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Vannice K, MacLennan CA, Long J, Steele AD. Optimizing Vaccine Trials for Enteric Diseases: The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:S1-S5. [PMID: 38532964 PMCID: PMC10962720 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this introductory article, we describe the rationale for the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study, which is largely to optimize the design and implementation of pivotal Shigella vaccine trials in the target population of infants and young children living in low- and middle-income countries. Such optimization will ideally lead to a shorter time to vaccine availability in the target population. We also provide a brief description of the articles included in the supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Vannice
- Enterics, Diagnostics, Genomics & Epidemiology, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Calman Alexander MacLennan
- Enterics, Diagnostics, Genomics & Epidemiology, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica Long
- Enterics, Diagnostics, Genomics & Epidemiology, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Duncan Steele
- Enterics, Diagnostics, Genomics & Epidemiology, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Chen J, Long JE, Vannice K, Shewchuk T, Kumar S, Duncan Steele A, Zaidi AKM. Taking on Typhoid: Eliminating Typhoid Fever as a Global Health Problem. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:S74-S81. [PMID: 37274535 PMCID: PMC10236514 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a significant global health problem that impacts people living in areas without access to clean water and sanitation. However, collaborative international partnerships and new research have improved both knowledge of the burden in countries with endemic disease and the tools for improved surveillance, including environmental surveillance. Two typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) have achieved World Health Organization prequalification, with several more in the development pipeline. Despite hurdles posed by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, multiple TCV efficacy trials have been conducted in high-burden countries, and data indicate that TCVs provide a high degree of protection from typhoid fever, are safe to use in young children, provide lasting protection, and have the potential to combat typhoid antimicrobial resistance. Now is the time to double down on typhoid control and elimination by sustaining progress made through water, sanitation, and hygiene improvements and accelerating TCV introduction in high-burden locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Chen
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica E Long
- Correspondence: Jessica Long, PhD MPH, 500 5th Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 ()
| | - Kirsten Vannice
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tanya Shewchuk
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Supriya Kumar
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anita K M Zaidi
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
There is now a robust pipeline of licensed and World Health Organization (WHO)-prequalified typhoid conjugate vaccines with a steady progression of national introductions. However, typhoid fever is responsible for less than half the total global burden of Salmonella disease, and even less among children aged <5 years. Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease is the dominant clinical presentation of Salmonella in Africa, and over a quarter of enteric fever in Asia is due to paratyphoid A. In this article, we explore the case for combination Salmonella vaccines, review the current pipeline of these vaccines, and discuss key considerations for their development, including geographies of use, age of administration, and pathways to licensure. While a trivalent typhoid/nontyphoidal Salmonella vaccine is attractive for Africa, and a bivalent enteric fever vaccine for Asia, a quadrivalent vaccine covering the 4 main disease-causing serovars of Salmonella enterica would provide a single vaccine option for global Salmonella coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calman A MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Stanaway
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie Grow
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten Vannice
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Kumar S, Ghosh RS, Iyer H, Ray A, Vannice K, MacLennan C, Shewchuk T, Steele D. Typhoid in India: An Age-old Problem With an Existing Solution. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S469-S474. [PMID: 35238361 PMCID: PMC8892544 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever continues to impact millions of people who lack adequate access to clean water and sanitation. The typhoid and paratyphoid fever burden in South Asia is broadly acknowledged, but current estimates of incidence, severity, and cost of illness from India are lacking. This supplement addresses this gap in our knowledge, presenting findings from two years of surveillance, conducted at multiple sites between October 2017 and February 2020, in the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) network. Results provide contemporaneous evidence of high disease burden and cost of illness—the latter borne largely by patients in the absence of universal healthcare coverage in India. Against a backdrop of immediate priorities in the COVID-19 pandemic, these data are a reminder that typhoid, though often forgotten, remains a public health problem in India. Typhoid conjugate vaccines, produced by multiple Indian manufacturers, and recommended for use in high burden settings, ensure that the tools to tackle typhoid are an immediately available solution to this public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Kumar
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raj Shankar Ghosh
- India Country Office, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Harish Iyer
- India Country Office, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Arindam Ray
- India Country Office, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Kirsten Vannice
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Calman MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tanya Shewchuk
- Global Delivery Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Vannice K, Hood J, Yarid N, Kay M, Harruff R, Duchin J. Accuracy of Medical Examiner's Assessment for Near-Real-Time Surveillance of Fatal Drug Overdoses, King County, Washington, March 2017-February 2018. Public Health Rep 2021; 137:463-470. [PMID: 33909524 PMCID: PMC9109540 DOI: 10.1177/00333549211008455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Up-to-date information on the occurrence of drug overdose is critical to guide public health response. The objective of our study was to evaluate a near-real-time fatal drug overdose surveillance system to improve timeliness of drug overdose monitoring. METHODS We analyzed data on deaths in the King County (Washington) Medical Examiner's Office (KCMEO) jurisdiction that occurred during March 1, 2017-February 28, 2018, and that had routine toxicology test results. Medical examiners (MEs) classified probable drug overdoses on the basis of information obtained through the death investigation and autopsy. We calculated sensitivity, positive predictive value, specificity, and negative predictive value of MEs' classification by using the final death certificate as the gold standard. RESULTS KCMEO investigated 2480 deaths; 1389 underwent routine toxicology testing, and 361 were toxicologically confirmed drug overdoses from opioid, stimulant, or euphoric drugs. Sensitivity of the probable overdose classification was 83%, positive predictive value was 89%, specificity was 96%, and negative predictive value was 94%. Probable overdoses were classified a median of 1 day after the event, whereas the final death certificate confirming an overdose was received by KCMEO an average of 63 days after the event. CONCLUSIONS King County MEs' probable overdose classification provides a near-real-time indicator of fatal drug overdoses, which can guide rapid local public health responses to the drug overdose epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Vannice
- Epidemiology Workforce Branch, Division of Scientific Education
and Professional Development, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA, Prevention Division, Public Health–Seattle & King County,
Seattle, WA, USA,Kirsten Vannice, PhD, MHS, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 2400 Century Center, Atlanta, GA 30345, USA;
| | - Julia Hood
- Prevention Division, Public Health–Seattle & King County,
Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Yarid
- Prevention Division, Public Health–Seattle & King County,
Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meagan Kay
- Prevention Division, Public Health–Seattle & King County,
Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Harruff
- Prevention Division, Public Health–Seattle & King County,
Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeff Duchin
- Prevention Division, Public Health–Seattle & King County,
Seattle, WA, USA
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Vannice K, Benoliel E, Kauber K, Brostrom-Smith C, Montgomery P, Kay M, Walters M, Tran M, D’Angeli M, Duchin J. Notes from the Field: Clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate with Three Carbapenem Resistance Genes Associated with Urology Procedures - King County, Washington, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019; 68:667-668. [PMID: 31369524 PMCID: PMC6677168 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6830a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (A.W.)
| | - Alan Barrett
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (A.B.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Vannice
- From the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva (K.V., J.H.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (A.W.-S.); and the Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (A.W.-S.)
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- From the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva (K.V., J.H.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (A.W.-S.); and the Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (A.W.-S.)
| | - Joachim Hombach
- From the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva (K.V., J.H.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (A.W.-S.); and the Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (A.W.-S.)
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Wilder-Smith A, Vannice K, Durbin A, Hombach J, Thomas SJ, Thevarjan I, Simmons CP. Zika vaccines and therapeutics: landscape analysis and challenges ahead. BMC Med 2018; 16:84. [PMID: 29871628 PMCID: PMC5989336 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine candidates are currently in development. Nevertheless, unique challenges in clinical development and regulatory pathways may hinder the licensure of high-quality, safe, and effective ZIKV vaccines. DISCUSSION Implementing phase 3 efficacy trials will be difficult given the challenges of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of ZIKV transmission, the unpredictability of ZIKV epidemics, the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations making a single definite endpoint difficult, a lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic assays, and the need for inclusion of vulnerable target populations. In addition to a vaccine, drugs for primary prophylaxis, post-exposure prophylaxis, or treatment should also be developed to prevent or mitigate the severity of congenital Zika syndrome. CONCLUSION Establishing the feasibility of immune correlates and/or surrogates are a priority. Given the challenges in conducting phase 3 trials at a time of waning incidence, human challenge trials should be considered to evaluate efficacy. Continued financial support and engagement of industry partners will be essential to the successful development, licensure, and accessibility of Zika vaccines or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
| | - Kirsten Vannice
- Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Durbin
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joachim Hombach
- Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Irani Thevarjan
- Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Institute of Vector-borne Disease, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Wichmann O, Vannice K, Asturias EJ, de Albuquerque Luna EJ, Longini I, Lopez AL, Smith PG, Tissera H, Yoon IK, Hombach J. Live-attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccines: The needs and challenges of post-licensure evaluation of vaccine safety and effectiveness. Vaccine 2018; 35:5535-5542. [PMID: 28893477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since December 2015, the first dengue vaccine has been licensed in several Asian and Latin American countries for protection against disease from all four dengue virus serotypes. While the vaccine demonstrated an overall good safety and efficacy profile in clinical trials, some key research questions remain which make risk-benefit-assessment for some populations difficult. As for any new vaccine, several questions, such as very rare adverse events following immunization, duration of vaccine-induced protection and effectiveness when used in public health programs, will be addressed by post-licensure studies and by data from national surveillance systems after the vaccine has been introduced. However, the complexity of dengue epidemiology, pathogenesis and population immunity, as well as some characteristics of the currently licensed vaccine, and potentially also future, live-attenuated dengue vaccines, poses a challenge for evaluation through existing monitoring systems, especially in low and middle-income countries. Most notable are the different efficacies of the currently licensed vaccine by dengue serostatus at time of first vaccination and by dengue virus serotype, as well as the increased risk of dengue hospitalization among young vaccinated children observed three years after the start of vaccination in one of the trials. Currently, it is unknown if the last phenomenon is restricted to younger ages or could affect also seronegative individuals aged 9years and older, who are included in the group for whom the vaccine has been licensed. In this paper, we summarize scientific and methodological considerations for public health surveillance and targeted post-licensure studies to address some key research questions related to live-attenuated dengue vaccines. Countries intending to introduce a dengue vaccine should assess their capacities to monitor and evaluate the vaccine's effectiveness and safety and, where appropriate and possible, enhance their surveillance systems accordingly. Targeted studies are needed, especially to better understand the effects of vaccinating seronegative individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Wichmann
- World Health Organization, Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals, Geneva, Switzerland; Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Vannice
- World Health Organization, Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Edwin J Asturias
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Ira Longini
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anna Lena Lopez
- University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Peter G Smith
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hasitha Tissera
- National Dengue Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joachim Hombach
- World Health Organization, Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Vannice K, Chocarro L, Pfleiderer M, Bellah A, Ward M, Yoon IK, Hombach J. The value of multi-country joint regulatory reviews: The experience of a WHO joint technical consultation on the CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia®) dossier. Vaccine 2017; 35:5731-5733. [PMID: 28755835 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Vannice
- World Health Organization, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Liliana Chocarro
- Dengue Vaccine Initiative - International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Ahmed Bellah
- World Health Organization, Department of Essential Medicines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Ward
- World Health Organization, Department of Essential Medicines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- Dengue Vaccine Initiative - International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joachim Hombach
- World Health Organization, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Salmon D, Yih WK, Lee G, Rosofsky R, Brown J, Vannice K, Tokars J, Roddy J, Ball R, Gellin B, Lurie N, Koh H, Platt R, Lieu T. Success of program linking data sources to monitor H1N1 vaccine safety points to potential for even broader safety surveillance. Health Aff (Millwood) 2013; 31:2518-27. [PMID: 23129683 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In response to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and subsequent vaccination program, the Department of Health and Human Services and collaborators developed the Post-Licensure Rapid Immunization Safety Monitoring (PRISM) Program as a demonstration project to detect rare adverse events rapidly. The program monitored three million people who had received the H1N1 vaccine by linking data from large private health plans and from public immunization registries that had originally not been designed to share data, and on a larger scale than had been previously attempted. The program generated safety data in two weeks rather than three to six monty 10ths-the standard time frame achievable using health plan data. PRISM substantially contributed to the understanding of the safety of H1N1 vaccines. Its use in the case of H1N1 highlights the necessity of proactive planning, scalable infrastructure, and public-private partnerships in tracking adverse events after vaccination in epidemics. It also illustrates how data could be integrated to produce policy-relevant information for other medical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salmon
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Black S, Eskola J, Siegrist CA, Halsey N, MacDonald N, Law B, Miller E, Andrews N, Stowe J, Salmon D, Vannice K, Izurieta HS, Akhtar A, Gold M, Oselka G, Zuber P, Pfeifer D, Vellozzi C. Importance of background rates of disease in assessment of vaccine safety during mass immunisation with pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccines. Lancet 2009; 374:2115-2122. [PMID: 19880172 PMCID: PMC2861912 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because of the advent of a new influenza A H1N1 strain, many countries have begun mass immunisation programmes. Awareness of the background rates of possible adverse events will be a crucial part of assessment of possible vaccine safety concerns and will help to separate legitimate safety concerns from events that are temporally associated with but not caused by vaccination. We identified background rates of selected medical events for several countries. Rates of disease events varied by age, sex, method of ascertainment, and geography. Highly visible health conditions, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, spontaneous abortion, or even death, will occur in coincident temporal association with novel influenza vaccination. On the basis of the reviewed data, if a cohort of 10 million individuals was vaccinated in the UK, 21.5 cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome and 5.75 cases of sudden death would be expected to occur within 6 weeks of vaccination as coincident background cases. In female vaccinees in the USA, 86.3 cases of optic neuritis per 10 million population would be expected within 6 weeks of vaccination. 397 per 1 million vaccinated pregnant women would be predicted to have a spontaneous abortion within 1 day of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Black
- Center for Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Juhani Eskola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Neal Halsey
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noni MacDonald
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Barbara Law
- Vaccine Safety Section, Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infections, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Nick Andrews
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infections, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Julia Stowe
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infections, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Daniel Salmon
- National Vaccine Program Office, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kirsten Vannice
- National Vaccine Program Office, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hector S Izurieta
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Aysha Akhtar
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mike Gold
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gabriel Oselka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick Zuber
- Quality, Safety and Standards Team, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dina Pfeifer
- Quality, Safety and Standards Team, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Vellozzi
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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