Spectrophotometric, Difference Spectroscopic, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Cefixime in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Three simple and sensitive spectrophotometric, difference spectroscopic, and liquid chromatographic (LC) methods are described for the determination of cefixime. The first method is based on the oxidative coupling reaction of cefixime with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinon hydrazone HCl in presence of ferric chloride. The absorbance of reaction product was measured at the maximum absorbance wavelength (max), 630 nm. The difference spectroscopic method is based on the measurement of absorbance of cefixime at the absorbance maximum, 268 nm, and minimum, 237 nm. The measured value was the amplitude of maxima and minima between 2 equimolar solutions of the analyte in different chemical forms, which exhibited different spectral characteristics. The conditions were optimized, and Beer's law was obeyed for cefixime at 1 to 16 μg/mL and 10 to 50 μg/mL, respectively. The third method, high-performance LC, was developed for the determination of cefixime using 50 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 3.0)methanol (78 + 22, v/v) as the mobile phase and measuring the response at λmax 286 nm. The analysis was performed on a Lichrospher RPC18 column. The calibration curve was obtained for cefixime at 5 to 250 μg/mL, and the mean recovery was 99.71 ± 0.01%. The methods were validated according to the guidelines of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia and also assessed by applying the standard addition technique. The results obtained in the analysis of dosage forms agreed well with the contents stated on the labels.

A Validated Liquid Chromatographic Method for Estimation of Solasodine in Various Solanum Species and Market Formulations

This paper describes an improved liquid chromatographic (LC) method involving a prechromatographic derivatization step for the estimation of solasodine from berries of various Solanum species, market samples of Solanum xanthocarpum herb, extract, and its market formulations. Solasodine has heterocyclic nitrogen but has no conjugated double bonds in its structure. However, in all reported LC methods, detection was made in the ultraviolet range of 200213 nm. In the present study, a prechromatographic derivatization of solasodine was done by forming an ion-pair complex of the heterocyclic nitrogen using the acidic dye methyl orange and acetate buffer of pH 4.7. Detection could be made in the visible range at 530 nm in this method. The method was validated and successfully applied to determine solasodine content in various plant samples and polyherbal formulations. The relative standard deviation was found to be 0.025% for system precision, and 0.8% for the linearity of the method, and the correlation coefficient was 0.999. Plant samples and market formulations were analyzed and found to contain solasodine in the range of 0.1130.227% (w/w) on a fresh weight basis in berries; 0.31.278% (w/w) and 0.412% (w/w) on a dry weight basis in S. xanthocarpum herb powder and extract, respectively; and 0.2450.525% (w/w) on dry weight basis in formulations containing S. xanthocarpum herb powder. No matrix interference was encountered. The method was found to be accurate, with a mean recovery of 100.5 ±0.83%. The method has good reproducibility and was found to be suitable for estimation of solasodine.

A Validated Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method for Estimation of Diosgenin in Various Plant Samples, Extract, and Market Formulation

A sensitive and reproducible thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for quantitation of diosgenin, a spiroketal sapogenin. The spots were visualized by spraying with modified anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid reagent. The concentration of anisaldehyde was reduced to 0.1% instead of 1%, and the concentration of sulfuric acid was kept at a minimum of 2%. This successfully reduced charring and background interference. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The method was used for determination of diosgenin from dried samples of fenugreek seeds, leaves, stem, seed extracts, and a polyherbal antidiabetic formulation containing fenugreek powder as one of the ingredients. Increased detection sensitivity was observed with linearity from 98 to 588 ng/spot and a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.988. The relative standard deviation value for linearity of the method was found to be 0.18%. The method was successfully applied to various plant samples of fenugreek (Methi) with a recovery of 98.11 ± 1.4%. Dried plant samples and a market formulation were analyzed and found to contain diosgenin in the range of 0.5290.658% (w/w) in fenugreek seed powders, 0.087% (w/w) in fenugreek leaf powder, 0.015 and 1.27% (w/w) in fenugreek stem powder and extract, respectively, and 0.586% (w/w) in a formulation containing fenugreek seed powder. No matrix interference was observed.

Determination of Cefdinir by a Stability-Indicating Liquid Chromatographic Method

A simple, fast, specific, stability-indicating, and precise reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of Cefdinir in its different dosage forms, i.e., capsules and suspensions. The method was developed and optimized by analyzing the placebo preparation, formulations, and degraded samples of the drug substance according to the International Conference on Harmonization. The proposed method can successfully separate the drug from degradation products formed under stress conditions along with pharmaceutical ingredients such as preservatives. The developed method was used successfully to determine Cefdinir in capsules and Insta-use suspensions. The developed method was found to be linear for a concentration range of 6–14 μg/mL. Average recoveries obtained with the method were 99.3 ± 0.4 and 99.6 ± 0.4% for Insta-use suspensions and capsules, respectively. The method was shown to be specific, precise, and robust.

Development and Validation of a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Reserpine, Atropine, and Piperine in Sarpagandha Ghanvati, a Classical Ayurvedic Preparation

Background: Anxiety disorders are the most common of emotional disorders, affecting more than 20 million people annually. Sarpagandha Ghanvati is a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation prescribed in conditions of insomnia, hysteria, and is used as an anxiolytic agent. Standardization and quality control are the two major issues that need to be addressed for herbal formulations, especially those containing multiple herbal ingredients. Objective: An HPTLC method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of reserpine, atropine, and piperine from Sarpagandha Ghanvati containing Rauwolfia serpentine (root), Hyoscyamus niger (seed), and Piper longum (root and stem). Methods: The marker compounds were effectively resolved on a silica gel G TLC plate using toluene-ethyl acetate-diethyl amine (7+2+1, v/v) as the mobile phase. The detected wavelengths for reserpine, atropine, and piperine were 269, 220, and 254 nm, respectively. The method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Results: R. serpentine roots contained 0.82% w/w of reserpine. Atropine content in the seeds of H. niger was found to be 0.004% w/w, whereas P. longum roots were found to contain 0.508% of piperine. The method was found to be accurate, which was evident from 98.93, 99.46, and 99.10% recovery of reserpine, atropine, and piperine, respectively, when the respective herbs were spiked with them. By the developed HPTLC method, 1.0 g of Sarpagandha Ghanvati was found to contain 4.94, 0.049, and 0.318 mg of reserpine, atropine, and piperine, respectively. The recoveries of these three markers from the formulation were found to be 90.32, 92.45, and 89.97%, respectively. Conclusions: The developed method can be successfully used for simultaneous estimation of these marker compounds and for the quality control of the classical Ayurvedic formulation Sarpagandha Ghanvati. Highlights: This works describes effects of extraction solvents on the quantities of marker compounds in the formulations. It also suggests a simple and reliable HPTLC method for simultaneous quantification of three different marker compounds from a poly-herbal formulation.

Regulatory Aspects of Traditional Indian Medicines (TIM) in India and in International Purview

Background: Regulatory affairs play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry and are incorporated in all stages of drug development. Objective: Approval criteria practices were developed as a resolution of the government's desire to create policies to protect public health by controlling the safety and efficacy of merchandise in areas including pharmaceuticals, complementary color medicines, veterinary medicines, medical devices, and even food products and cosmetics. Method: Herbal health products are in practices in all parts of the world under either their legal system's or expert council's or agencies' guides. They include botanicals, health supplements, health foods, complimentary medicines, traditional medicines or following pathies like Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy. The requisite parameters for registration or recognition of products by various major global regulatory agencies were reviewed, and compiled under purview. Results: In India, licensing these products is under the act provisions and the rules known as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, whereas globally regulatory provisions follow the guidelines of developed countries like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, the Therapeutic Goods Act, or the World Health Organization's regulations for herbal products. Conclusions: The present communication highlights the provisions of regulatory and/or licensing requirements related to corporates, product composition, specifications, quality parameters, manufacturing methodology, stability, safety, preclinical studies, clinical studies, etc. for herbal products and the respective guidelines at one site. Highlights: Ultimately, all regulatory agencies across the world highlight majorly the safety and thereafter the efficacy for any products under the category.

Anti-anaphylactic and antiasthmatic activity of Euphorbia thymifolia L. on experimental animals

In Ayurveda, Euphorbia thymifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) prescribed in the treatment of various ailments like bronchial asthma, cough, diarrhea and bleeding piles. The present study was investigated to evaluate antianaphylactic, mast cell stabilizing and antiasthmatic activity of methanol and aqueous extract of E. thymifolia (ET) on experimental animals. Anaphylaxis was induced by administration of horse serum and triple antigen vaccine intraperitoneal (i.p.) in albino Wistar rats. Extracts of ET were administered to the rats in dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg orally for 14 days. At the end of treatment, asthma score was measured and various blood parameters like differential count (DC), total WBC count and IgE were estimated. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA commercial kit from BALF. Histopathological changes of lungs were observed. Antiasthmatic activity of extracts of ET was also studied on histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. In vitro mast cell stabilizing activity of extracts was evaluated on compound 48/80 challenged rat intestinal mesenteric mast cells. The treatment with extracts of ET produced significant decrease in asthma score and they also brought to normalcy the increased total WBC, DC counts, serum IgE, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-5 in BALF. The histopathological study further supported the protective effect of ET extracts. The pretreatment with extracts of ET displayed significant reduction in degranulation of mesenteric mast cell numbers. The treatment with extracts of ET significantly increased in time of PCD. Thus, these findings concluded that E. thymifolia could be effectively used in the treatment of anaphylaxis and asthma.

Beneficial effect of aspirin against interferon-α-2b-induced depressive behavior in Sprague Dawley rats

Accumulating data advocates that inflammatory mediators may contribute to depression in experimental models as well as in humans. Nonetheless, whether anti-inflammatory treatments can prevent depression still remains controversial. To substantiate our hypothesis, we used an interferon-α-2b model of depression using Sprague Dawley rats. Interferon-α-2b is a cytokine which activates immune response and also produces depression. The animals were treated for 21 days with aspirin (10 mg/kg, per oral (p.o.)) dexamethasone (1 mg/kg p.o.) and amitriptyline (10 mg/kg p.o.). Amitriptyline was used as reference standard, and given concurrently with aspirin and dexamethasone to examine any synergy. Interferon-α-2b (6000 IU/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) was administered in all the above groups daily, except normal control. Tests performed included sucrose preference test, behavioural tests like forced swim test, elevated plus maze, light dark box and locomotor activity along with biochemical estimations like serum cortisol and brain neurotransmitters. The rats in the group treated with Interferon-α-2b produced depressive behaviour in rats. We found that animals treated with aspirin decreased immobility time in forced swim test, increased sucrose preference, decreased serum cortisol and increased brain serotonin levels signifying antidepressant action. In contrast, there was no effect in groups treated with dexamethasone. Our results suggest that aspirin can serve as a potential antidepressant both individually and as adjuvant agent in the treatment of depression. Inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase-2 levels and prostaglandins concentration or any other potential physiological and biochemical mechanisms may be involved in antidepressant effect.

Direct and enhanced delivery of nanoliposomes of anti schizophrenic agent to the brain through nasal route

The problem of inadequate oral bioavailability of Quetiapine Fumarate, a lipophilic drug used for schizophrenia, due to hepatic metabolism and repulsion by brain barrier was attempted in this study. Combination of two approaches, viz. Quetiapine inclusion into the liposomal carrier for better diffusion and administration through nasal route to avoid hepatic metabolism and barrier elimination was applied. Thin film hydration followed by sonication method was employed in liposome preparation and the formulation was optimized using 32 full factorial design. The number of sonication cycles (X1) of 2 min and 80% amplitude and molar ratio of constructional components such as cholesterol to egg phosphatidylcholine (X2) as independent variables and a % of entrapment efficiency (Y1) and cumulative in vitro drug release (Y2) at 6 h as dependent variables was selected. Batch F7 prepared by 2 cycles of sonication and 1:3 M ratio of cholesterol:egg phosphatidylcholine was optimized as a consequence of substantial entrapment efficiency of 75.63 ± 3.77%, and 99.92 ± 1.88% drug release and 32.33 ± 1.53% drug diffusion, which was optimum among all other batches at 6 h. Diffusion study was done for all the batches of liposomal formulation by using sheep nasal mucosa and good amount with better diffusion rate was measured which proved liposomal dispersion a virtuous delivery system for brain drug delivery through nasal route. Results of in vivo, ciliotoxicity and gamma scintigraphy studies on mice supported the above inference.

Anti-inflammatory activity of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn) seed petroleum ether extract

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present work was to study the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of petroleum ether extract of fenugreek seeds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fenugreek seed powder was extracted in petroleum ether by cold maceration. This fenugreek seed petroleum ether extract (FSPEE) was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and tested on rats against carrageenan and formaldehyde-induced paw edema, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. Changes in serum glutamic oxaloacetic tansaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in liver and serum were also studied in cotton pellet-induced arthritic rats. Data were analyzed by Student's t-test. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

GLC of FSPEE showed oleic (33.61%), linoleic (40.37%), and linolenic (12.51%) acids. With 0.5 mL/kg FSPEE treatment, there was 37% (P < 0.05) and 85% (P < 0.05) reduction in inflammation of the paw in carrageenan and formaldehyde-induced paw edema. In CFA-induced arthritis, a biphasic increase in paw volume followed by decrease was seen. There was 42.5% (P < 0.01) reduction in the weight of cotton pellets and significant (P < 0.01) reductions in the elevated SGPT and ALP activities in serum and liver of FSPEE (0.5 mL/kg) treated rats.

CONCLUSION

Thus, petroleum ether extract of fenugreek seeds has significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities which are due to the presence of linolenic and linoleic acids.

Effect of ethanol extract of an ayurvedic preparation (Pathyadya Churna) on arthritis in rats

OBJECTIVES

To study the anti-arthritic activity of Pathyadya Churna ethanol extract (PCE) in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Formaldehyde (2% v/v) or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA 0.l mL) was injected in the left hind paw of male Wistar rats to develop arthritis. These rats were treated with three doses (135, 270, and 540 mg/kg) of PCE and one dose (10 mg/kg) of indomethacin. Anti-arthritic activity of the extract was assessed by noting paw volumes, rheumatoid factor (RF), blood parameters, and histological changes.

RESULTS

PCE treatment reduced paw swelling in arthritis caused by both formaldehyde and CFA. In CFA-treated rats, a significant decrease (P < 0.001) was seen in hemoglobin (13.92 g/dL to 9.97 g/dL), red blood cell count (7.32 million/mm(3) to 6.58 million/mm(3)), and packed cell volume (44.04% to 30.56%). There were also significant (P < 0.001) elevations in white blood cell count (8220/-11,420/mm(3)), platelets (2.46-4.15 lakhs/mL), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (3.76-8.03/60 min), RF (7.17-26.77 IU/mL), triglycerides (71.69-96.60 mg/dL), total cholesterol (96.85-145.05 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein (53.11-109.60 mg/dL), and very low-density lipoprotein (14.34-19.32 mg/dL). In CFA-induced arthritic rats, high-density lipoprotein decreased significantly (29.40 mg/dL to 16.13 mg/dL). Marked changes were noted in the histology of ankles. Treatment with PCE significantly reversed all these hematological and histological changes in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

PCE has a significant anti-arthritic activity in rats and is free from toxic effects.

Design, Development and Rationalization of Sarpagandha Ghanvati

Sarpagandha ghanvati is a classical Ayurvedic formulation widely prescribed for anxiety and insomnia. It contains Sarpagandha (roots of Rauwolfia serpentina L. (Benth.) Ex Kurz; Family: Apocyanaceae), Khurasani ajowan (Hyocyamus niger L.; Family: Solanaceae) seeds, Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Family: Valerianaceae) roots and Pipplamul (root of Piper longum L.; Family: Piperaceae). The objective of this study was to make a comparative evaluation of Ghanvatis and tablets of this formulation. Two tablet formulations were prepared; one incorporating only powders of all ingredients; the other with ethanol extracts of the first three ingredients and powder of Piper longum root. Similarly, two types of Sarpagandha ghanvati pills were prepared; one as per Ayurvedic Formulary of India; the other with ethanol extracts of the first three ingredients and powder of Piper longum root. Alcohol extracted 0.22% w/w of total alkaloids as against 0.061% w/w extracted by water. Tablets prepared with powders of all the ingredients had friability more than 3.0% where as those prepared with ethanol extract had very low friability. Ghanvatis, prepared as per the Ayurvedic formulary, did not show reserpine although other alkaloids were present. They showed less content uniformity and lower drug release. Ethanol extracted reserpine along with other alkaloids. Ghanvatis made with the alcoholic extracts exhibited better content uniformity and drug release than the traditional formulation. Tablets prepared with powders or extracts of the ingredients exhibited good content uniformity but the release of alkaloids from the tablets of powders was only 80%. Tablets of the extracts had good content uniformity with 90% release of the total alkaloids. Tablets prepared with alcoholic extracts using 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone as binder and 5% dried starch powder as disintegrating agent confirmed to all the requirements. Thus, the study shows tablets made with the extracts are superior to Ghanvatis and powder tablets.

Comparative study between simple and optimized liposomal dispersion of quetiapine fumarate for diffusion through nasal route

CONTEXT

Nasal route of drug administration is preferred more and more for the targeted delivery to the brain in current drug development scenario due to its ease of use, reliability, quick action, and lesser side effects. Those CNS drugs which have limited oral bioavailability due to pharmacokinetic consequences and brain barrier repulsion are getting onto this direction.

OBJECTIVE

Quetiapine fumarate, an analogous to above and an antischizophrenic agent, is tested for its diffusion property with and without lipophilic carrier through sheep nasal membrane. Being a BCS class II' and high permeable candidate, it tends to crossover easily, so made up in a simple dispersion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To improve its diffusion rate, it was embedded into liposomal dispersion, which has proven that it has advanced efficiency for diffusion. For this, both the formulations were checked and compared for their diffusion profile, as it is an essential property for bioavailability through nasal route. Comparison was made on the basis of % drug diffusion within 6 h, rate, mechanism, profile, and coefficient.

RESULTS

Liposomal dispersion has been proved superior with greater percentage diffusion of 32.61 ± 1.70 and very high permeability with a coefficient value of 4.1334 ± 0.7321 (× 10 (-) (5 )cm/s). Diffusion profile comparison bearing dissimilarity of 18 and similarity of 74 indicated that the diffusion profiles of liposomal dispersions and simple dispersion were similar but not identical.

CONCLUSION

Liposomal diffusion supremacy was further sustained by in vivo, ciliotoxicity, and gamma scintigraphy studies.

Anti-arthritic activity of a classical Ayurvedic formulation Vatari Guggulu in rats

In India, Vatari Guggulu has been traditionally used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The current study was undertaken to evaluate anti-arthritic activity of alcoholic extract of Vatari Guggulu in rats. Arthritis was induced by administration of formaldehyde (2%v/v) or Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) into the sub-plantar surface of left hind paw of the animals. The extract was administered to the rats by oral gavages in different doses. Joint swelling was measured in formaldehyde induced arthritis. Various physical, biochemical and histopathological parameters were determined in CFA induced arthritis. Vatari Guggulu extract (VGE) produced significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of joint swelling in both formaldehyde and CFA induced arthritis. The treatment also brought to normalcy the increased white blood cell (WBC) count, rheumatoid factor (RF), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL with an enhancement of haemoglobin (Hb) levels and red blood cell (RBC) count. These effects were found to be dose dependent. These effects were comparable with standard drug indomethacin. Histo-pathological studies of the ankles of VGE treated animals exhibited significant improvements. VGE did not show any toxic symptoms even at a dose of 2000 mg/kg in acute toxicity studies on rats. Thus, Vatari Guggulu, a classical Ayurvedic formulation of the Indian System of Medicine, exhibited significant anti-arthritic activity in formaldehyde and CFA induced arthritis in rats. This study corroborates the claims of Ayurveda on Vatari Guggulu.

Wound healing activity of extracts derived from Shorea robusta resin

CONTEXT

Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. (Dipterocarpaceae) resin is used for treating infected wounds and burns by tribals in India.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to investigate wound-healing activity of S. robusta resin extracts and essential oil in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Methanol extract (SRME), petroleum ether, benzene insoluble fraction of methanol extract (SRPEBIME), and essential oil (SREO) of S. robusta resin were incorporated in soft yellow paraffin (10% w/w) and applied once daily on incision and excision wounds of Wistar rats. Framycetin ointment (1.0% w/w) was applied to the standard group. Tensile strength (on the 10th day), wound contraction, and scar area (on the 14th day) were recorded. On the 15th day, granulation tissues of excision wounds were analyzed for total protein, hydroxyproline, and hexosamine contents and activities of lipid peroxidation and super oxide dismutase (SOD). Histopathology of the wounds was also studied.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SRPEBIME and SREO healed incision and excision wounds faster than plain ointment base and framycetin. Tensile strength of SRPEBIME-treated incision wounds was 53% higher than that of control animals. In excision wounds, wound contraction and scar areas were found to be 99% and 7.7 mm(2) (SRPEBIME) and 71.7% and 21 mm(2) (control). Protein and hydroxyproline contents were higher in SRPEBIME (20.8 and 3.5% w/w) and SREO (17.4 and 2.8% w/w) groups as against 9.95 and 1.48% w/w in control groups. Histopathology revealed complete epithelization and new blood vessel formation in SRPEBIME groups.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

SRPEBIME and SREO have significant wound-healing activities on incision and excision wounds.

Development of carbamazepine transnasal microemulsion for treatment of epilepsy

Carbamazepine is widely preferred therapy for the treatment of epilepsy. However, oral therapy results in slower brain uptake and systemic side effects. Intranasal route can achieve faster brain uptake, but poor aqueous solubility of carbamazepine is the main obstacle for administration by nasal route. The purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate intranasal oil in water microemulsion of carbamazepine to improve its solubility and enhance the brain uptake. Intranasal microemulsion of carbamazepine was prepared by water titration method using oleic acid as oil, Tween 80 as surfactant and Transcutol® as cosurfactant. Microemulsions were evaluated for various physical parameters including globule size, viscosity, pH and conductivity. Toxicity study of microemulsion was carried out by employing sheep nasal mucosa. The microemulsion was also evaluated by maximal electric shock, and the brain uptake study was done using HPLC method. The microemulsion was stable and transparent with average globule size of 21.03 nm and did not show any toxic symptoms. It showed reduction in the hind limb extension phase and faster recovery from seizures in comparison to oral microemulsion and nasal solution. Higher brain/plasma ratio was obtained with nasal microemulsion in comparison to ratio obtained after intraperitoneal injection of carbamazepine solution.

Design and development of mixed film of pectin: ethyl cellulose for colon specific drug delivery of sennosides and triphala

The present study was aimed at developing colon specific drug delivery system for sennosides and Triphala. These drugs are reputed Ayurvedic medicines for constipation in India. The proposed device explored the application of pectin and ethyl cellulose as a mixed film for colon specific delivery. This mixed film was prepared using non-aqueous solvents like acetone and isopropyl alcohol. A 32 factorial design was adopted to optimize the formulation variables like, ratio of ethyl cellulose to pectin (X1) and coat weight (X2). The rate and extent of drug release were found to be related to the thickness and the ratio of pectin to ethyl cellulose within the film. Statistical treatments to the drug release data revealed that the X1 variable was more important than X2. Under simulated colonic conditions, drug release was more pronounced from coating formulations containing higher proportions of pectin. The surface of the device was coated with Eudragit S100 to ensure that the device was more pH dependent and trigger the drug release only at higher pH. The final product is expected to have the advantage of being biodegradable and pH dependant. This type of a film effectively releases the drug while maintaining its integrity.

A validated quantitative thin-layer chromatographic method for estimation of diosgenin in various plant samples, extract, and market formulation

A sensitive and reproducible thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for quantitation of diosgenin, a spiroketal sapogenin. The spots were visualized by spraying with modified anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid reagent. The concentration of anisaldehyde was reduced to 0.1% instead of 1%, and the concentration of sulfuric acid was kept at a minimum of 2%. This successfully reduced charring and background interference. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The method was used for determination of diosgenin from dried samples of fenugreek seeds, leaves, stem, seed extracts, and a polyherbal antidiabetic formulation containing fenugreek powder as one of the ingredients. Increased detection sensitivity was observed with linearity from 98 to 588 ng/spot and a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.988. The relative standard deviation value for linearity of the method was found to be 0.18%. The method was successfully applied to various plant samples of fenugreek (Methi) with a recovery of 98.11 +/- 1.4%. Dried plant samples and a market formulation were analyzed and found to contain diosgenin in the range of 0.529-0.658% (w/w) in fenugreek seed powders, 0.087% (w/w) in fenugreek leaf powder, 0.015 and 1.27% (w/w) in fenugreek stem powder and extract, respectively, and 0.586% (w/w) in a formulation containing fenugreek seed powder. No matrix interference was observed.

A validated liquid chromatographic method for estimation of solasodine in various Solanum species and market formulations

This paper describes an improved liquid chromatographic (LC) method involving a prechromatographic derivatization step for the estimation of solasodine from berries of various Solanum species, market samples of Solanum xanthocarpum herb, extract, and its market formulations. Solasodine has heterocyclic nitrogen but has no conjugated double bonds in its structure. However, in all reported LC methods, detection was made in the ultraviolet range of 200-213 nm. In the present study, a prechromatographic derivatization of solasodine was done by forming an ion-pair complex of the heterocyclic nitrogen using the acidic dye methyl orange and acetate buffer of pH 4.7. Detection could be made in the visible range at 530 nm in this method. The method was validated and successfully applied to determine solasodine content in various plant samples and polyherbal formulations. The relative standard deviation was found to be 0.025% for system precision, and 0.8% for the linearity of the method, and the correlation coefficient was 0.999. Plant samples and market formulations were analyzed and found to contain solasodine in the range of 0.113-0.227% (w/w) on a fresh weight basis in berries; 0.3-1.278% (w/w) and 0.412% (w/w) on a dry weight basis in S. xanthocarpum herb powder and extract, respectively; and 0.245-0.525% (w/w) on dry weight basis in formulations containing S. xanthocarpum herb powder. No matrix interference was encountered. The method was found to be accurate, with a mean recovery of 100.5 +/- 0.83%. The method has good reproducibility and was found to be suitable for estimation of solasodine.

Spectrophotometric, difference spectroscopic, and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of cefixime in pharmaceutical formulations

Three simple and sensitive spectrophotometric, difference spectroscopic, and liquid chromatographic (LC) methods are described for the determination of cefixime. The first method is based on the oxidative coupling reaction of cefixime with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinon hydrazone HCI in presence of ferric chloride. The absorbance of reaction product was measured at the maximum absorbance wavelength (wavelength(max)), 630 nm. The difference spectroscopic method is based on the measurement of absorbance of cefixime at the absorbance maximum, 268 nm, and minimum, 237 nm. The measured value was the amplitude of maxima and minima between 2 equimolar solutions of the analyte in different chemical forms, which exhibited different spectral characteristics. The conditions were optimized, and Beer's law was obeyed for cefixime at 1 to 16 microg/mL and 10 to 50 microg/mL, respectively. The third method, high-performance LC, was developed for the determination of cefixime using 50 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 3.0)-methanol (78 + 22, v/v) as the mobile phase and measuring the response at wavelength(max) 286 nm. The analysis was performed on a Lichrospher RPC18 column. The calibration curve was obtained for cefixime at 5 to 250 microg/mL, and the mean recovery was 99.71 +/- 0.01%. The methods were validated according to the guidelines of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia and also assessed by applying the standard addition technique. The results obtained in the analysis of dosage forms agreed well with the contents stated on the labels.

Determination of Cefdinir by a stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method

A simple, fast, specific, stability-indicating, and precise reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of Cefdinir in its different dosage forms, i.e., capsules and suspensions. The method was developed and optimized by analyzing the placebo preparation, formulations, and degraded samples of the drug substance according to the International Conference on Harmonization. The proposed method can successfully separate the drug from degradation products formed under stress conditions along with pharmaceutical ingredients such as preservatives. The developed method was used successfully to determine Cefdinir in capsules and Insta-use suspensions. The developed method was found to be linear for a concentration range of 6-14 microg/mL. Average recoveries obtained with the method were 99.3 +/- 0.4 and 99.6 +/- 0.4% for Insta-use suspensions and capsules, respectively. The method was shown to be specific, precise, and robust.

Studies in formulation and pharmacotechnical evaluation of controlled release transdermal delivery system of bupropion

The objective of the present study was to design and evaluate unilaminate transdermal adhesive matrix systems capable of diffusing bupropion base at a constant rate over an extended period of time as an alternative route of administration. Unilaminate transdermal adhesive matrices have been fabricated with different concentrations of Eudragit E as the adhesive and rate-controlling polymer. The in vitro release and epidermal flux through human cadaver skin were studied. The release of drug from the matrices obeyed zero order release kinetics (r2 = 0.9810 to 0.9960). The delivery rate of bupropion ranged from 10.5 mg to 31.4 mg per day from a 3.14 cm2 area of matrix. The relation between concentration of bupropion base in matrix and epidermal flux, concentration of drug in matrix, and epidermal adsorption of bupropion during diffusion follow hyperbolic fashion. Triethylcitrate (TEC) and dibutylphthalate (DBP) have no influence on the diffusion of bupropion through human cadaver skin when used as plasticizers. Incorporation of succinic acid in the adhesive matrix retarded diffusion due to the formation of rigid cross linking of the polymer, while propylene glycol and myristic acid, alone or in combination, significantly enhanced the flux of bupropion through human cadaver skin.

Anti-bacterial activity of Galega officinalis L. (Goat's Rue)

Alcoholic extracts of Goat's Rue (Galega officinalis L.; Papilionaceae) were tested on Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria as the plant was claimed to hasten skin healing after surgery. Ethanolic (60%) extract exhibited significant inhibition on growth of both Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria.