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Renn T, Moore J, Schultz KA, Veeh CA. Comparing Behavioral Health Outcomes and Treatment Utilization of Those With and Without Justice Involvement Within the Past Year Among American Indian and Alaska Native Adults. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:685-695. [PMID: 36929492 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Similar to other populations, worse health, increased emergency healthcare utilization, and heightened substance misuse are correlated with higher justice involvement among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations. The historical context and resulting contemporary injustices for AI/AN populations have directly contributed to higher rates of these health and behavioral health conditions among this population. As a result, AI/AN individuals have disproportionate rates of incarceration in the USA, with young AI/AN males having the highest odds of incarceration when compared to any other group. American Indian and Alaska Native populations are overrepresented in the criminal justice system across different touchpoints. However, there remains a scarcity of data and research on AI/AN peoples' involvement with the justice system, and what their lives look like prior to, during, and after justice involvement. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by exploring rates of substance use and mental health diagnoses and treatment utilization among justice-involved and non-justice-involved AI/AN samples. Further, we examined correlates associated with past-year service utilization. Data from the 2015-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 214,505 adults aged 18+) was used. For this study, we examined a subsample of 3068 AI/AN adults. Quantitative data analyses using STATA 16 were run to test for differences on service utilization, mental health status, and substance misuse between AI/AN non-justice-involved and justice-involved samples. Among adults in the sample, 446 (15%) reported justice involvement in the past year. Justice-involved AI/AN individuals were significantly more likely to use the emergency department, utilize mental health treatment, and access substance use treatment in the past year. Additionally, justice-involved AI/AN individuals reported significantly higher rates of mental illness and past-year substance use disorder. In regression models, justice involvement was significantly associated with past-year substance use treatment and past-year mental health treatment. The findings from this work highlight the differences among substance use, mental illness, and treatment utilization between justice-involved and non-justice-involved AI/AN individuals. Findings suggest that justice-involved individuals fair worse in all areas and argue for the consideration of interventions that incorporate both culturally sensitive and justice-responsive models to improve the behavioral health outcomes of these populations. Lastly, while justice-involved AI/AN populations utilize treatment services at higher and disproportionate levels, there is reason to believe that there continues to be a mismatch of need and utilization and further exploration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Renn
- Florida State University College of Social Work, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - John Moore
- Florida State University College of Social Work, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Katie A Schultz
- Florida State University College of Social Work, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Kantsyrev VL, Schultz KA, Shlyaptseva VV, Petrov GM, Safronova AS, Petkov EE, Moschella JJ, Shrestha I, Cline W, Wiewior P, Chalyy O. Influence of Xe and Kr impurities on x-ray yield from debris-free plasma x-ray sources with an Ar supersonic gas jet irradiated by femtosecond near-infrared-wavelength laser pulses. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:053203. [PMID: 27967059 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.053203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of physical phenomena occurring when an intense laser pulse with subpicosecond duration and an intensity of 10^{18}-10^{19}W/cm^{2} heats an underdense plasma in a supersonic clustered gas jet are studied to determine the relative contribution of thermal and nonthermal processes to soft- and hard-x-ray emission from debris-free plasmas. Experiments were performed at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) Leopard laser operated with a 15-J, 350-fs pulse and different pulse contrasts (10^{7} or 10^{5}). The supersonic linear (elongated) nozzle generated Xe cluster-monomer gas jets as well as jets with Kr-Ar or Xe-Kr-Ar mixtures with densities of 10^{18}-10^{19}cm^{-3}. Prior to laser heating experiments, all jets were probed with optical interferometry and Rayleigh scattering to measure jet density and cluster distribution parameters. The supersonic linear jet provides the capability to study the anisotropy of x-ray yield from laser plasma and also laser beam self-focusing in plasma, which leads to efficient x-ray generation. Plasma diagnostics included x-ray diodes, pinhole cameras, and spectrometers. Jet signatures of x-ray emission from pure Xe gas, as well as from a mixture with Ar and Kr, was found to be very different. The most intense x-ray emission in the 1-9 KeV spectral region was observed from gas mixtures rather than pure Xe. Also, this x-ray emission was strongly anisotropic with respect to the direction of laser beam polarization. Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (Non-LTE) models have been implemented to analyze the x-ray spectra to determine the plasma temperature and election density. Evidence of electron beam generation in the supersonic jet plasma was found. The influence of the subpicosecond laser pulse contrast (a ratio between the laser peak intensity and pedestal pulse intensity) on the jets' x-ray emission characteristics is discussed. Surprisingly, it was found that the x-ray yield was not sensitive to the prepulse contrast ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Kantsyrev
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - K A Schultz
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - V V Shlyaptseva
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - G M Petrov
- Plasma Physics Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - A S Safronova
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - E E Petkov
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - J J Moschella
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - I Shrestha
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - W Cline
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - P Wiewior
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - O Chalyy
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Kantsyrev VL, Chuvatin AS, Rudakov LI, Velikovich AL, Shrestha IK, Esaulov AA, Safronova AS, Shlyaptseva VV, Osborne GC, Astanovitsky AL, Weller ME, Stafford A, Schultz KA, Cooper MC, Cuneo ME, Jones B, Vesey RA. Compact hohlraum configuration with parallel planar-wire-array x-ray sources at the 1.7-MA Zebra generator. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:063101. [PMID: 25615200 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.063101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A compact Z-pinch x-ray hohlraum design with parallel-driven x-ray sources is experimentally demonstrated in a configuration with a central target and tailored shine shields at a 1.7-MA Zebra generator. Driving in parallel two magnetically decoupled compact double-planar-wire Z pinches has demonstrated the generation of synchronized x-ray bursts that correlated well in time with x-ray emission from a central reemission target. Good agreement between simulated and measured hohlraum radiation temperature of the central target is shown. The advantages of compact hohlraum design applications for multi-MA facilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Kantsyrev
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - A S Chuvatin
- Laboratorie de Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - L I Rudakov
- Icarus Research, Inc., P.O. Box 30780, Bethesda, Maryland 20824-0780, USA
| | - A L Velikovich
- Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - I K Shrestha
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - A A Esaulov
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - A S Safronova
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - V V Shlyaptseva
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - G C Osborne
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - A L Astanovitsky
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - M E Weller
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - A Stafford
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - K A Schultz
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - M C Cooper
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - M E Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110, USA
| | - B Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110, USA
| | - R A Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110, USA
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Michael NL, Louie LG, Rohrbaugh AL, Schultz KA, Dayhoff DE, Wang CE, Sheppard HW. The role of CCR5 and CCR2 polymorphisms in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nat Med 1997; 3:1160-2. [PMID: 9334732 DOI: 10.1038/nm1097-1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into target cells requires both CD4 (ref. 1, 2) and one of a growing number of G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors. Viruses predominantly use one, or occasionally both, of the major co-receptors CCR5 or CXCR4, although other receptors, including CCR2B and CCR3, function as minor co-receptors. CCR3 appears critical in central nervous system infection. A 32-base pair inactivating deletion in CCR5 (delta 32) common to Northern European populations has been associated with reduced, but not absolute, HIV-1 transmission risk and delayed disease progression. A more commonly distributed transition causing a valine to isoleucine switch in transmembrane domain I of CCR2B (64I) with unknown functional consequences was recently shown to delay disease progression but not reduce infection risk. Although we confirm the lack of association of CCR2B 64I with transmission, we cannot confirm the association with delayed progression. Although subjects with CCR5 delta 32 defects had significantly reduced median viral load at study entry, providing a plausible explanation for the association with delayed progression, this association was not seen with CCR2B 64I. Further studies are needed to define the role of CCR2B64I in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Michael
- Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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Silverman PB, Baruch NP, Schultz KA. One trial conditioning with apomorphine is blocked by cycloheximide. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 34:663-4. [PMID: 2623022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of substantia nigra were treated with 0.05 mg/kg apomorphine and observation of their circling behavior was made. Twenty minutes after the apomorphine treatment they were injected with saline or 2 mg/kg cycloheximide. Two weeks after drug treatment, control animals exhibited rapid contralateral rotation in response to being placed in the rotation environment. This conditioned rotation was not observed in cycloheximide-treated animals. After the first test trial animals received a second apomorphine administration, this time followed by saline injection in both groups. Subsequent to the second apomorphine treatment both groups showed conditioned rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Silverman
- University of Texas Medical School, Department of Psychiatry-MSI, Houston 77030
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Goldstein ES, Vincent WS, Schultz KA. The expression and genomic organization of randomly selected cloned Drosophila melanogaster genes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 867:209-19. [PMID: 3017431 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(86)90036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A lambda recombinant DNA library containing Drosophila melanogaster nuclear DNA inserts was screened with cDNA made from oocyte and gastrula poly(A)+ RNA. 124 clones were isolated which represented sequences complementary to a distribution of abundancies of their RNAs. The clone set was then used as probes to identify those whose RNA abundancies changed during embryonic development. The vast majority of clones showed little difference during development. Four different clones were identified whose poly(A)+ RNAs were quantitatively regulated; two were oocyte-specific, and two were embryonic-specific. 44 clones were chosen for in situ hybridization to salivary gland polytene chromosomes. The location and distribution of their sites are described. A class of clones, identified by in situ hybridization to the nucleolus, is further described. These clones contain a scrambled array of ribosomal intervening sequences.
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Carriers SR, Gulich LG, Schultz KA. Multiple systemic emboli. J Emerg Nurs 1985; 11:136-9. [PMID: 3889445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Schultz KA, Pickleman J, Gaziano J, Hearst M. Endoscopic removal of an intragastric Angelchik antireflux prosthesis. Surgery 1985; 97:234-6. [PMID: 3969627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Four months after insertion of an Angelchik esophageal antireflux prosthesis, a 60-year-old man was seen with epigastric pain and vomiting. Upper gastrointestinal studies demonstrated intragastric migration of the prosthesis. The prosthesis was intact and the straps were untied , and gastroscopic removal was accomplished by pulling out the prosthesis. Surgeons using this prosthesis should be aware of this unique potential complication of erosion into a viscus.
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Schultz KA. Laundry plays a crucial role in efforts to combat infection. Laund News 1981; 7:9, 13. [PMID: 10252430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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