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Patton KS, Harrison MT, Long BR, Lau K, Holcomb J, Owen R, Kasprzyk T, Janetzki S, Zoog SJ, Vettermann C. Monitoring cell-mediated immune responses in AAV gene therapy clinical trials using a validated IFN-γ ELISpot method. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 22:183-195. [PMID: 34485604 PMCID: PMC8399379 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies have recently shown promise as a novel treatment for hereditary diseases. Due to the viral origin of the vector capsid, however, cellular immune response may be elicited that could eliminate transduced target cells. To monitor cellular immune responses in clinical trials, we optimized and bioanalytically validated a sensitive, robust, and reliable interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. For method performance validation, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with peptides derived from AAV5 capsid proteins and the encoded transgene product, human blood clotting factor VIII (FVIII), in addition to positive controls, such as peptides from the 65-kDa phosphoprotein of cytomegalovirus. We statistically assessed the limit of detection and confirmatory cutpoint, evaluated precision and linearity, and confirmed specificity using HIV peptides. Robustness parameter ranges and sample stability periods were established. The validated IFN-γ ELISpot assay was then implemented in an AAV5-FVIII gene therapy clinical trial. Cellular immune responses against the AAV5 capsid were observed in most participants as soon as 2 weeks following dose administration; only limited responses against the transgene product were detected. These data underscore the value of using validated methods for monitoring cellular immunity in AAV gene therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Patton
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - M. Travis Harrison
- Immunology, Precision for Medicine, 2686 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Brian R. Long
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Kelly Lau
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Jennifer Holcomb
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Rachel Owen
- Immunology, Precision for Medicine, 2686 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Theresa Kasprzyk
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Sylvia Janetzki
- ZellNet Consulting, 555 North Avenue, Suite 25-S, Fort Lee, NJ 07024, USA
| | - Stephen J. Zoog
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Christian Vettermann
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
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Keppler OT, Welte FJ, Ngo TA, Chin PS, Patton KS, Tsou CL, Abbey NW, Sharkey ME, Grant RM, You Y, Scarborough JD, Ellmeier W, Littman DR, Stevenson M, Charo IF, Herndier BG, Speck RF, Goldsmith MA. Progress toward a human CD4/CCR5 transgenic rat model for de novo infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Exp Med 2002; 195:719-36. [PMID: 11901198 PMCID: PMC2193739 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a permissive small animal model for the study of human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV)-1 pathogenesis and the testing of antiviral strategies has been hampered by the inability of HIV-1 to infect primary rodent cells productively. In this study, we explored transgenic rats expressing the HIV-1 receptor complex as a susceptible host. Rats transgenic for human CD4 (hCD4) and the human chemokine receptor CCR5 (hCCR5) were generated that express the transgenes in CD4(+) T lymphocytes, macrophages, and microglia. In ex vivo cultures, CD4(+) T lymphocytes, macrophages, and microglia from hCD4/hCCR5 transgenic rats were highly susceptible to infection by HIV-1 R5 viruses leading to expression of abundant levels of early HIV-1 gene products comparable to those found in human reference cultures. Primary rat macrophages and microglia, but not lymphocytes, from double-transgenic rats could be productively infected by various recombinant and primary R5 strains of HIV-1. Moreover, after systemic challenge with HIV-1, lymphatic organs from hCD4/hCCR5 transgenic rats contained episomal 2-long terminal repeat (LTR) circles, integrated provirus, and early viral gene products, demonstrating susceptibility to HIV-1 in vivo. Transgenic rats also displayed a low-level plasma viremia early in infection. Thus, transgenic rats expressing the appropriate human receptor complex are promising candidates for a small animal model of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Keppler
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
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Keppler OT, Yonemoto W, Welte FJ, Patton KS, Iacovides D, Atchison RE, Ngo T, Hirschberg DL, Speck RF, Goldsmith MA. Susceptibility of rat-derived cells to replication by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2001; 75:8063-73. [PMID: 11483751 PMCID: PMC115050 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.17.8063-8073.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in developing a small animal model of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease would greatly facilitate studies of transmission, pathogenesis, host immune responses, and antiviral strategies. In this study, we have explored the potential of rats as a susceptible host. In a single replication cycle, rat cell lines Rat2 and Nb2 produced infectious virus at levels 10- to 60-fold lower than those produced by human cells. Rat-derived cells supported substantial levels of early HIV-1 gene expression, which was further enhanced by overexpression of human cyclin T1. Rat cells displayed quantitative, qualitative, and cell-type-specific limitations in the late phase of the HIV-1 replication cycle including relative expression levels of HIV-1 Gag proteins, intracellular Gag processing, and viral egress. Nb2 cells were rendered permissive to HIV-1 R5 viruses by coexpression of human CD4 and CCR5, indicating that the major restriction on HIV-1 replication was at the level of cellular entry. We also found that primary rat lymphocytes, macrophages, and microglia expressed considerable levels of early HIV-1 gene products following infection with pseudotyped HIV-1. Importantly, primary rat macrophages and microglia, but not lymphocytes, also expressed substantial levels of HIV-1 p24 CA and produced infectious virions. Collectively, these results identify the rat as a promising candidate for a transgenic small animal model of HIV-1 infection and highlight pertinent cell-type-specific restrictions that are features of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- O T Keppler
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94141-9100, USA
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