1
|
Fusade-Boyer M, Djegui F, Batawui K, Byuragaba DK, Jones JC, Wabwire-Mangeni F, Erima B, Atim G, Ukuli QA, Tugume T, Dogno K, Adjabli K, Nzuzi M, Adjin R, Jeevan T, Rubrum A, Go-Maro W, Kayali G, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Ducatez MF. Antigenic and molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses in sub-Saharan Africa from 2017 through 2019. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:753-761. [PMID: 33754959 PMCID: PMC8057090 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1908097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa was historically considered an animal influenza cold spot, with only sporadic highly pathogenic H5 outbreaks detected over the last 20 years. However, in 2017, low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses were detected in poultry in Sub-Saharan Africa. Molecular, phylogenetic, and antigenic characterization of isolates from Benin, Togo, and Uganda showed that they belonged to the G1 lineage. Isolates from Benin and Togo clustered with viruses previously described in Western Africa, whereas viruses from Uganda were genetically distant and clustered with viruses from the Middle East. Viruses from Benin exhibited decreased cross-reactivity with those from Togo and Uganda, suggesting antigenic drift associated with reduced replication in Calu-3 cells. The viruses exhibited mammalian adaptation markers similar to those of the human strain A/Senegal/0243/2019 (H9N2). Therefore, viral genetic and antigenic surveillance in Africa is of paramount importance to detect further evolution or emergence of new zoonotic strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy C. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gladys Atim
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Titus Tugume
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Koffi Dogno
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Mvibudulu Nzuzi
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adam Rubrum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Ghazi Kayali
- Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fusade-Boyer M, Pato PS, Komlan M, Dogno K, Batawui K, Go-Maro E, McKenzie P, Guinat C, Secula A, Paul M, Webby RJ, Tran A, Waret-Szkuta A, Ducatez MF. Risk Mapping of Influenza D Virus Occurrence in Ruminants and Swine in Togo Using a Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis Approach. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020128. [PMID: 31973026 PMCID: PMC7077333 DOI: 10.3390/v12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) has been identified in several continents, with serological evidence for the virus in Africa. In order to improve the sensitivity and cost–benefit of IDV surveillance in Togo, risk maps were drawn using a spatial multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and experts’ opinion to evaluate the relevance of sampling areas used so far. Areas at highest risk of IDV occurrence were the main cattle markets. The maps were evaluated with previous field surveillance data collected in Togo between 2017 and 2019: 1216 sera from cattle, small ruminants, and swine were screened for antibodies to IDV by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. While further samples collections are needed to validate the maps, the risk maps resulting from the spatial MCDA approach generated here highlight several priority areas for IDV circulation assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fusade-Boyer
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
| | - Pidemnéwé S. Pato
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, 55788 Lomé, Togo; (P.S.P.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (K.B.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Mathias Komlan
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, 55788 Lomé, Togo; (P.S.P.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (K.B.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Koffi Dogno
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, 55788 Lomé, Togo; (P.S.P.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (K.B.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Komla Batawui
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, 55788 Lomé, Togo; (P.S.P.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (K.B.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Emilie Go-Maro
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, 55788 Lomé, Togo; (P.S.P.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (K.B.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (P.M.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Claire Guinat
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
| | - Aurélie Secula
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
| | - Mathilde Paul
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
| | - Richard J. Webby
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (P.M.); (R.J.W.)
| | | | - Agnès Waret-Szkuta
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
| | - Mariette F. Ducatez
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tchamdja E, Kulo AE, Vitouley HS, Batawui K, Bankolé AA, Adomefa K, Cecchi G, Hoppenheit A, Clausen PH, De Deken R, Van Den Abbeele J, Marcotty T, Delespaux V. Cattle breeding, trypanosomosis prevalence and drug resistance in Northern Togo. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:86-92. [PMID: 28288771 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a major disease of cattle in Togo and its control is essentially based on chemotherapy. However, because of excessive use of trypanocides during the past decades, chemo-resistance in the parasites has developed. In order to assess the current situation of AAT and resistance to trypanocidal drugs in Northern Togo, a study was conducted on cattle from December 2012 to August 2013 in the regions of Kara and Savanes. An initial cross-sectional survey was carried out in 40 villages using the Haematocrit Centrifugation Technique (HCT). Out of these, 5 villages with a trypanosome prevalence of >10% were selected for a block treatment study (BT) with diminazene diaceturate (DA: 3.5mg/kg for a 14-day follow-up) and isometamidium chloride (ISM: 0.5mg/kg for a 28-day follow-up). Positive blood samples collected during the parasitological surveys and an equivalent number of negatives were further analyzed by PCR-RFLP for trypanosome species confirmation and molecular diagnosis of resistance to DA in Trypanosoma congolense. The results from 1883 bovine blood samples confirmed a high overall trypanosome prevalence of 10.8% in Northern Togo. PCR-RFLP revealed that T. congolense is the dominant pathogenic trypanosome species (50.5%) followed by T. vivax (27.3%), and T. brucei (16.2%). The BT showed varying levels of treatment failures ranging from 0 to 30% and from 0 to 50% for DA and for ISM respectively, suggesting the existence of resistant trypanosome populations in the study area. Our results show that AAT still represents a major obstacle to the development of cattle husbandry in Northern Togo. In areas of high AAT risk, a community-based integrated strategy combining vector control, rational use of trypanocidal drugs and improving the general condition of the animals is recommended to decision makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Tchamdja
- Direction de l'Elevage, BP 4041, Lomé, Togo
| | - A E Kulo
- Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie, Université de Lomé, BP 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - H S Vitouley
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01BP454 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - K Batawui
- Direction de l'Elevage, BP 4041, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - K Adomefa
- Direction de l'Elevage, BP 4041, Lomé, Togo
| | - G Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Hoppenheit
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertagstr. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - P H Clausen
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertagstr. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - R De Deken
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Department, Veterinary Entomology, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Van Den Abbeele
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Department, Veterinary Protozoology, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Marcotty
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Risk-analysis and Diagnosis Research & Development, VERDI - R&D (asbl), Rue du gravier, 7, B-4141 Louveigné, Belgium
| | - V Delespaux
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hendrickx G, Napala A, Dao B, Batawui K, Bastiaensen P, De Deken R, Vermeilen A, Vercruysse J, Slingenbergh JH. The area-wide epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis and its impact on mixed farming in subhumid West Africa; a case study in Togo. Vet Parasitol 1999; 84:13-31. [PMID: 10435788 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on an area wide study of all major variables determining the expression of trypanosomosis in cattle in the subhumid eco-zone of West Africa, taking Togo as an example. To enable systematic area-wide sampling, the country was divided in 311 grid-squares of 0.125 x 0.125 sides. Cross-sectional surveys were then conducted to generate maps or digital layers on cattle density, herd structure, ownership and breed. These data layers, except for the breed data, were subjected to a cluster analysis in order to define spatial patterns in animal husbandry systems. This analysis revealed two main systems: one is oriented towards integration with crop-agriculture and a second towards investment in cattle. These two systems could be further characterised by incorporating breed data. Zebu cattle and their crossbreeds are more favoured in the second system. The breed distribution map shows the actual situation but also serves to predict the outcome of progressive crossbreeding. An area wide trypanosomosis survey allowed the production of prevalence maps for Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and the associated packed cell volume (PCV) values. A simple curvi-linear relationship was established between vector density and disease prevalence. The regression between disease prevalence and PCV for taurine and zebu plus crossbreeds separately, revealed that taurine cattle maintain a comparatively high PCV level particularly in high prevalence scenarios. The relationship between the average herd PCV and cattle density suggests that herd PCV value may provide a mirror for the number of animals not kept because of the prevailing risk. The regression between agricultural intensity and cattle density subsequently in areas with decreasing herd PCV values reveals that the level of integration of cattle in crop production decreases with a decreasing PCV. Thus, despite the presence of taurine animals in Togo, the omnipresence of tsetse in particular Glossina tachinoides, remains a major obstacle to cattle raising and indirectly mixed farming development and intensification. It is argued that only with the present type of wide scale, spatial studies it becomes possible to clarify all the major variables influencing the expression of trypanosomosis. Spatial epidemiological studies at a macro level may form the basis for area wide trypanosomosis control in West Africa.
Collapse
|