical to group performance.
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Abstract
The role of congruence and incongruence in diverse decision-making groups is examined by manipulating opinion agreement within and between members of different social categories. Congruence occurs when ingroup members agree with one another and outgroup members disagree, whereas incongruence occurs when an ingroup member disagrees with a majority composed of ingroup and outgroup members. The results of two studies, one using a scenario methodology and the second using simulated work teams with two ingroup members and one outgroup member, show that regardless of the task-relevance of salient differences, individuals respond most favorably when categorical and opinion differences are congruent. Study 1 examined individuals’ emotional reactions and group efficacy. Study 2 examined group performance, the minority influence process, and efforts to maintain congruence. The findings suggest that outgroup minority opinion holders may be more influential in diverse group decision-making settings than ingroup minority opinion holders.
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Galinsky AD, Todd AR, Homan AC, Phillips KW, Apfelbaum EP, Sasaki SJ, Richeson JA, Olayon JB, Maddux WW. Maximizing the Gains and Minimizing the Pains of Diversity. Perspect Psychol Sci 2015; 10:742-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691615598513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Empirical evidence reveals that diversity—heterogeneity in race, culture, gender, etc.—has material benefits for organizations, communities, and nations. However, because diversity can also incite detrimental forms of conflict and resentment, its benefits are not always realized. Drawing on research from multiple disciplines, this article offers recommendations for how best to harness the benefits of diversity. First, we highlight how two forms of diversity—the diversity present in groups, communities, and nations, and the diversity acquired by individuals through their personal experiences (e.g., living abroad)—enable effective decision making, innovation, and economic growth by promoting deeper information processing and complex thinking. Second, we identify methods to remove barriers that limit the amount of diversity and opportunity in organizations. Third, we describe practices, including inclusive multiculturalism and perspective taking, that can help manage diversity without engendering resistance. Finally, we propose a number of policies that can maximize the gains and minimize the pains of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Galinsky
- Management Department, Columbia Business School, Columbia University
| | - Andrew R. Todd
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
| | | | | | | | - Stacey J. Sasaki
- Management Department, Columbia Business School, Columbia University
| | - Jennifer A. Richeson
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
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Lount RB, Sheldon OJ, Rink F, Phillips KW. Biased Perceptions of Racially Diverse Teams and Their Consequences for Resource Support. Organization Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2015.0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Opie TR, Phillips KW. Hair penalties: the negative influence of Afrocentric hair on ratings of Black women's dominance and professionalism. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1311. [PMID: 26379612 PMCID: PMC4553896 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Women are penalized if they do not behave in a stereotype-congruent manner (Heilman, 1983, 2001; Eagly and Carli, 2007). For example, because women are not expected to be agentic they incur an “agency penalty” for expressing anger, dominance or assertiveness (Rudman, 1998; Rudman and Glick, 1999, 2001; Eagly and Karau, 2002; Rudman and Fairchild, 2004; Brescoll and Uhlmann, 2008; Livingston et al., 2012). Yet, all women are not equally penalized (Livingston et al., 2012). We make a novel contribution by examining how both White and Black evaluators respond to displays of Black women’s dominance, in this case, whether Black women choose to wear Afrocentric or Eurocentric hairstyles. Design/methodology/approach: We conducted three experimental studies to examine the influence of target hairstyle and participant race on ratings of the target’s professionalism (Studies 1, 2, and 3) and dominance (Study 2). Study 1 was an online experimental study with 200 participants (112 females, 87 males, 1 missing gender; 160 Whites, 19 Blacks, 11 Latinos, 7 Asian Americans and 3 who identify as “other”; Mage = 35.5, SD = 11.4). Study 2 was an online experimental study with 510 participants (276 women, 234 males; 256 Blacks, 254 Whites; Mage = 41.25 years, SD = 12.21). Study 3 was an online experimental study with 291 participants (141 Blacks, 150 Whites, Mage = 47.5 years, SD = 11.66). Findings: Black, as compared to White, evaluators gave higher agency penalties to Black employment candidates when they donned Afrocentric versus Eurocentric hair, rating them as more dominant and less professional. Implications: The present research illustrates the significance of considering both target and evaluator race when examining the influence of agency, and specifically dominance, on ratings of professionalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina R Opie
- Management Division, Babson College, Babson Park MA, USA
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Apfelbaum EP, Phillips KW, Richeson JA. Rethinking the Baseline in Diversity Research: Should We Be Explaining the Effects of Homogeneity? Perspect Psychol Sci 2015; 9:235-44. [PMID: 26173261 DOI: 10.1177/1745691614527466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is often surprisingly difficult to make definitive scientific statements about the functional value of group diversity. We suggest that one clear pattern in the group diversity literature is the prevailing convention of interpreting outcomes as the effect of diversity alone. Although work in this arena typically compares diverse groups with homogeneous ones, we most often conceive of homogeneous groups as a baseline-a reference point from which we can understand how diversity has changed behavior or what type of response is "normal." In this article, we offer a new perspective through a focus on two propositions. The first proposition is that homogeneity has independent effects of its own-effects that, in some cases, are robust in comparison with the effects of diversity. The second proposition is that even though subjective responses in homogeneous groups are often treated as a neutral indicator of how people would ideally respond in a group setting, evidence suggests that these responses are often less objective or accurate than responses in diverse groups. Overall, we believe that diversity research may unwittingly reveal important insights regarding the effects of homogeneity.
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Abstract
The current research integrates perspectives on gendered race and person–position fit to introduce the concept of a gender profile. We propose that both the “gender” of a person’s biological sex and the “gender” of a person’s race (Asians are perceived as feminine and Blacks as masculine) help comprise an individual’s gender profile—the overall femininity or masculinity associated with their demographic characteristics. We also propose that occupational positions have gender profiles. Finally, we argue that the overall gender profile of one’s demographics, rather than just one’s biological sex, determines one’s fit and hirability for feminine or masculine occupational roles. The current five studies establish the gender profiles of different races and sexes, and then demonstrate that individuals with feminine-typed and masculine-typed gender profiles are selected for feminine and masculine positions, respectively. These studies provide new insights on who gets ahead in different environments.
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Dumas TL, Phillips KW, Rothbard NP. Getting Closer at the Company Party: Integration Experiences, Racial Dissimilarity, and Workplace Relationships. Organization Science 2013. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1120.0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Loyd DL, Wang CS, Phillips KW, Lount RB. Social Category Diversity Promotes Premeeting Elaboration: The Role of Relationship Focus. Organization Science 2013. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1120.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Thatcher SMB, Phillips KW. Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder: How Asymmetric Perceptions Color our Experience. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-4716.2010.00061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lewin Loyd D, Phillips KW, Whitson J, Thomas-Hunt MC. Expertise in your midst: How congruence between status and speech style affects reactions to unique knowledge. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430209350317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examine how the status and speech style of experts impacts how they are perceived and their level of influence. In our experiment we manipulate whether high-status and low-status experts share their expert knowledge using a more or less powerful style of speech, and find that experts are more liked, more influential, and engender more confidence when they express themselves in a manner congruent with their status (i.e., high status with powerful speech and low status with powerless speech). We further show that liking acts as a mediator between congruence and influence. This study suggests that experts with low-status characteristics who want to be influential should ensure that their expertise, a marker of high status, is known to the listener before engaging in powerful styles of speech.
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Dobesh PP, Wittkowsky AK, Stacy Z, Dager WE, Haines ST, Lopez LM, Nutescu E, Phillips KW, Trujillo TC, Vondracek T. Key articles and guidelines for the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29:410-58. [PMID: 19323620 DOI: 10.1592/phco.29.4.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important medical problem that affects millions of patients each year. With appropriate prophylaxis, many of these thromboembolic events can be prevented. Although strong evidence supporting VTE prophylaxis spans several decades, several large American and global registries have documented very poor use of appropriate prophylaxis. Because of increasing regulatory requirements, hospitals nationwide are in the process of developing documentation of appropriate VTE prophylaxis programs for both surgical and medical patients. A wide range of clinicians must understand what constitutes appropriate VTE prophylaxis in various patient populations. With the existence of numerous pharmacologic agents, abundance of data from major clinical trials, and several nationally recognized clinical guidelines, compiling the needed reference material to make evidence-based decisions on appropriate VTE prophylaxis can be difficult for clinicians. Therefore, we provide a bibliography of key articles and guidelines related to the prevention of VTE in various patient groups. We hope this compilation will serve as a resource for pharmacists, physicians, nurses, residents, and students responsible for the care of patients who may be at risk for VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Dobesh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6045, USA.
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Phillips KW, Liljenquist KA, Neale MA. Is the pain worth the gain? The advantages and liabilities of agreeing with socially distinct newcomers. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2008; 35:336-50. [PMID: 19098258 DOI: 10.1177/0146167208328062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of diversity on group functioning is multifaceted. Exploring the impact of having a newcomer join a group, the authors conducted a 2 (social similarity of newcomer to oldtimers; in-group or out-group) x 3 (opinion agreement: newcomer has no opinion ally, one opinion ally, or two opinion allies) interacting group experiment with four-person groups. Groups with out-group newcomers (i.e., diverse groups) reported less confidence in their performance and perceived their interactions as less effective, yet they performed better than groups with in-group newcomers (i.e., homogeneous groups). Moreover, performance gains were not due to newcomers bringing new ideas to the group discussion. Instead, the results demonstrate that the mere presence of socially distinct newcomers and the social concerns their presence stimulates among oldtimers motivates behavior that can convert affective pains into cognitive gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Phillips
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 2001 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-2001, USA.
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Dobesh PP, Haines ST, Phillips KW. Bias in AJHP supplements. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp080522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul P. Dobesh
- College of Pharmacy
University of Nebraska Medical Center
986045 Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, NE 68198-6045
| | - Stuart T. Haines
- School of Pharmacy
University of Maryland
20 North Pine Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
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Abstract
In 4 experiments, the authors investigated whether race is perceived to be part of the business leader prototype and, if so, whether it could explain differences in evaluations of White and non-White leaders. The first 2 studies revealed that "being White" is perceived to be an attribute of the business leader prototype, where participants assumed that business leaders more than nonleaders were White, and this inference occurred regardless of base rates about the organization's racial composition (Study 1), the racial composition of organizational roles, the business industry, and the types of racial minority groups in the organization (Study 2). The final 2 studies revealed that a leader categorization explanation could best account for differences in White and non-White leader evaluations, where White targets were evaluated as more effective leaders (Study 3) and as having more leadership potential (Study 4), but only when the leader had recently been given credit for organizational success, consistent with the prediction that leader prototypes are more likely to be used when they confirm and reinforce individualized information about a leader's performance. The results demonstrate a connection between leader race and leadership categorization.
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Dobesh PP, Phillips KW, Haines ST. Optimizing antithrombotic therapy in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008; 65:S22-8. [PMID: 18653821 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp080242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Considerations in selecting antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy for patients with non-ST-segment elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), are discussed, and case studies are used to illustrate. SUMMARY Patients with NSTE ACS for whom a conservative treatment strategy is selected should receive enoxaparin, fondaparinux, or unfractionated heparin (UFH) as anticoagulant therapy. In high-risk patients with NSTE ACS for whom an early invasive strategy is planned, enoxaparin and UFH are the agents with the highest level of evidence (evidence level A). Fondaparinux and bivalirudin can also be used, but they have a lower level of evidence (evidence level B). Since fondaparinux use in patients undergoing PCI has been associated with an increased risk for catheter-related thrombosis, the use of fondaparinux in PCI patients should be limited. The use of bivalirudin alone is as effective and has been associated with less bleeding than the use of UFH or enoxaparin plus a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/ IIIa inhibitor in patients with NSTE ACS who undergo PCI. No benefit has been shown from adding bivalirudin to a GP IIb/ IIIa inhibitor. The role of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with NSTE ACS and elevated troponin levels who are undergoing PCI has been well established, even for patients receiving high-dose clopidogrel. Anti-platelet therapy with clopidogrel has been shown to reduce both acute and chronic events in patients with NSTE ACS, including patients undergoing PCI. A conventional 300-mg clopidogrel loading dose needs to be administered at least six hours before PCI to achieve an adequate antiplatelet effect. A 600-mg loading dose appears to shorten the time to achieve an adequate antiplatelet effect to about two hours. CONCLUSION The choice of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, dose, and timing of administration can affect outcomes in patients with NSTE ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Dobesh
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68135-6045, USA.
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Dumas TL, Rothbard NP, Phillips KW. Self-disclosure: Beneficial for cohesion in demographically diverse work groups? Research on Managing Groups and Teams 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1534-0856(08)11007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Dobesh PP, Phillips KW, Haines ST. Improving the use of anticoagulant therapies in acutely ill medical patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008; 65:S5-12. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp080240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul P. Dobesh
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Stuart T. Haines
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, and Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, MD
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Phillips KW, Dobesh PP, Haines ST. Considerations in using anticoagulant therapy in special patient populations. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008; 65:S13-21. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp080241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul P. Dobesh
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Stuart T. Haines
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, and Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
In 4 experiments, the authors investigated whether race is perceived to be part of the business leader prototype and, if so, whether it could explain differences in evaluations of White and non-White leaders. The first 2 studies revealed that "being White" is perceived to be an attribute of the business leader prototype, where participants assumed that business leaders more than nonleaders were White, and this inference occurred regardless of base rates about the organization's racial composition (Study 1), the racial composition of organizational roles, the business industry, and the types of racial minority groups in the organization (Study 2). The final 2 studies revealed that a leader categorization explanation could best account for differences in White and non-White leader evaluations, where White targets were evaluated as more effective leaders (Study 3) and as having more leadership potential (Study 4), but only when the leader had recently been given credit for organizational success, consistent with the prediction that leader prototypes are more likely to be used when they confirm and reinforce individualized information about a leader's performance. The results demonstrate a connection between leader race and leadership categorization.
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Abstract
This research explores the impact of dyadic side conversations on group norms within three- and four-person groups. The authors propose a link between dyadic communication and group norms such that the absence of dyadic communication enhances a norm of group unity, whereas its presence enhances a norm of faction-forming. In two studies, we demonstrate that the presence of dyadic communication opportunities can both help and hurt group performance and that this depends on a fit between the content of the norm and the wider social context. In negotiation tasks that benefit from group unity, the absence of dyadic communication results in a stronger focus on the group and its future as well as increased group performance. However, in problem-solving tasks that benefit from faction-forming, the mere presence of dyadic communication opportunities leads to increased openness to unique information, disagreement, and group performance.
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Abstract
Individuals define themselves, at times, as who they are (e.g., a psychologist) and, at other times, as who they are not (e.g., not an economist). Drawing on social identity, optimal distinctiveness, and balance theories, four studies examined the nature of negational identity relative to affirmational identity. One study explored the conditions that increase negational identification and found that activating the need for distinctiveness increased the accessibility of negational identities. Three additional studies revealed that negational categorization increased outgroup derogation relative to affirmational categorization and the authors argue that this effect is at least partially due to a focus on contrasting the self from the outgroup under negational categorization. Consistent with this argument, outgroup derogation following negational categorization was mitigated when connections to similar others were highlighted. By distinguishing negational identity from affirmational identity, a more complete picture of collective identity and intergroup behavior can start to emerge.
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Abstract
Oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin is the mainstay of prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disease. However, it remains one of the leading causes of harmful medication errors and medication-related adverse events. The beneficial outcomes of oral anticoagulation therapy are directly dependent upon the quality of dose and anticoagulation management, but the literature is not robust with regards to what constitutes such management. This review focuses on, and attempts to define, the parameters of high-quality anticoagulation management and identifies the appropriate outcome measures constituting high-quality management. Elements discussed include the most fundamental measure, time in therapeutic range, along with other parameters including therapy initiation, time to therapeutic range, dosing management when patients are not in therapeutic range, perioperative dosing management, patient education, and other important outcome measures. Healthcare providers who manage oral anticoagulation therapy should utilize these parameters as a measure of their performance in an effort to achieve high-quality anticoagulation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Phillips
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The scope of existing pharmacist-managed inpatient anticoagulation services and the roles and responsibilities of the pharmacists involved were studied. METHODS A general query regarding the provision of inpatient anticoagulation services was sent by e-mail to members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacists practice and research networks for cardiology, critical care, and general internal medicine. Those individuals whose institutions had such services were sent a written questionnaire and asked to describe the scope of the services provided. Data collected included a description of the type of service model and the management strategies for seven different antithrombotic agents: warfarin, unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, fondaparinux, argatroban, lepirudin, and bivalirudin. Survey results were entered into a database and sent to all participants for use as a resource. RESULTS Of the 33 respondents to the initial e-mail, 25 completed the written questionnaire. A variety of service models were used, most of which were developed and implemented within the past seven years. The majority of services (92%) were consultation based, many of which incorporated daily pharmacist rounds. Less than half of the services were under the supervision of a physician, and only four services involved a multidisciplinary team. In addition, the management of individual antithrombotic agents varied between services, including the automatic management of all patients receiving targeted agents, strict institution-specific protocols, and general guidelines. All but one service provided educational opportunities for students and residents. CONCLUSION Inpatient anticoagulation services described by survey respondents varied in design, structure, and level of responsibility of pharmacists.
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Lount RB, Phillips KW. Working harder with the out-group: The impact of social category diversity on motivation gains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Phillips KW, Northcraft GB, Neale MA. Surface-Level Diversity and Decision-Making in Groups: When Does Deep-Level Similarity Help? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430206067557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined how surface-level diversity (based on race) and deep-level similarities influenced three-person decision-making groups on a hidden-profile task. Surface-level homogeneous groups perceived their information to be less unique and spent less time on the task than surface-level diverse groups. When the groups were given the opportunity to learn about their deep-level similarities prior to the task, group members felt more similar to one another and reported greater perceived attraction, but this was more true for surface-level homogeneous than surface-level diverse groups. Surface-level homogeneous groups performed slightly better after discovering deep-level similarities, but discovering deep-level similarities was not helpful for surface-level diverse groups, who otherwise outperformed surface-level homogeneous groups. We discuss the implications of this research for managing diversity in the workplace.
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Phillips KW, Loyd DL. When surface and deep-level diversity collide: The effects on dissenting group members. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rothbard NP, Phillips KW, Dumas TL. Managing Multiple Roles: Work-Family Policies and Individuals’ Desires for Segmentation. Organization Science 2005. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1050.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Phillips KW, Mannix EA, Neale MA, H. Gruenfeld D. Diverse groups and information sharing: The effects of congruent ties. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Phillips KW, Goldsworthy SM, Bennett LM, Brownlee HA, Wiseman RW, Davis BJ. Brca1 is expressed independently of hormonal stimulation in the mouse ovary. J Transl Med 1997; 76:419-25. [PMID: 9121124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 mutations lead to cancer susceptibility in hormonally dependent tissues such as the ovary and breast. To test the hypothesis that Brca1 expression in the ovary is hormonally regulated and specifically regulated by a functional estrogen receptor, we examined its expression by in situ hybridization in ovaries from virgin, pregnant, and lactating mice, in hypophysectomized mice treated with hormones, and in estrogen-receptor-deficient mice. To determine the relationship between Brca1 expression and cell cycle, serial and adjacent sections of ovary were evaluated for proliferating cell nuclear antigen by immunohistochemistry. Regardless of the model, Brca1 was consistently expressed in granulosa and thecal cells of follicle populations that proliferate independently of hormonal stimulation. Expression was similar in these same follicle populations in the ovaries of estrogen-receptor-deficient mice, in which the lack of this estrogen receptor results in abnormal and incomplete follicular development. Brca1 expression was diminished in the granulosa and thecal cells of hormonally dependent antral follicles. Brca1 expression was also localized to luteal cells of recently formed corpora lutea and corpora lutea associated with pregnancy, but it was greatly diminished in regressing corpora lutea in cycling mice. In all cases, Brca1 expression correlated to S-phase proliferating cell nuclear antigen nuclear staining. Thus, Brca1 expression in the mouse ovary occurs independently of hormonal status and in the absence of a major estrogen receptor-mediated pathway; it is, however, closely correlated with cell cycle in mouse ovarian granulosa, thecal, and luteal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Phillips
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park 27709, USA
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