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Abstract
The evolutionary history of sour taste has been little studied. Through a combination of literature review and trait mapping on the vertebrate phylogenetic tree, we consider the origin of sour taste, potential cases of the loss of sour taste, and those factors that might have favoured changes in the valence of sour taste-from aversive to appealing. We reconstruct sour taste as having evolved in ancient fish. By contrast to other tastes, sour taste does not appear to have been lost in any major vertebrate taxa. For most species, sour taste is aversive. Animals, including humans, that enjoy the sour taste triggered by acidic foods are exceptional. We conclude by considering why sour taste evolved, why it might have persisted as vertebrates made the transition to land and what factors might have favoured the preference for sour-tasting, acidic foods, particularly in hominins, such as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. R. Frank
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Katie Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Trautwein
- Entomology Department, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA
| | - Paula Maia
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Emily R. Liman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lauren M. Nichols
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Kurt Schwenk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Paul A. S. Breslin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA,Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nigg CR, Kutchman E, Amato K, Schaefer CA, Zhang G, Anwar MMU, Anthamatten P, Browning RC, Brink L, Hill J. Recess environment and curriculum intervention on children's physical activity: IPLAY. Transl Behav Med 2019; 9:202-216. [PMID: 29660107 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/iby015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the impacts of the built environment on physical activity (PA) is essential to promoting children's PA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of schoolyard renovations and a PA recess curriculum alone and in combination on children's PA. This was a 2 (learning landscape [LL] vs. non-LL) × 2 (curriculum intervention vs. no curriculum intervention) factorial design with random assignment to the curriculum intervention, and six elementary schools per condition. PA outcomes were assessed preprogram, mid-program, immediate postprogram, and one year postprogram. No meaningful intervention effects were found. Lack of an effect may be due to the brief dose of recess, the curriculum not being integrated within the schoolyard, the LL implementation occurring prior to the study, or the already high levels of PA. Potential avenues to promote PA include making recess longer, integrating recess into the school curricula, and developing recess PA curricula integrating schoolyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Nigg
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Eve Kutchman
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katie Amato
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Christine A Schaefer
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Guangxiang Zhang
- Biostatistics and Data Management Core, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Peter Anthamatten
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Raymond C Browning
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lois Brink
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James Hill
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Abstract
Multiple health behavior change (MHBC) approaches are understudied. The purpose of this study is to provide strategic MHBC research direction. This cross-sectional study contacted participants through the Society of Behavioral Medicine email listservs and rated the importance of 24 MHBC research topics (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important) separately for general and underserved populations. Participants (n = 76) were 79 % female; 76 % White, 10 % Asian, 8 % African American, 5 % Hispanic, and 1 % Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. Top MHBC research priorities were predictors of behavior change and the sustainability, long-term effects, and dissemination/translation of interventions for both populations. Recruitment and retention of participants (t(68) = 2.17, p = 0.000), multi-behavioral indices (t(68) = 3.54, p = 0.001), and measurement burden (t(67) = 5.04, p = 0.001) were important for the underserved. Results identified the same top research priorities across populations. For the underserved, research should emphasize recruitment, retention, and measurement burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Amato
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Eunhee Park
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Claudio R Nigg
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Nigg CR, Amato K. The Influence of Health Behaviors During Childhood on Adolescent Health Behaviors, Health Indicators, and Academic Outcomes Among Participants from Hawaii. Int J Behav Med 2016; 22:452-60. [PMID: 25200449 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-014-9440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Health behaviors during childhood may influence adolescent health behaviors and be related to other important outcomes, but no longitudinal research has examined this in a multicultural population in Hawaii to date. This study investigated if childhood moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), fruit and vegetable consumption, and sedentary behavior influence adolescent (1) MVPA, fruit and vegetable consumption, and sedentary behavior; (2) body mass index (BMI) percentile, general health, and stress; and (3) school marks and school absenteeism. METHODS Three cohorts of public elementary school children (fourth to sixth graders) who participated in a state-mandated after-school program in 2004, 2005, and 2006 completed baseline (demographics, MVPA, fruit and vegetable consumption, and sedentary behavior) and 5-year follow-up surveys (demographics, MVPA, fruit and vegetable consumption, and sedentary behavior; BMI, general health, stress, school marks, and absenteeism; combined follow-up n = 334; 14.76 ± 0.87 years old; 55.1% female; 53% Asian, 19.8% Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, 15.3% White, and 11.9% other). RESULTS Regressions found that childhood MVPA (mean [m] = 45.42, standard deviation [SD] = 31.2 min/day) and fruit and vegetable consumption (m = 6.96, SD = 4.54 servings/day) predicted these behaviors in adolescence (m = 47.22, SD = 27.04 min/day and m = 4.63, SD = 3.03 servings/day, respectively, p < 0.05). Childhood sedentary behavior (m = 3.85, SD = 2.85 h/day)) predicted adolescent BMI percentile (m = 60.93, SD = 28.75, p < 0.05). Childhood fruit and vegetable consumption and sedentary behavior negatively predicted adolescent marks (B average, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Childhood health behaviors do influence adolescent health behaviors, some health outcomes, and some academic indicators in this population, especially childhood sedentary behavior, which underlines the importance of sedentary behavior interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Nigg
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA,
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Chen J, Amato K, Wang S, Youngblood V, Brantley-Sieders D, Cook R, Tan L, Gray N. 297 Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of EPHA2 promotes apoptosis in NSCLC. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nigg CR, Amato K, Browning RC, Schaefer CA, Steffen AD, ul Anwar MM, Lampe S, Kutchman E, Brunner E, Bensman L, Anthamatten P, Brink L, Hill J. Is Access To Renovated Schoolyards Associated With Children’s Leisure-time PA? Evidence From Three Complementary Measures. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000493876.34753.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Harmon BE, Nigg CR, Long C, Amato K, Anwar MU, Kutchman E, Anthamatten P, Browning RC, Brink L, Hill JO. What Matters When Children Play: Influence of Social Cognitive Theory and Perceived Environment on Levels of Physical Activity Among Elementary-Aged Youth. Psychol Sport Exerc 2014; 15:272-279. [PMID: 24772004 PMCID: PMC3996505 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) has often been used as a guide to predict and modify physical activity (PA) behavior. We assessed the ability of commonly investigated SCT variables and perceived school environment variables to predict PA among elementary students. We also examined differences in influences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic students. DESIGN This analysis used baseline data collected from eight schools who participated in a four-year study of a combined school-day curriculum and environmental intervention. METHODS Data were collected from 393 students. A 3-step linear regression was used to measure associations between PA level, SCT variables (self-efficacy, social support, enjoyment), and perceived environment variables (schoolyard structures, condition, equipment/supervision). Logistic regression assessed associations between variables and whether students met PA recommendations. RESULTS School and sex explained 6% of the moderate-to-vigorous PA models' variation. SCT variables explained an additional 15% of the models' variation, with much of the model's predictive ability coming from self-efficacy and social support. Sex was more strongly associated with PA level among Hispanic students, while self-efficacy was more strongly associated among non-Hispanic students. Perceived environment variables contributed little to the models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings add to the literature on the influences of PA among elementary-aged students. The differences seen in the influence of sex and self-efficacy among non-Hispanic and Hispanic students suggests these are areas where PA interventions could be tailored to improve efficacy. Additional research is needed to understand if different measures of perceived environment or perceptions at different ages may better predict PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brook E Harmon
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Cancer Epidemiology Program, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA ,
| | - Claudio R Nigg
- University of Hawaii, Office of Public Health Studies, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA , ,
| | - Camonia Long
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Cancer Epidemiology Program, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA ,
| | - Katie Amato
- University of Hawaii, Office of Public Health Studies, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA , ,
| | - Mahabub-Ul Anwar
- University of Hawaii, Office of Public Health Studies, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA , ,
| | - Eve Kutchman
- University of Colorado Denver, College of Architecture and Planning, Denver, CO, 80202, USA ,
| | - Peter Anthamatten
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Denver, CO, 80202, USA
| | - Raymond C Browning
- Colorado State University, College of Health and Human Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Lois Brink
- University of Colorado Denver, College of Architecture and Planning, Denver, CO, 80202, USA ,
| | - James O Hill
- University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Abstract
Physiologic stabilization and maintenance of life of a critically ill, newly delivered woman is the immediate priority for the critical care team. Once stabilized however, each mother must be evaluated for lactation status. For the mother who has chosen to bottle-feed her infant, the nurse should initiate nursing care measures to suppress lactation. With the mother who has chosen to breast-feed her infant, the nurse has additional responsibility. Because actual breast-feeding will most likely be suspended temporarily, the nursing staff should be knowledgeable in breast care associated with establishing a milk supply, expressing milk to prevent breast engorgement, and initiating actual breast-feeding when the mother's condition permits. This article provides the advanced practice nurse with information, skills, and resources necessary to assess, initiate, and maintain breast-feeding, one of the most important physiologic and psychologic needs of the mother-infant dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Dauphinee
- Shadyside Hospital, Women's Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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