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Corbin JM, Overcash RF, Wren JD, Coburn A, Tipton GJ, Ezzell JA, McNaughton KK, Fung KM, Kosanke SD, Ruiz-Echevarria MJ. Analysis of TMEFF2 allografts and transgenic mouse models reveals roles in prostate regeneration and cancer. Prostate 2016; 76:97-113. [PMID: 26417683 PMCID: PMC4722803 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous results from our lab indicate a tumor suppressor role for the transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor and two follistatin motifs 2 (TMEFF2) in prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we further characterize this role and uncover new functions for TMEFF2 in cancer and adult prostate regeneration. METHODS The role of TMEFF2 was examined in PCa cells using Matrigel(TM) cultures and allograft models of PCa cells. In addition, we developed a transgenic mouse model that expresses TMEFF2 from a prostate specific promoter. Anatomical, histological, and metabolic characterizations of the transgenic mouse prostate were conducted. The effect of TMEFF2 in prostate regeneration was studied by analyzing branching morphogenesis in the TMEFF2-expressing mouse lobes and alterations in branching morphogenesis were correlated with the metabolomic profiles of the mouse lobes. The role of TMEFF2 in prostate tumorigenesis in whole animals was investigated by crossing the TMEFF2 transgenic mice with the TRAMP mouse model of PCa and analyzing the histopathological changes in the progeny. RESULTS Ectopic expression of TMEFF2 impairs growth of PCa cells in Matrigel or allograft models. Surprisingly, while TMEFF2 expression in the TRAMP mouse did not have a significant effect on the glandular prostate epithelial lesions, the double TRAMP/TMEFF2 transgenic mice displayed an increased incidence of neuroendocrine type tumors. In addition, TMEFF2 promoted increased branching specifically in the dorsal lobe of the prostate suggesting a potential role in developmental processes. These results correlated with data indicating an alteration in the metabolic profile of the dorsal lobe of the transgenic TMEFF2 mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results confirm the tumor suppressor role of TMEFF2 and suggest that ectopic expression of TMEFF2 in mouse prostate leads to additional lobe-specific effects in prostate regeneration and tumorigenesis. This points to a complex and multifunctional role for TMEFF2 during PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- JM. Corbin
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center. Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - RF. Overcash
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - JD. Wren
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program. Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation. Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - A. Coburn
- Department of Comparative Medicine. East Carolina University. Greenville, NC, USA
| | - GJ. Tipton
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - JA. Ezzell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - KK. McNaughton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - KM Fung
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center. Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - SD. Kosanke
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center. Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - MJ Ruiz-Echevarria
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center. Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center. Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Correspondence to: MJ. Ruiz-Echevarria, Associate Professor of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, 975 N.E. 10th Street, Room 1368A, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104. Phone: (405) 271.1871; Fax: (405) 271.2141.
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2
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Merna N, Fung KM, Wang JJ, King CR, Hansen KC, Christman KL, George SC. Differential β3 Integrin Expression Regulates the Response of Human Lung and Cardiac Fibroblasts to Extracellular Matrix and Its Components. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2195-205. [PMID: 25926101 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from whole organ decellularization has been successfully used in a variety of tissue engineering applications. ECM contains a complex mixture of functional and structural molecules that are ideally suited for the tissue from which the ECM is harvested. However, decellularization disrupts the structural properties and protein composition of the ECM, which may impact function when cells such as the fibroblast are reintroduced during recellularization. We hypothesized that the ECM structure and composition, fibroblast source, and integrin expression would influence the fibroblast phenotype. Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) and normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs) were cultured on intact cardiac ECM, collagen gels, and coatings composed of cardiac ECM, lung ECM, and individual ECM components (collagen and fibronectin [FN]) for 48 h. COL1A expression of HCFs and NHLFs cultured on ECM and FN coatings decreased to <50% of that of untreated cells; COL1A expression for HCFs cultured on ECM coatings was one- to twofold higher than HCFs cultured on intact ECM. NHLFs cultured on ECM and FN coatings expressed 12- to 31-fold more alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) than HCFs; the αSMA expression for HCFs and NHLFs cultured on ECM coatings was ∼2- to 5-fold higher than HCFs and NHLFs cultured on intact ECM. HCFs expressed significantly higher levels of β3 and β4 integrins when compared to NHLFs. Inhibition of the β3 integrin, but not β4, resulted in a 16- to 26-fold increase in αSMA expression in HCFs cultured on ECM coatings and FN. Our results demonstrate that β3 integrin expression depends on the source of the fibroblast and that its expression inhibits αSMA expression (and thus the myofibroblast phenotype). We conclude that the fibroblast source and integrin expression play important roles in regulating the fibroblast phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Merna
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Kelsey M Fung
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Jean J Wang
- 2 Department of Bioengineering and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Cristi R King
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , Missouri
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado , Denver, Colorado
| | - Karen L Christman
- 2 Department of Bioengineering and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Steven C George
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , Missouri
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3
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Geoerger B, Kerr K, Tang CB, Fung KM, Powell B, Sutton LN, Phillips PC, Janss AJ. Antitumor activity of the rapamycin analog CCI-779 in human primitive neuroectodermal tumor/medulloblastoma models as single agent and in combination chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2001; 61:1527-32. [PMID: 11245461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
We examined the cytotoxicity of the immunosuppressant agent rapamycin and its analogue CCI-779 in human brain tumor cell lines in vitro and in vivo as single agents and in combination with standard chemotherapeutic drugs. In the rapamycin-sensitive PNET/MB cell line DAOY, rapamycin exhibited additive cytotoxicity with cisplatin and with camptothecin. In vivo, CCI-779 delayed DAOY xenograft growth by 160% after 1 week and 240% after 2 weeks of systemic treatment, compared with controls. Single high-dose treatment induced 37% regression of tumor solume. Growth inhibition of DAOY xenografts was 1.3 times greater after simultaneous treatment with CCI-779 and cisplatin than after cisplatin alone. Interestingly, CCI-779 also produced growth inhibition of xenografts derived from U251 malignant glioma cells, a human cell line resistant to rapamycin in vitro. These studies suggest that the rapamycin analogue CCI-779 is an important new agent to investigate in the treatment of human brain tumors, particularly PNET/MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Geoerger
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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4
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Grotzer MA, Janss AJ, Fung KM, Sutton LN, Zhao H, Trojanowski JQ, Rorke LB, Phillips PC. Abundance of apoptotic neoplastic cells in diagnostic biopsy samples is not a prognostic factor in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 23:25-9. [PMID: 11196266 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200101000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess if the abundance of apoptotic tumor cells is an independent prognostic factor in primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) of the central nervous system. PATIENTS AND METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections from 78 clinically well-characterized children with PNET were evaluated by terminal deoxytransferase-mediated deoxyuridinie-5'-triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Apoptotic indices (AI) were determined by counting TUNEL-positive tumor cells either in the highest staining region (AI hot spot) or in at least 15 randomly chosen fields (AI random). The AI hot spot and AI random were then correlated with clinical variables and survival outcome. RESULTS AI hot spot (median 0.56%; range 0%-6.54%) and AI random (median 0.30%; range 0%-3.21%) showed considerable intertumor variability. Moreover, 53% of the evaluated PNET showed a more than two-fold difference between AI hot spot and AI random, showing important intratumoral variability of the abundance of apoptotic cells in a subset of the evaluated PNET. No significant associations were found between AI hot spot and AI random with clinical variables or survival outcome. CONCLUSION The apoptotic index does not predict survival outcome and is not specifically associated with clinical variables of prognostic significance in childhood PNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Grotzer
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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5
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Van Der Meer P, Goldberg SH, Fung KM, Sharer LR, González-Scarano F, Lavi E. Expression pattern of CXCR3, CXCR4, and CCR3 chemokine receptors in the developing human brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:25-32. [PMID: 11202173 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are essential components of the immune and central nervous systems, but little is known about their distribution during development. We evaluated the distribution of 3 chemokine receptors: CXCR3, CXCR4, and CCR3 in the human developing brain. Of these, CXCR3 was the only receptor expressed in fetal brain at 26 wk of gestation and its expression was restricted to glial cells, endothelial cells, and the choroid plexus. Neuronal staining was only seen at term in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. CCR3 appeared only at term in both neurons and glial cells. The expression pattern of these 2 receptors in the late gestation and term resembled that of adults. CXCR4 could not be detected in the fetal brain on neurons nor on glial cells. By examining pediatric cases, we determined that CXCR4 expression commences sometimes between 3.5 and 4.5 yr. Two of the chemokine receptors examined, CCR3 and CXCR4, can be used as co-receptor together with CD4 for HIV entry, but neither was expressed during the second trimester of pregnancy. Our findings suggest that it is unlikely that CCR3 or CXCR4 play a major role in HIV-1 transmission in the fetal brain before 37 wk of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Van Der Meer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology), University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
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6
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Fung KM, Forman MS, Cucchiara B, ZuLinska E, Wallis-Crespo M, Lavi E. July 2000: A 70 year old with rigidity, decreased ocular movements, and dementia. Brain Pathol 2001; 11:119-20, 125. [PMID: 11145197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The July Case of the Month (COM): A 70 year old male presented with a four year history of cognitive decline, difficulty expressing himself, and an increasingly unsteady gait with numerous falls. At presentation he was wheel-chair bound. Examination showed some slowing of speech, mild memory impairment, but normal cranial nerves. Spastic weakness and brisk reflexes were also noted, with bilateral ankle clonus. MRI scans were normal. Four years later he was admitted with a urinary tract infection and was mute with severely impaired ocular motility. He died 18 months later and autopsy showed the classic neuropathological findings of typical Progressive supranuclear palsy, including tau-positive glial inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Fung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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7
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Chu CM, Ball M, Brabson B, Budnick J, Ellison M, Fung KM, Hamilton B, Hsi WC, Jeon D, Kang X, Kiang LL, Lee SY, Ng KY, Pei A, Riabko A, Sloan T. Effects of overlapping parametric resonances on the particle diffusion process. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1999; 60:6051-60. [PMID: 11970510 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.6051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the beam distribution in a double-rf system with a phase modulation on either the primary or secondary rf cavity was measured. We find that the particle diffusion process obeys the Einstein relation if the phase space becomes globally chaotic. When dominant parametric resonances still exist in the phase space, particles stream along the separatrices of the dominant resonance, and the beam width exhibits characteristic oscillatory structure. The particle-tracking simulations for the double-rf system are employed to reveal the essential diffusion mechanism. Coherent octupolar motion has been observed in the bunch beam excitation. The evolution of the longitudinal phase space in the octupole mode is displayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Chu
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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8
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Fung KM, Peringa J, Venkatachalam S, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Coordinate reduction in cell proliferation and cell death in mouse olfactory epithelium from birth to maturity. Brain Res 1997; 761:347-51. [PMID: 9252037 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated cell proliferation and cell death in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of mice from birth to maturity using bromodeoxyuridine and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling. We show that cell death events and proliferative activity diminish concomitantly with age in the OE. Thus, the age-dependent and coordinate diminution in cell proliferative activity and cell death events may serve to maintain the thickness of the OE as mice mature and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Fung
- The Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York, USA
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9
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McLendon RE, Fung KM, Bentley RC, Ahmed Rasheed BK, Trojanowski JQ, Bigner SH, Bigner DD, Friedman HS. Production and characterization of two ependymoma xenografts. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1996; 55:540-8. [PMID: 8627345 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199605000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood ependymomas exhibit epidemiologic, anatomic, histologic, and biologic features and distinguish them from other gliomas. Because of their propensity to grow in functionally sensitive regions of the brain, adequate tumor sampling for basic and therapeutic research is limited. We have established xenografts in both subcutaneous and intracranial nude mouse systems (D528 EP-X, D612 EP-X) from the ependymomas of two nonrelated children. Median subcutaneous growth rates (reported in days to grow from 200 mm3 to 1000 mm3) are 82 days for D528 EP-X (n = 10) and 50 days for D612 EP-X (n = 10). D528 EP-X grows intracranially with a median postimplantation survival of 85 days (n = 10); D612 EP produces a median postimplantation survival of 72.5 days (n = 10). Both xenografts grow as well-formed masses with no evidence of infiltration into either brain or subcutaneous tissues. While perivascular pseudopalisading is found in both xenografts, true ependymal rosette formation is absent. Ultrastructurally, neither xenograft exhibits cilia, but both produce abundant intermediate filaments. By light microscopy, the neoplastic cells are immunoreactive for the intermediate filaments glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, and nestin. Karyotypically D528 EP exhibits 46,XX,del(6)(q22q26)/46,XX while D612 EP exhibits 50,XX, +X,t(1;8)(p11;q11),t(1;8)(p11;q11), +1,-4, der(5)t(4;5)(q12;q35), +der(5)t(4;5)(q12;q35),-6, +9, +9,-16, +der(17)t(6;17)(p11;p11), +mar. Restriction fragment length polymorphism studies comparing the primary brain tumor tissue from each patient against multiple passages of the resulting xenografts confirm the origin of both xenografts. These xenografts represent models on which future studies into the oncogenesis, progression and therapy of ependymomas can be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Abstract
Medulloblastomas are prototypical of primitive neuroectodermal tumors which are some of the most frequent malignant brain tumors of childhood. The cell biology of medulloblastomas is still poorly understood, but recent studies of the expression of trophic factors and their receptors in medulloblastomas and the development of animal models of primitive neuroectodermal tumors may provide clues as to the induction or progression of these tumors. For example, they could clarify mechanisms that regulate cell death, proliferation and differentiation in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peringa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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11
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Rink A, Fung KM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM, Neugebauer E, McIntosh TK. Evidence of apoptotic cell death after experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat. Am J Pathol 1995; 147:1575-83. [PMID: 7495282 PMCID: PMC1869937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in many developmental and pathological processes of the central nervous system. However, the role of apoptosis in traumatic brain injury has not been determined. Using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) method, we detected many cells with extensive DNA fragmentation in different regions of the brains of rats subjected to experimental traumatic brain injury. Two types of TUNEL-positive cells were demonstrated by light and electron microscopy, including type I cells that displayed morphological features of necrotic cell death and type II cells that displayed morphological features of classic apoptotic cell death. TUNEL-positive cells were detectable for up to 72 hours after the initial injury. Gel electrophoresis of DNA extracted from affected areas of the injured brain containing both type I and II cells revealed only internucleosomal fragmentation at 185-bp intervals, a feature originally described in apoptotic cell death. These data suggest that apoptosis, in addition to necrotic cell death, occurs after traumatic brain injury, and that internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA may be associated with certain types of necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rink
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6316, USA
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12
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Fung KM, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Dynamics of cell proliferation and cell death during the emergence of primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the immature central nervous system in transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 1995; 146:1376-87. [PMID: 7778677 PMCID: PMC1870901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and cell death play critical roles in embryonic development, postnatal tissue maintenance, and tumor formation. To understand the interplay between cell proliferation and death in tumor formation, we studied these two processes in nascent primitive neuroectodermal tumors that arose postnatally from neuroepithelial cells ventral to the median eminence of transgenic mice (designated rTH-Tag mice) carrying a Simian virus 40 large T antigen transgene driven by a rat tyrosine hydroxylase promoter. Cell proliferation continued in the neuroepithelium of the ventral median eminence in wild-type and transgenic animals for the first 2 weeks of postnatal life but subsided completely in the wild-type mice after 2 weeks of age. In contrast, mitotic activity persisted in these progenitor cells of the rTH-Tag mice, and there was a dramatic increase in mitotic activity after 10 weeks leading to the formation of primitive neuroectodermal tumors despite sustained cell death activity. We conclude that primitive neuroectodermal tumors originate from progenitor cells in the ventral median eminence of rTH-Tag mice in early postnatal life when progenitors fail to respond to signals to exit the cell cycle. Thus, the disruption of mechanisms that regulate cell proliferation and cell death in the developing brain may underlie the emergence of primitive neuroectodermal tumors in the rTH-Tag mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Fung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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13
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Abstract
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) belong to a family of pediatric neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS) that are composed predominantly of primitive neuroepithelial cells. Among the different CNS PNET, those arising in the posterior fossa (i.e. medulloblastomas) are prototypical of this group of brain tumors. The basic cell biology of PNET is incompletely understood, but recent studies of human PNET biopsies and cell lines derived therefrom demonstrate that neoplastic cells in human PNET recapitulate many of the phenotypic properties of immature CNS neurons or their progenitors. Based on these findings, it has been possible to develop several animal models of human PNET that will enhance efforts to gain fundamental insights into the induction and progression of PNET. In addition, these model systems will enable emerging gene therapies to be targeted specifically for human PNET. Accordingly, this review summarizes current understanding of the cell biology of human PNET, particularly medulloblastomas, and it highlights the most salient features of representative in vivo model systems of human PNET that are relevant to future studies of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Fung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-4283, USA
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14
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Trojanowski JQ, Fung KM, Rorke LB, Tohyama T, Yachnis AT, Lee VM. In vivo and in vitro models of medulloblastomas and other primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors of childhood. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1994; 21:219-39. [PMID: 8086035 DOI: 10.1007/bf02815352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the basic biology of the neoplastic cells that populate childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) of the central nervous system (CNS) underline several unique properties of these common pediatric brain neoplasms. For example, studies of posterior fossa cerebellar medulloblastomas (MB), a prototypical group of brain tumors that comprise the largest class of PNET, suggest that the molecular phenotype of subpopulations of neoplastic cells in MB partially recapitulates stages in the acquisition of the neuronal phenotype by normal developing human CNS progenitor cells. However, as reviewed here, it appears that the neoplastic cells in MB exhibit one or more molecular defects in the sequence of normal maturational events that enable CNS progenitor cells to exit the cell cycle, become committed to the neuronal lineage, and undergo terminal differentiation into fully mature, permanently postmitotic CNS neurons. Indeed, since PNET emerge almost exclusively in early childhood, the induction of PNET may result from genetic lesions that arise in developing CNS progenitor cells thereby preventing these neural precursors from executing normal programs of lineage commitment and differentiation in the CNS. Clarification of how lineage commitment and maturation in PNET comprised of neuron-like tumor cells deviate from normal CNS development may clarify how oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes exert their effects in a cell type specific manner at different stages in the normal maturation of CNS cells. Recently, a number of potentially effective in vitro and in vivo model systems of PNET have been developed. Since these model systems could facilitate efforts to elucidate mechanisms of neoplastic transformation and tumor progression in the CNS, we review the potential utility of several recently described in vitro (e.g., MB cell lines) and in vivo (e.g., transgenic mice) experimental systems as models of authentic childhood CNS neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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15
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Fung KM, Chikaraishi DM, Suri C, Theuring F, Messing A, Albert DM, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Molecular phenotype of simian virus 40 large T antigen-induced primitive neuroectodermal tumors in four different lines of transgenic mice. J Transl Med 1994; 70:114-24. [PMID: 7508007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared the molecular phenotypes of central nervous system tumors arising in four different lines of transgenic mice (TGM) carrying the Simian virus 40 large T antigen driven by different promoters or enhancers. Two of the four lines developed primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) in the brain stem or pineal gland. A third TGM line developed retinoblastomas (a PNET-like tumor of the retina) as well as PNETs in the mesencephalon, while the fourth TGM developed retinoblastomas and adrenal pheochromocytomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of developmentally regulated polypeptides specific for the neuronal or glial lineage was examined in these PNETs using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS Neoplastic cells in all of the PNETs exhibited neuronal, but no glial specific markers as evidenced by the invariable expression of synaptophysin, but no detectable glial fibrillary acidic protein or myelin basic protein. PNETs with a more differentiated neuronal phenotype expressed multiple neuronal polypeptides. The phenotypic properties of these PNETs closely resembled those found in human brain PNET biopsy samples and cell lines derived therefrom. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Simian virus 40 T antigen-induced PNETs in TGM exhibit the molecular phenotype of developing neurons or neuronal progenitor cells. Although many factors could influence the phenotype of these experimental PNETs (e.g., promoter, site of integration of the transgene) these PNETs appear to be suitable TGM models of human PNETs of the central nervous system.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/chemistry
- Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/etiology
- Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/pathology
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/analysis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/chemistry
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/etiology
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Eye Neoplasms/chemistry
- Eye Neoplasms/etiology
- Eye Neoplasms/pathology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/analysis
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- Myelin Basic Protein/analysis
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/chemistry
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/etiology
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/pathology
- Neurofilament Proteins/analysis
- Phenotype
- Pheochromocytoma/chemistry
- Pheochromocytoma/etiology
- Pheochromocytoma/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- Retinoblastoma/chemistry
- Retinoblastoma/etiology
- Retinoblastoma/pathology
- Synaptophysin/analysis
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Fung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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Fung KM, Messing A, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. A novel modification of the avidin-biotin complex method for immunohistochemical studies of transgenic mice with murine monoclonal antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem 1992; 40:1319-28. [PMID: 1506669 DOI: 10.1177/40.9.1506669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When mouse tissues are probed with murine monoclonal antibodies (MAb) by indirect immunohistochemistry, the secondary antibody detects tissue-bound MAb and irrelevant, endogenous mouse immunoglobulins. The latter are a source of confounding background, especially in diseased tissues. To circumvent this problem, we generated complexes of primary MAb and biotinylated secondary antibodies in vitro for use as antigen-specific probes. After blocking free binding sites in the complexed secondary antibodies with normal mouse serum, the complexes were applied to mouse tissue sections and tissue-bound complexes were visualized with an avidin-biotin detection system. Complexes formed with 12 different rat or mouse MAb were used to probe sections of normal mice, tumor-bearing transgenic mice, and mice with tumor xenografts. The staining patterns produced by these probes reflected the specificity of the MAb in the complexes, and the labeling of irrelevant, endogenous mouse immunoglobulins was reduced substantially. This novel, indirect immunohistochemical method can be exploited to study normal and diseased mouse tissues using a variety of murine MAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Fung
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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