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Asghar K, Ali A, Tabassum A, Nadeem SG, Hakim ST, Amin M, Raza G, Bashir S, Afshan N, Usman N, Aurangzeb N, Naz A, Hussain M. Assessment of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air of different settings and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 84:e256190. [PMID: 35239789 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.256190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant causing serious health problems. The aim of the present study was to find out concentration of PM in ambient air and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan. Twenty-three samples were taken at various educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries in Haripur city. Concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) and PM10 (µg/m3) was measured with Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A portable PM counter. The results revealed that values of both PM2.5 and PM10 were above the permissible limits (35 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 150 µg/m3 for PM10) set by Environmental Protection Agency Pakistan (Pak-EPA) in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries investigated. Furthermore, significant (p<0.05) variation was found in the concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas, and industries studied. The concentration of PM2.5 was positively correlated with the concentration of PM10 in all the sampling sites. Therefore, from 1-14 scale standard of health index, the values of PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited that the ambient air quality of Haripur city Pakistan is under high risk. If the regulatory authorities such as Environmental Protection Agency, Health Department and Local Government monitor PM pollution in different settings of Haripur city, then a decrease can be possible in the pollution level. The remedies that can be taken to overcome the problem of ambient air pollution such as PM are plantation of trees at the sites where there are higher levels of air pollutants and use of masks on personal protection basis along with implementation of pollution control system in industries of Hattar Industrial Estate Haripur city, Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Asghar
- University of Haripur, Department of Environmental Sciences, Hattar Road, Haripur city KP, Pakistan
| | - A Ali
- Karakoram International University, Department of Forestry, Range and Wildlife Management, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - A Tabassum
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Department of Commerce, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - S G Nadeem
- Jinnah University for Women, Department of Zoology, Nazimabad, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - S T Hakim
- Dine College, School of STEM, Tuba City, Arizona, USA
| | - M Amin
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Sheringal, Dir (U), KP, Pakistan
| | - G Raza
- University of Baltistan, Department of Biological Sciences, Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - S Bashir
- Planning, Agriculture Research System, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - N Afshan
- Jinnah University for Women, Department of Zoology, Nazimabad, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - N Usman
- University of Haripur, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hattar Road, Haripur City, KP, Pakistan
| | - N Aurangzeb
- University of Haripur, Department of Environmental Sciences, Hattar Road, Haripur city KP, Pakistan
| | - A Naz
- University of Haripur, Department of Environmental Sciences, Hattar Road, Haripur city KP, Pakistan
| | - M Hussain
- University of Haripur, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hattar Road, Haripur City, KP, Pakistan
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2
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Siau K, Hodson J, Ingram R, Baxter A, Widlak MM, Sharratt C, Baker GM, Troth T, Hicken B, Tahir F, Magrabi M, Yousaf N, Grant C, Poon D, Khalil H, Lee HL, White JR, Tan H, Samani S, Hooper P, Ahmed S, Amin M, Mahgoub S, Asghar K, Leet F, Harborne MJ, Polewiczowska B, Khan S, Anjum MR, McFarlane M, Mozdiak E, O'Flynn LD, Blee IC, Molyneux RM, Kurian A, Abbas SN, Abbasi A, Karim A, Yasin A, Khattak F, White J, Ahmed R, Morgan JA, Alleyne L, Alam MA, Palaniyappan N, Rodger VJ, Sawhney P, Aslam N, Okeke T, Lawson A, Cheung D, Reid JP, Awasthi A, Anderson MR, Timothy JR, Pattni S, Ahmad S, Townson G, Shearman J, Giljaca V, Brookes MJ, Disney BR, Guha N, Thomas T, Norman A, Wurm P, Shah A, Fisher NC, Ishaq S, Major G. Time to endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Results from a prospective multicentre trainee-led audit. United European Gastroenterol J 2018; 7:199-209. [PMID: 31080604 DOI: 10.1177/2050640618811491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endoscopy within 24 h of admission (early endoscopy) is a quality standard in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB). We aimed to audit time to endoscopy outcomes and identify factors affecting delayed endoscopy (>24 h of admission). Methods This prospective multicentre audit enrolled patients admitted with AUGIB who underwent inpatient endoscopy between November and December 2017. Analyses were performed to identify factors associated with delayed endoscopy, and to compare patient outcomes, including length of stay and mortality rates, between early and delayed endoscopy groups. Results Across 348 patients from 20 centres, the median time to endoscopy was 21.2 h (IQR 12.0-35.7), comprising median admission to referral and referral to endoscopy times of 8.1 h (IQR 3.7-18.1) and 6.7 h (IQR 3.0-23.1), respectively. Early endoscopy was achieved in 58.9%, although this varied by centre (range: 31.0-87.5%, p = 0.002). On multivariable analysis, lower Glasgow-Blatchford score, delayed referral, admissions between 7:00 and 19:00 hours or via the emergency department were independent predictors of delayed endoscopy. Early endoscopy was associated with reduced length of stay (median difference 1 d; p = 0.004), but not 30-d mortality (p = 0.344). Conclusions The majority of centres did not meet national standards for time to endoscopy. Strategic initiatives involving acute care services may be necessary to improve this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Siau
- Joint Advisory Group on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK.,West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - James Hodson
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard Ingram
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Andrew Baxter
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Monika M Widlak
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Caroline Sharratt
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Graham M Baker
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Tom Troth
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Ben Hicken
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Faraz Tahir
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Malik Magrabi
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Nouman Yousaf
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Claire Grant
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Dennis Poon
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Hesham Khalil
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Hui Lin Lee
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Jonathan R White
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Huey Tan
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Syazeddy Samani
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Patricia Hooper
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Muhammad Amin
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Sara Mahgoub
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Khayal Asghar
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Farique Leet
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Matthew J Harborne
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Beata Polewiczowska
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Sheeba Khan
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Muhammad R Anjum
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Michael McFarlane
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Ella Mozdiak
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Lauren D O'Flynn
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Ilona C Blee
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Rachel M Molyneux
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Ashok Kurian
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Syed N Abbas
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Abdullah Abbasi
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Aadil Karim
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Asif Yasin
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Fawad Khattak
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Josephine White
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Ruhina Ahmed
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - James A Morgan
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Lance Alleyne
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Mohamed A Alam
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Naaventhan Palaniyappan
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Victoria J Rodger
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Paramvir Sawhney
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Nasar Aslam
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Theodore Okeke
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Adam Lawson
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Danny Cheung
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Jeremy P Reid
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Ashish Awasthi
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Mark R Anderson
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Joe R Timothy
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Sanjeev Pattni
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Saqib Ahmad
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Gillian Townson
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Jeremy Shearman
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Vanja Giljaca
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Matthew J Brookes
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Ben R Disney
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Neil Guha
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Titus Thomas
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Anthony Norman
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Peter Wurm
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
| | - Ashit Shah
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Neil C Fisher
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Sauid Ishaq
- West Midlands Research in Gastroenterology Group (WMRIG) collaborative, West Midlands, UK
| | - Giles Major
- Gastroenterology Audit and Research Network East Midlands (GARNet) collaborative, East Midlands, UK
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Stark L, Asghar K, Seff I, Cislaghi B, Yu G, Tesfay Gessesse T, Eoomkham J, Assazenew Baysa A, Falb K. How gender- and violence-related norms affect self-esteem among adolescent refugee girls living in Ethiopia. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2018; 5:e2. [PMID: 29435352 PMCID: PMC5797934 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests adolescent self-esteem is influenced by beliefs of how individuals in their reference group perceive them. However, few studies examine how gender- and violence-related social norms affect self-esteem among refugee populations. This paper explores relationships between gender inequitable and victim-blaming social norms, personal attitudes, and self-esteem among adolescent girls participating in a life skills program in three Ethiopian refugee camps. METHODS Ordinary least squares multivariable regression analysis was used to assess the associations between attitudes and social norms, and self-esteem. Key independent variables of interest included a scale measuring personal attitudes toward gender inequitable norms, a measure of perceived injunctive norms capturing how a girl believed her family and community would react if she was raped, and a peer-group measure of collective descriptive norms surrounding gender inequity. The key outcome variable, self-esteem, was measured using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. RESULTS Girl's personal attitudes toward gender inequitable norms were not significantly predictive of self-esteem at endline, when adjusting for other covariates. Collective peer norms surrounding the same gender inequitable statements were significantly predictive of self-esteem at endline (ß = -0.130; p = 0.024). Additionally, perceived injunctive norms surrounding family and community-based sanctions for victims of forced sex were associated with a decline in self-esteem at endline (ß = -0.103; p = 0.014). Significant findings for collective descriptive norms and injunctive norms remained when controlling for all three constructs simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest shifting collective norms around gender inequity, particularly at the community and peer levels, may sustainably support the safety and well-being of adolescent girls in refugee settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Stark
- Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Ave B-4 Suite 432, New York, NY, USA
| | - K. Asghar
- Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Ave B-4 Suite 432, New York, NY, USA
| | - I. Seff
- Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Ave B-4 Suite 432, New York, NY, USA
| | - B. Cislaghi
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - G. Yu
- Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Ave B-4 Suite 432, New York, NY, USA
- New York University College of Nursing, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - J. Eoomkham
- The International Rescue Committee, TK International Bldg. 6th Floor, Bole Rd, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A. Assazenew Baysa
- The International Rescue Committee, TK International Bldg. 6th Floor, Bole Rd, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - K. Falb
- The International Rescue Committee, 1730M St NW, Suite 505, Washington DC, USA
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