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Long MF, Capstick RA, Spearing PK, Engers JL, Gregro AR, Bollinger SR, Chang S, Luscombe VB, Rodriguez AL, Cho HP, Niswender CM, Bridges TM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Engers DW, Temple KJ. Discovery of structurally distinct tricyclic M 4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) chemotypes - Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 53:128416. [PMID: 34710625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This Letter details our efforts to develop novel tricyclic M4 PAM scaffolds with improved pharmacological properties. This endeavor involved a "tie-back" strategy to replace the 3-amino-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide core which lead to the discovery of two novel tricyclic cores: a 7,9-dimethylpyrido[3',2':4,5]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine core and 2,4-dimethylthieno[2,3-b:5,4-c']dipyridine core. Both tricyclic cores displayed low nanomolar potency against the human M4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline F Long
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rory A Capstick
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Paul K Spearing
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julie L Engers
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alison R Gregro
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sean R Bollinger
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sichen Chang
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vincent B Luscombe
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hyekyung P Cho
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Darren W Engers
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kayla J Temple
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Temple KJ, Long MF, Engers JL, Watson KJ, Chang S, Luscombe VB, Rodriguez AL, Niswender CM, Bridges TM, Conn PJ, Engers DW, Lindsley CW. Discovery of structurally distinct tricyclic M 4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) chemotypes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126811. [PMID: 31787491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This Letter details our efforts to develop new M4 PAM scaffolds with improved pharmacological properties. This endeavor involved replacing the 3,4-dimethylpyridazine core with two novel cores: a 2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazole-5-carboxamide core or a 1-methyl-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole-6-carboxamide core. Due to shallow SAR, these cores were further evolved into two unique tricyclic cores: an 8,9-dimethyl-8H-pyrazolo[3,4-h]quinazoline core and an 1-methyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-h]quinazoline core. Both tricyclic cores displayed low nanomolar potency against both human and rat M4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J Temple
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Madeline F Long
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julie L Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Katherine J Watson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sichen Chang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vincent B Luscombe
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Darren W Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Rigg RA, Healy LD, Chu TT, Ngo ATP, Mitrugno A, Zilberman-Rudenko J, Aslan JE, Hinds MT, Vecchiarelli LD, Morgan TK, Gruber A, Temple KJ, Lindsley CW, Duvernay MT, Hamm HE, McCarty OJT. Protease-activated receptor 4 activity promotes platelet granule release and platelet-leukocyte interactions. Platelets 2018; 30:126-135. [PMID: 30560697 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1406076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human platelets express two protease-activated receptors (PARs), PAR1 (F2R) and PAR4 (F2RL3), which are activated by a number of serine proteases that are generated during pathological events and cause platelet activation. Recent interest has focused on PAR4 as a therapeutic target, given PAR4 seems to promote experimental thrombosis and procoagulant microparticle formation, without a broadly apparent role in hemostasis. However, it is not yet known whether PAR4 activity plays a role in platelet-leukocyte interactions, which are thought to contribute to both thrombosis and acute or chronic thrombo-inflammatory processes. We sought to determine whether PAR4 activity contributes to granule secretion from activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte interactions. We performed in vitro and ex vivo studies of platelet granule release and platelet-leukocyte interactions in the presence of PAR4 agonists including PAR4 activating peptide, thrombin, cathepsin G, and plasmin in combination with small-molecule PAR4 antagonists. Activation of human platelets with thrombin, cathepsin G, or plasmin potentiated platelet dense granule secretion that was specifically impaired by PAR4 inhibitors. Platelet-leukocyte interactions and platelet P-selectin exposure the following stimulation with PAR4 agonists were also impaired by activated PAR4 inhibition in either a purified system or in whole blood. These results indicate PAR4-specific promotion of platelet granule release and platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation and suggest that pharmacological control of PAR4 activity could potentially attenuate platelet granule release or platelet-leukocyte interaction-mediated pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Rigg
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Laura D Healy
- b Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Tiffany T Chu
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Anh T P Ngo
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Annachiara Mitrugno
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Jevgenia Zilberman-Rudenko
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA.,e Knight Cardiovascular Institute , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Monica T Hinds
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Lisa Dirling Vecchiarelli
- f Department of Pathology , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Terry K Morgan
- f Department of Pathology , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - András Gruber
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA.,c Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Kayla J Temple
- g Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA.,h Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- g Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA.,h Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Matthew T Duvernay
- g Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- g Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA.,b Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA.,c Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology , School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
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Borza CM, Su Y, Tran TL, Yu L, Steyns N, Temple KJ, Skwark MJ, Meiler J, Lindsley CW, Hicks BR, Leitinger B, Zent R, Pozzi A. Discoidin domain receptor 1 kinase activity is required for regulating collagen IV synthesis. Matrix Biol 2017; 57-58:258-271. [PMID: 27915093 PMCID: PMC5329129 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that binds to and is activated by collagens. DDR1 expression increases following kidney injury and accumulating evidence suggests that it contributes to the progression of injury. To this end, deletion of DDR1 is beneficial in ameliorating kidney injury induced by angiotensin infusion, unilateral ureteral obstruction, or nephrotoxic nephritis. Most of the beneficial effects observed in the DDR1-null mice are attributed to reduced inflammatory cell infiltration to the site of injury, suggesting that DDR1 plays a pro-inflammatory effect. The goal of this study was to determine whether, in addition to its pro-inflammatory effect, DDR1 plays a deleterious effect in kidney injury by directly regulating extracellular matrix production. We show that DDR1-null mice have reduced deposition of glomerular collagens I and IV as well as decreased proteinuria following the partial renal ablation model of kidney injury. Using mesangial cells isolated from DDR1-null mice, we show that these cells produce significantly less collagen compared to DDR1-null cells reconstituted with wild type DDR1. Moreover, mutagenesis analysis revealed that mutations in the collagen binding site or in the kinase domain significantly reduce DDR1-mediated collagen production. Finally, we provide evidence that blocking DDR1 kinase activity with an ATP-competitive small molecule inhibitor reduces collagen production. In conclusion, our studies indicate that the kinase activity of DDR1 plays a key role in DDR1-induced collagen synthesis and suggest that blocking collagen-mediated DDR1 activation may be beneficial in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina M Borza
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Truc-Linh Tran
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nick Steyns
- Department Chemistry, Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kayla J Temple
- Department Chemistry, Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Marcin J Skwark
- Department Chemistry, Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department Chemistry, Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department Chemistry, Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Brennan R Hicks
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Birgit Leitinger
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Veterans Affairs Hospitals, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Veterans Affairs Hospitals, Nashville, TN, United States.
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Abstract
A set of synthetic approaches was developed and applied to the synthesis of eight frame-shifted isoprenoid diphosphate analogues. These analogues were designed to increase or decrease the methylene units between the double bonds and/or the pyrophosphate moieties of the isoprenoid structure. Evaluation of mammalian GGTase-I and FTase revealed that small structural changes can result in substantial changes in substrate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J Temple
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Elia N Wright
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carol A Fierke
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Temple KJ, Duvernay MT, Maeng JG, Blobaum AL, Stauffer SR, Hamm HE, Lindsley CW. Identification of the minimum PAR4 inhibitor pharmacophore and optimization of a series of 2-methoxy-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5481-5486. [PMID: 27777004 PMCID: PMC5340293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This letter describes the further deconstruction of the known PAR4 inhibitor chemotypes (MWs 490-525 and with high plasma protein binding) to identify a minimum PAR4 pharmacophore devoid of metabolic liabilities and improved properties. This exercise identified a greatly simplified 2-methoxy-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole scaffold that afforded nanomolar inhibition of both activating peptide and γ-thrombin mediated PAR4 stimulation, while reducing both molecular weight and the number of hydrogen bond donors/acceptors by ∼50%. This minimum PAR4 pharmacophore, with competitive inhibition, versus non-competitive of the larger chemotypes, allows an ideal starting point to incorporate desired functional groups to engender optimal DMPK properties towards a preclinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J. Temple
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew T. Duvernay
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jae G. Maeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shaun R. Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Heidi E. Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Duvernay MT, Temple KJ, Maeng JG, Blobaum AL, Stauffer SR, Lindsley CW, Hamm HE. Contributions of Protease-Activated Receptors PAR1 and PAR4 to Thrombin-Induced GPIIbIIIa Activation in Human Platelets. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 91:39-47. [PMID: 27784794 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human platelets display a unique dual receptor system for responding to its primary endogenous activator, α-thrombin. Because of the lack of efficacious antagonists, the field has relied on synthetic peptides and pepducins to describe protease-activated receptor PAR1 and PAR4 signaling. The precise contributions of each receptor have not been established in the context of thrombin. We took advantage of newly discovered PAR antagonists to contrast the contribution of PAR1 and PAR4 to thrombin-mediated activation of the platelet fibrin receptor (GPIIbIIIa). PAR1 is required for platelet activation at low but not high concentrations of thrombin, and maximal platelet activation at high concentrations of thrombin requires PAR4. As the concentration of thrombin is increased, PAR1 signaling is quickly overcome by PAR4 signaling, leaving a narrow window of low thrombin concentrations that exclusively engage PAR1. PAR4 antagonism reduces the maximum thrombin response by over 50%. Thus, although the PAR1 response still active at higher concentrations of thrombin, this response is superseded by PAR4. Truncation of a known PAR4 antagonist and identification of the minimum pharmacophore converted the mechanism of inhibition from noncompetitive to competitive, such that the antagonist could be outcompeted by increasing doses of the ligand. Fragments retained efficacy against both soluble and tethered ligands with lower cLogP values and an increased free fraction in plasma. These reversible, competitive compounds represent a route toward potentially safer PAR4 antagonists for clinical utility and the development of tools such as radioligands and positron emission tomography tracers that are not currently available to the field for this target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Duvernay
- Department of Pharmacology (M.T.D., K.J.T., J.G.M., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L., H.E.H.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (K.J.T., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (S.R.S., C.W.L.)
| | - Kayla J Temple
- Department of Pharmacology (M.T.D., K.J.T., J.G.M., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L., H.E.H.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (K.J.T., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (S.R.S., C.W.L.)
| | - Jae G Maeng
- Department of Pharmacology (M.T.D., K.J.T., J.G.M., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L., H.E.H.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (K.J.T., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (S.R.S., C.W.L.)
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Department of Pharmacology (M.T.D., K.J.T., J.G.M., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L., H.E.H.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (K.J.T., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (S.R.S., C.W.L.)
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology (M.T.D., K.J.T., J.G.M., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L., H.E.H.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (K.J.T., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (S.R.S., C.W.L.)
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology (M.T.D., K.J.T., J.G.M., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L., H.E.H.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (K.J.T., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (S.R.S., C.W.L.)
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology (M.T.D., K.J.T., J.G.M., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L., H.E.H.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (K.J.T., A.L.B., S.R.S., C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (S.R.S., C.W.L.)
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8
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Jeffries DE, Witt JO, McCollum AL, Temple KJ, Hurtado MA, Harp JM, Blobaum AL, Lindsley CW, Hopkins CR. Discovery, characterization and biological evaluation of a novel (R)-4,4-difluoropiperidine scaffold as dopamine receptor 4 (D 4R) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5757-5764. [PMID: 28327307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a novel series of (R)-4,4-difluoropiperidine core scaffold as dopamine receptor 4 (D4) antagonists. A series of compounds from this scaffold are highly potent against the D4 receptor and selective against the other dopamine receptors. In addition, we were able to confirm the active isomer as the (R)-enantiomer via an X-ray crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan O Witt
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Andrea L McCollum
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Kayla J Temple
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Miguel A Hurtado
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Joel M Harp
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Corey R Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 58198, United States.
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9
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Temple KJ, Duvernay MT, Young SE, Wen W, Wu W, Maeng JG, Blobaum AL, Stauffer SR, Hamm HE, Lindsley CW. Development of a Series of (1-Benzyl-3-(6-methoxypyrimidin-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)methanols as Selective Protease Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Antagonists with in Vivo Utility and Activity Against γ-Thrombin. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7690-5. [PMID: 27482618 PMCID: PMC5775816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the development of a series of highly selective PAR4 antagonists with nanomolar potency and selectivity versus PAR1, derived from the indole-based 3. Of these, 9j (PAR4 IC50 = 445 nM, PAR1 response IC50 > 30 μM) and 10h (PAR4 IC50 = 179 nM, PAR1 response IC50 > 30 μM) maintained an overall favorable in vitro DMPK profile, encouraging rat/mouse in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) and activity against γ-thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J. Temple
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew T. Duvernay
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Summer E. Young
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Wandong Wen
- College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jae G. Maeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shaun R. Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Heidi E. Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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10
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Temple KJ, Wright EN, Fierke CA, Gibbs RA. Exploration of GGTase-I substrate requirements. Part 1: Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of novel aryl-modified geranylgeranyl diphosphate analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3499-502. [PMID: 27342750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein geranylgeranylation is a type of post-translational modification that aids in the localization of proteins to the plasma member where they elicit cellular signals. To better understand the isoprenoid requirements of GGTase-I, a series of aryl-modified geranylgeranyl diphosphate analogs were synthesized and screened against mammalian GGTase-I. Of our seven-member library of compounds, six analogs proved to be substrates of GGTase-I, with 6d having a krel=1.93 when compared to GGPP (krel=1.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J Temple
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47909, USA.
| | - Elia N Wright
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carol A Fierke
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47909, USA
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11
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Temple KJ, Wright EN, Fierke CA, Gibbs RA. Exploration of GGTase-I substrate requirements. Part 2: Synthesis and biochemical analysis of novel saturated geranylgeranyl diphosphate analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3503-7. [PMID: 27342751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein prenylation is a type of post-translational modification that aids certain proteins in localizing to the plasma member where they activate cell signaling. To better understand the isoprenoid requirements and differences of FTase and GGTase-I, a series of saturated geranylgeranyl diphosphate analogs were synthesized and screened against both mammalian FTase and GGTase-I. Of our library of compounds, several analogs proved to be substrates of GGTase-I, with 11d having a krel=0.95 when compared to GGPP (krel=1.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J Temple
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47909, USA.
| | - Elia N Wright
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carol A Fierke
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47909, USA
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12
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Witt JO, McCollum AL, Hurtado MA, Huseman ED, Jeffries DE, Temple KJ, Plumley HC, Blobaum AL, Lindsley CW, Hopkins CR. Synthesis and characterization of a series of chiral alkoxymethyl morpholine analogs as dopamine receptor 4 (D4R) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2481-2488. [PMID: 27080176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a series of chiral alkoxymethyl morpholine analogs. Our efforts have culminated in the identification of (S)-2-(((6-chloropyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4-((6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)morpholine as a novel potent and selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist with selectivity against the other dopamine receptors tested (<10% inhibition at 1μM against D1, D2L, D2S, D3, and D5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O Witt
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Andrea L McCollum
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Miguel A Hurtado
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Eric D Huseman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Daniel E Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Kayla J Temple
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Hyekyung C Plumley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Corey R Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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