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Srinivasan A, Srinivasan A, Riceberg JS, Goodman MR, Guise KG, Shapiro ML. Hippocampal and medial prefrontal ensemble spiking represents episodes and rules in similar task spaces. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113296. [PMID: 37858467 PMCID: PMC10842596 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory requires the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex to guide decisions by representing events in spatial, temporal, and personal contexts. Both brain regions have been described by cognitive theories that represent events in context as locations in maps or memory spaces. We query whether ensemble spiking in these regions described spatial structures as rats performed memory tasks. From each ensemble, we construct a state-space with each point defined by the coordinated spiking of single and pairs of units in 125-ms bins and investigate how state-space locations discriminate task features. Trajectories through state-spaces correspond with behavioral episodes framed by spatial, temporal, and internal contexts. Both hippocampal and prefrontal ensembles distinguish maze locations, task intervals, and goals by distances between state-space locations, consistent with cognitive mapping and relational memory space theories of episodic memory. Prefrontal modulation of hippocampal activity may guide choices by directing memory representations toward appropriate state-space goal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Arvind Srinivasan
- College of Health Sciences, California Northstate University, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, USA
| | - Justin S Riceberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael R Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Kevin G Guise
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthew L Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Srinivasan A, Srinivasan A, Goodman MR, Riceberg JS, Guise KG, Shapiro ML. Hippocampal and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Fractal Spiking Patterns Encode Episodes and Rules. Chaos Solitons Fractals 2023; 171:113508. [PMID: 37251275 PMCID: PMC10217776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2023.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A central question in neuroscience is how the brain represents and processes information to guide behavior. The principles that organize brain computations are not fully known, and could include scale-free, or fractal patterns of neuronal activity. Scale-free brain activity may be a natural consequence of the relatively small subsets of neuronal populations that respond to task features, i.e., sparse coding. The size of the active subsets constrains the possible sequences of inter-spike intervals (ISI), and selecting from this limited set may produce firing patterns across wide-ranging timescales that form fractal spiking patterns. To investigate the extent to which fractal spiking patterns corresponded with task features, we analyzed ISIs in simultaneously recorded populations of CA1 and medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) neurons in rats performing a spatial memory task that required both structures. CA1 and mPFC ISI sequences formed fractal patterns that predicted memory performance. CA1 pattern duration, but not length or content, varied with learning speed and memory performance whereas mPFC patterns did not. The most common CA1 and mPFC patterns corresponded with each region's cognitive function: CA1 patterns encoded behavioral episodes which linked the start, choice, and goal of paths through the maze whereas mPFC patterns encoded behavioral "rules" which guided goal selection. mPFC patterns predicted changing CA1 spike patterns only as animals learned new rules. Together, the results suggest that CA1 and mPFC population activity may predict choice outcomes by using fractal ISI patterns to compute task features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Mail Code 126, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Arvind Srinivasan
- College of Health Sciences, California Northstate University, 2910 Prospect Park Drive, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670
| | - Michael R. Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Mail Code 126, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Justin S. Riceberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Mail Code 126, Albany, NY 12208
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, 1470 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029
| | - Kevin G. Guise
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, 1470 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029
| | - Matthew L. Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Mail Code 126, Albany, NY 12208
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Srinivasan A, Riceberg JS, Goodman MR, Srinivasan A, Guise KG, Shapiro ML. Goal Choices Modify Frontotemporal Memory Representations. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3353-3364. [PMID: 36977579 PMCID: PMC10162456 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1939-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adapting flexibly to changing circumstances is guided by memory of past choices, their outcomes in similar circumstances, and a method for choosing among potential actions. The hippocampus (HPC) is needed to remember episodes, and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) helps guide memory retrieval. Single-unit activity in the HPC and PFC correlates with such cognitive functions. Previous work recorded CA1 and mPFC activity as male rats performed a spatial reversal task in a plus maze that requires both structures, found that PFC activity helps reactivate HPC representations of pending goal choices but did not describe frontotemporal interactions after choices. We describe these interactions after choices here. CA1 activity tracked both current goal location and the past starting location of single trials; PFC activity tracked current goal location better than past start location. CA1 and PFC reciprocally modulated representations of each other both before and after goal choices. After choices, CA1 activity predicted changes in PFC activity in subsequent trials, and the magnitude of this prediction correlated with faster learning. In contrast, PFC start arm activity more strongly modulated CA1 activity after choices correlated with slower learning. Together, the results suggest post-choice HPC activity conveys retrospective signals to the PFC, which combines different paths to common goals into rules. In subsequent trials, prechoice mPFC activity modulates prospective CA1 signals informing goal selection.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT HPC and PFC activity supports cognitive flexibility in changing circumstances. HPC signals represent behavioral episodes that link the start, choice, and goal of paths. PFC signals represent rules that guide goal-directed actions. Although prior studies described HPC-PFC interactions preceding decisions in the plus maze, post-decision interactions were not investigated. Here, we show post-choice HPC and PFC activity distinguished the start and goal of paths, and CA1 signaled the past start of each trial more accurately than mPFC. Postchoice CA1 activity modulated subsequent PFC activity, so rewarded actions were more likely to occur. Together, the results show that in changing circumstances, HPC retrospective codes modulate subsequent PFC coding, which in turn modulates HPC prospective codes that predict choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Justin S Riceberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
- Department of Psychiatry, Leon and Norma Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Michael R Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Arvind Srinivasan
- College of Health Sciences, California Northstate University, Rancho Cordova, California 95670
| | - Kevin G Guise
- Friedman Brain Institute, Leon and Norma Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Matthew L Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
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Riceberg JS, Srinivasan A, Guise KG, Shapiro ML. Hippocampal signals modify orbitofrontal representations to learn new paths. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3407-3413.e6. [PMID: 35764092 PMCID: PMC11073633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We often remember the consequences of past choices to adapt to changing circumstances. Recalling past events requires the hippocampus (HPC), and using stimuli to anticipate outcome values requires the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).1-3 Spatial reversal tasks require both structures to navigate newly rewarded paths.4,5 Both HPC place6 and OFC value cells7,8 fire in phase with theta (4-12 Hz) oscillations. Both structures are described as cognitive maps: HPC maps space9 and OFC maps task states.10 These similarities imply that OFC-HPC interactions are crucial for using memory to predict outcomes when circumstances change, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. To investigate possible interactions, we simultaneously recorded ensembles in OFC and CA1 as rats learned spatial reversals in a plus maze. Striking interactions occurred only while rats learned their first reversal: CA1 population vectors predicted changes in OFC activity but not vice versa, OFC spikes phase locked to hippocampal theta oscillations, mixed pairs of CA1 and OFC neurons fired together within single theta cycles, and CA1 led OFC spikes by ∼30 ms. After the new contingency became familiar, CA1 ensembles stably represented distinct spatial paths, whereas OFC ensembles developed more generalized goal arm representations in different paths to identical rewards. These frontotemporal interactions, engaged selectively when new task features inform decision-making, suggest a mechanism for linking novel episodes with expected outcomes, when HPC signals trigger "cognitive remapping" by OFC.11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Riceberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Aditya Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Kevin G Guise
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthew L Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Srinivasan A, Srinivasan A, Riceberg JS, Goodman MR, Guise KG, Shapiro ML. An in silico model for determining the influence of neuronal co-activity on rodent spatial behavior. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 377:109627. [PMID: 35609789 PMCID: PMC11073634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychological and neurophysiological analyses focus on understanding how neuronal activity and co-activity predict behavior. Experimental techniques allow for modulation of neuronal activity, but do not control neuronal ensemble spatiotemporal firing patterns, and there are few, if any, sophisticated in silico techniques which accurately reconstruct physiological neural spike trains and behavior using unit co-activity as an input parameter. NEW METHOD Our approach to simulation of neuronal spike trains is based on using state space modeling to estimate a weighted graph of interaction strengths between pairs of neurons along with separate estimations of spiking threshold voltage and neuronal membrane leakage. These parameters allow us to tune a biophysical model which is then employed to accurately reconstruct spike trains from freely behaving animals and then use these spike trains to estimate an animal's spatial behavior. The reconstructed spatial behavior allows us to confirm the same information is present in both the recorded and simulated spike trains. RESULTS Our method reconstructs spike trains (98 ± 0.0013% like original spike trains, mean ± SEM) and animal position (9.468 ± 0.240 cm, mean ± SEM) with high fidelity. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) To our knowledge, this is the first method that uses empirically derived network connectivity to constrain biophysical parameters and predict spatial behavior. Together, these methods allow in silico quantification of the contribution of specific unit activity and co-activity to animal spatial behavior. CONCLUSIONS Our novel approach provides a flexible, robust in silico technique for determining the contribution of specific neuronal activity and co-activity to spatial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Mail Code 126, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Arvind Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Mail Code 126, Albany, NY 12208, United States; College of Health Sciences, California Northstate University, 2910 Prospect Park Drive, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, United States
| | - Justin S Riceberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Mail Code 126, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Michael R Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Mail Code 126, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Kevin G Guise
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Matthew L Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Mail Code 126, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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Guise KG, Shapiro ML. Medial Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Memory Interference by Modifying Hippocampal Encoding. Neuron 2017; 94:183-192.e8. [PMID: 28343868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial for accurate memory performance when prior knowledge interferes with new learning, but the mechanisms that minimize proactive interference are unknown. To investigate these, we assessed the influence of medial PFC (mPFC) activity on spatial learning and hippocampal coding in a plus maze task that requires both structures. mPFC inactivation did not impair spatial learning or retrieval per se, but impaired the ability to follow changing spatial rules. mPFC and CA1 ensembles recorded simultaneously predicted goal choices and tracked changing rules; inactivating mPFC attenuated CA1 prospective coding. mPFC activity modified CA1 codes during learning, which in turn predicted how quickly rats adapted to subsequent rule changes. The results suggest that task rules signaled by the mPFC become incorporated into hippocampal representations and support prospective coding. By this mechanism, mPFC activity prevents interference by "teaching" the hippocampus to retrieve distinct representations of similar circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Guise
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthew L Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Fan J, Gu X, Liu X, Guise KG, Park Y, Martin L, de Marchena A, Tang CY, Minzenberg MJ, Hof PR. Involvement of the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortices in rapid processing of salient facial emotional information. Neuroimage 2010; 54:2539-46. [PMID: 20937394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and frontoinsular cortex (FI) have been implicated in processing information across a variety of domains, including those related to attention and emotion. However, their role in rapid information processing, for example, as required for timely processing of salient stimuli, is not well understood. Here, we designed an emotional face priming paradigm and employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to elucidate their role in these mechanisms. Target faces with either neutral or fearful emotion were briefly primed by either neutral or fearful faces, or by blank ovals. The pregenual ACC and the FI, together with other regions, such as the amygdala, were preferentially activated in response to fearful face priming, suggesting that these regions are involved in the rapid processing of salient facial emotional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Wang L, Liu X, Guise KG, Knight RT, Ghajar J, Fan J. Effective Connectivity of the Fronto-parietal Network during Attentional Control. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:543-53. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ACC, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the parietal cortex near/along the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) are members of a network subserving attentional control. Our recent study revealed that these regions participate in both response anticipation and conflict processing. However, little is known about the relative contribution of these regions in attentional control and how the dynamic interactions among these regions are modulated by detection of predicted versus unpredicted targets and conflict processing. Here, we examined effective connectivity using dynamic causal modeling among these three regions during a flanker task with or without a target onset cue. We compared various models in which different connections among ACC, DLPFC, and IPS were modulated by bottom–up stimulus-driven surprise and top–down conflict processing using Bayesian model selection procedures. The most optimal of these models incorporated contextual modulation that allowed processing of unexpected (surprising) targets to mediate the influence of the IPS over ACC and DLPFC and conflict processing to mediate the influence of ACC and DLPFC over the IPS. This result suggests that the IPS plays an initiative role in this network in the processing of surprise targets, whereas ACC and DLPFC interact with each other to resolve conflict through attentional modulation implemented via the IPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- 1Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Xun Liu
- 1Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Jamshid Ghajar
- 3Brain Trauma Foundation, New York, NY
- 4Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Jin Fan
- 1Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Koenigsberg HW, Fan J, Ochsner K, Liu X, Guise KG, Pizzarello S, Dorantes C, Guerreri S, Tecuta L, Goodman M, New A, Siever LJ. Neural correlates of the use of psychological distancing to regulate responses to negative social cues: a study of patients with borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:854-63. [PMID: 19651401 PMCID: PMC2821188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional instability is a defining feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD); yet, little is understood about its underlying neural correlates. One possible contributing factor to emotional instability is a failure to adequately employ adaptive cognitive regulatory strategies such as psychological distancing. METHODS To determine whether there are differences in neural dynamics underlying this control strategy between BPD patients and healthy control (HC) subjects, blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging signals were acquired as 18 BPD and 16 HC subjects distanced from or simply looked at pictures depicting social interactions. Contrasts in signal between distance and look conditions were compared between groups. RESULTS Borderline personality disorder patients showed a different pattern of activation compared with HC subjects when looking at negative versus neutral pictures. When distancing versus looking at negative pictures, both groups showed decreased negative affect ratings and increased activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, areas near/along the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and posterior cingulate/precuneus regions. However, the BPD group showed less BOLD signal change in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and IPS, less deactivation in the amygdala, and greater activation in the superior temporal sulcus and superior frontal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Borderline personality disorder and HC subjects display different neural dynamics while passively viewing social emotional stimuli. In addition, BPD patients do not engage the cognitive control regions to the extent that HCs do when employing a distancing strategy to regulate emotional reactions, which may be a factor contributing to the affective instability of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold W. Koenigsberg
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Jin Fan
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kevin Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Xun Liu
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marianne Goodman
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Antonia New
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Larry J Siever
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
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New AS, Fan J, Murrough JW, Liu X, Liebman RE, Guise KG, Tang CY, Charney DS. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of deliberate emotion regulation in resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:656-64. [PMID: 19589502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence is an important public health problem in the United States, with 13% to 26% of women reporting a history of sexual assault. While unfortunately common, there is substantial individual variability in response to sexual assault. Approximately half of rape victims develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while others develop no psychopathology (e.g., trauma-exposed non-PTSD). In this project, we examined the neural mechanisms underlying differences in response to sexual violence, focusing specifically on the deliberate modification of emotional responses to negative stimuli. METHODS Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response, we examined the neural circuitry underlying effortful modification of emotional responses to negative pictures in 42 women: 14 with PTSD after sexual trauma, 14 with no psychiatric diagnosis after sexual trauma, and 14 nontraumatized control subjects. RESULTS In response to deliberate attempts to downregulate emotional responses, nontraumatized healthy control subjects were more successful than either trauma-exposed group (PTSD or non-PTSD) in downregulating responses to the negative pictures as measured by subjective rating and BOLD response in regions of prefrontal cortex (PFC). In contrast, after deliberate attempts to upregulate emotional responses, regions of PFC were activated by trauma-exposed non-PTSD subjects more than by healthy control subjects or PTSD subjects. CONCLUSIONS Successful downregulation of emotional responses to negative stimuli appears to be impaired by trauma exposure. In contrast, the ability to upregulate emotional responses to negative stimuli may be a protective factor in the face of trauma exposure and associated with resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia S New
- Mental Health Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, New York 10468, USA.
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Gu X, Liu X, Guise KG, Naidich TP, Fan J. Neural Substrates of Controlled and Automatic Processes Involved in Empathy for Pain. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)72178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Liu X, Park Y, Gu X, Guise KG, Fan J. Common and distinct neural substrates of executive control in a color-word and reward-word Stroop task. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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13
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Fan J, Gu X, Guise KG, Liu X, Fossella J, Wang H, Posner MI. Testing the behavioral interaction and integration of attentional networks. Brain Cogn 2009; 70:209-20. [PMID: 19269079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One current conceptualization of attention subdivides it into functions of alerting, orienting, and executive control. Alerting describes the function of tonically maintaining the alert state and phasically responding to a warning signal. Automatic and voluntary orienting are involved in the selection of information among multiple sensory inputs. Executive control describes a set of more complex operations that include detecting and resolving conflicts in order to control thoughts or behaviors. Converging evidence supports this theory of attention by showing that each function appears to be subserved by anatomically distinct networks in the brain and differentially innervated by various neuromodulatory systems. Although much research has been dedicated to understanding the functional separation of these networks in both healthy and disease states, the interaction and integration among these networks still remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterize possible behavioral interaction and integration in healthy adult volunteers using a revised attention network test (ANT-R) with cue-target interval and cue validity manipulations. We found that whereas alerting improves overall response speed, it exerts negative influence on executive control under certain conditions. A valid orienting cue enhances but an invalid cue diminishes the ability of executive control to overcome conflict. The results support the hypothesis of functional integration and interaction of these brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, NY 10029, USA.
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Brocki K, Clerkin SM, Guise KG, Fan J, Fossella JA. Assessing the molecular genetics of the development of executive attention in children: focus on genetic pathways related to the anterior cingulate cortex and dopamine. Neuroscience 2009; 164:241-6. [PMID: 19344637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that children show gradual and protracted improvement in an array of behaviors involved in the conscious control of thought and emotion. Non-invasive neuroimaging in developing populations has revealed many neural correlates of behavior, particularly in the developing cingulate cortex and frontostriatal circuits. These brain regions, themselves, undergo protracted molecular and cellular change in the first two decades of human development and, as such, are ideal regions of interest for cognitive- and imaging-genetic studies that seek to link processes at the biochemical and synaptic levels to brain activity and behavior. We review our research to date that employs both adult and child-friendly versions of the attention network task (ANT) in an effort to begin to describe the role of specific genes in the assembly of a functional attention system. Presently, we constrain our predictions for genetic association studies by focusing on the role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and of dopamine in the development of executive attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brocki
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by deficiency in understanding, processing, or describing emotions. Recent studies have revealed that alexithymia is associated with less activation of the anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region shown to play a role in cognitive and emotional processing. However, few studies have directly investigated the cognitive domain in relation to alexithymia to examine whether alexithymic trait is related to less efficient voluntary control. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined the relationship between alexithymic trait and voluntary control in a group of healthy volunteers. We used the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) to measure alexithymic trait. Additionally, we examined state and trait voluntary control using the revised Attention Network Test (ANT-R) and the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ), respectively. Alexithymic trait was positively correlated with the overall reaction time of the ANT-R, and negatively correlated with the Effortful Control factor of the ATQ. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that alexithymic trait is associated with less efficient voluntary control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosi Gu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin G. Guise
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John Fossella
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kai Wang
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu WC, Flax JF, Guise KG, Sukul V, Benasich AA. Functional connectivity of the sensorimotor area in naturally sleeping infants. Brain Res 2008; 1223:42-9. [PMID: 18599026 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of cortical functional connectivity in normal infants were examined during natural sleep by observing the time course of very low frequency oscillations. Such oscillations represent fluctuations in blood oxygenation level and cortical blood flow thus allowing computation of neurophysiologic connectivity. Structural and resting-state information were acquired for 11 infants, with a mean age of 12.8 months, using a GE 1.5 T MR scanner. Resting-state data were processed and significant functional connectivity within the sensorimotor area was identified using independent component analysis. Unilateral functional connectivity in the developing sensory-motor cortices was observed. Power spectral analysis showed that slow frequency oscillations dominated the hemodynamic signal at this age, with, on average, a peak frequency for all subjects of 0.02 Hz. Our data suggest that there is more intrahemispheric than interhemispheric connectivity in the sensorimotor area of naturally sleeping infants. This non-invasive imaging technique, developed to allow reliable scanning of normal infants without sedation, enabled computation of neurophysiologic connectivity for the first time in naturally sleeping infants. Such techniques permit elucidation of the role of slow cortical oscillations during early brain development and may reveal critical information regarding the normative development and lateralization of brain networks across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, 150 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Abstract
Although functional activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) related to conflict processing has been studied extensively, the functional integration of the subdivisions of the ACC and other brain regions during conditions of conflict is still unclear. In this study, participants performed a task designed to elicit conflict processing by using flanker interference on target response while they were scanned using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. The physiological response of several brain regions in terms of an interaction between conflict processing and activity of the anterior rostral cingulate zone (RCZa) of the ACC, and the effective connectivity between this zone and other regions were examined using psychophysiological interaction analysis and dynamic causal modeling, respectively. There was significant integration of the RCZa with the caudal cingulate zone (CCZ) of the ACC and other brain regions such as the lateral prefrontal, primary, and supplementary motor areas above and beyond the main effect of conflict and baseline connectivity. The intrinsic connectivity from the RCZa to the CCZ was modulated by the context of conflict. These findings suggest that conflict processing is associated with the effective contribution of the RCZa to the neuronal activity of CCZ, as well as other cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Fan
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Previous studies have suggested the relation of particular frequency bands such as theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-14 Hz), beta (14-30 Hz), or gamma (>30 Hz) to cognitive functions. However, there has been controversy over which bands are specifically related to attention. We used the attention network test to separate three anatomically defined brain networks that carry out the functions of alerting, orienting, and executive control of attention. High-density scalp electrical recording was performed to record synchronous oscillatory activity and power spectrum analyses based on functional magnetic resonance imaging constrained dipole modeling were conducted for each attentional network. We found that each attentional network has a distinct set of oscillations related to its activity. The alerting network showed a specific decrease in theta-, alpha-, and beta-band activity 200-450 ms after a warning signal. The orienting network showed an increase in gamma-band activity at approximately 200 ms after a spatial cue, indicating the location of a target. The executive control network revealed a complex pattern when a target was surrounded with incongruent flankers compared with congruent flankers. There was an early (<400 ms) increase in gamma-band activity, a later (>400 ms) decrease in beta- and low gamma-band activity after the target onset, and a decrease of all frequency bands before response followed by an increase after the response. These data demonstrate that attention is not related to any single frequency band but that each network has a distinct oscillatory activity and time course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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