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Tembo G, Mayuni M, Kamng'ona R, Chimgoneko L, Chiwala G, Sichone S, Galafa B, Thole F, Mkandawire C, Chirwa AE, Nsomba E, Nkhoma V, Ngoliwa C, Toto N, Makhaza L, Muyaya A, Kudowa E, Henrion MYR, Dula D, Morton B, Chikaonda T, Gordon SB, Jambo KC. Poor association between 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-induced serum and mucosal antibody responses with experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B colonisation. Vaccine 2024; 42:2975-2982. [PMID: 38570270 PMCID: PMC11056720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal carriage is the primary reservoir for transmissionand a prerequisite for invasive pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 13 (PCV13) showed a 62% efficacy in protection against experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B (Spn6B) carriage in a controlled human infection model (CHIM) of healthy Malawian adults. We, therefore, measured humoral responses to experimental challenge and PCV-13 vaccination and determined the association with protection against pneumococcal carriage. METHODS We vaccinated 204 young, healthy Malawian adults with PCV13 or placebo and nasally inoculated them with Spn6B at least four weeks post-vaccination to establish carriage. We collected peripheral blood and nasal lining fluid at baseline, 4 weeks post-vaccination (7 days pre-inoculation), 2, 7, 14 and > 1 year post-inoculation. We measured the concentration of anti-serotype 6B Capsular Polysaccharide (CPS) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in serum and nasal lining fluid using the World Health Organization (WHO) standardised enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS PCV13-vaccinated adults had higher serum IgG and nasal IgG/IgA anti-Spn6B CPS-specific binding antibodies than placebo recipients 4 to 6 weeks post-vaccination, which persisted for at least a year after vaccination. Nasal challenge with Spn6B did not significantly alter serum or nasal anti-CPS IgG binding antibody titers with or without experimental pneumococcal carriage. Pre-challenge titers of PCV13-induced serum IgG and nasal IgG/IgA anti-Spn6B CPS binding antibodies did not significantly differ between those that got experimentally colonised by Spn6B compared to those that did not. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that despite high PCV13 efficacy against experimental Spn6B carriage in young, healthy Malawian adults, robust vaccine-induced systemic and mucosal anti-Spn6B CPS binding antibodies did not directly relate to protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tembo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - M Mayuni
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - R Kamng'ona
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - L Chimgoneko
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - G Chiwala
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - S Sichone
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - B Galafa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - F Thole
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - C Mkandawire
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - A E Chirwa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - E Nsomba
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - V Nkhoma
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - C Ngoliwa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - N Toto
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - L Makhaza
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - A Muyaya
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - E Kudowa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - M Y R Henrion
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Dula
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - B Morton
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Chikaonda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - S B Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - K C Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
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Ng’uni TL, Musale V, Nkosi T, Mandolo J, Mvula M, Michelo C, Karim F, Moosa MYS, Khan K, Jambo KC, Hanekom W, Sigal A, Kilembe W, Ndhlovu ZM. Low pre-existing endemic human coronavirus (HCoV-NL63)-specific T cell frequencies are associated with impaired SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in people living with HIV. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1291048. [PMID: 38343437 PMCID: PMC10853422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding how HIV affects SARS-CoV-2 immunity is crucial for managing COVID-19 in sub-Saharan populations due to frequent coinfections. Our previous research showed that unsuppressed HIV is associated with weaker immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated how pre-existing T cell immunity against an endemic human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 impacts SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to uninfected individuals, and how HIV-related T cell dysfunction influences responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Methods We used flow cytometry to measure T cell responses following PBMC stimulation with peptide pools representing beta, delta, wild-type, and HCoV-NL63 spike proteins. Luminex bead assay was used to measure circulating plasma chemokine and cytokine levels. ELISA and MSD V-PLEX COVID-19 Serology and ACE2 Neutralization assays were used to measure humoral responses. Results Regardless of HIV status, we found a strong positive correlation between responses to HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV-2. However, PLWH exhibited weaker CD4+ T cell responses to both HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV-2 than HIV-uninfected individuals. PLWH also had higher proportions of functionally exhausted (PD-1high) CD4+ T cells producing fewer proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα) and had elevated plasma IL-2 and IL-12(p70) levels compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. HIV status didn't significantly affect IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 antigens or ACE2 binding inhibition activity. Conclusion Our results indicate that the decrease in SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in PLWH may be attributable to reduced frequencies of pre-existing cross-reactive responses. However, HIV infection minimally affected the quality and magnitude of humoral responses, and this could explain why the risk of severe COVID-19 in PLWH is highly heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiza L. Ng’uni
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vernon Musale
- Emory-University of Georgia, Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Lusaka, Zambia
- Center for Family Health Research in Zambia (CFHRZ), formerly Zambia Emory HIV Research Project (ZEHRP), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Thandeka Nkosi
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Mandolo
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Memory Mvula
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Clive Michelo
- Emory-University of Georgia, Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Lusaka, Zambia
- Center for Family Health Research in Zambia (CFHRZ), formerly Zambia Emory HIV Research Project (ZEHRP), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohomed Yunus S. Moosa
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Pathogenesis Program, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kondwani Charles Jambo
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Willem Hanekom
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - William Kilembe
- Emory-University of Georgia, Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Lusaka, Zambia
- Center for Family Health Research in Zambia (CFHRZ), formerly Zambia Emory HIV Research Project (ZEHRP), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Zaza M. Ndhlovu
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Pathogenesis Program, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Morton B, Barnes KG, Anscombe C, Jere K, Kamng'ona R, Brown C, Nyirenda J, Phiri T, Banda N, Van Der Veer C, Mndolo KS, Mponda K, Rylance J, Phiri C, Mallewa J, Nyirenda M, Katha G, Kambiya P, Jafali J, Mwandumba HC, Gordon SB, Cornick J, Jambo KC. In depth analysis of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 in sub-Saharan Africa demonstrates distinct clinical and immunological profiles. medRxiv 2021:2021.02.15.21251753. [PMID: 33619502 PMCID: PMC7899472 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.15.21251753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic has left no country untouched there has been limited research to understand clinical and immunological responses in African populations. Here we comprehensively characterise patients hospitalised with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, and healthy community controls. PCR-confirmed COVID-19 participants were more likely to receive dexamethasone and a beta-lactam antibiotic, and survive to hospital discharge than PCR-/IgG+ and PCR-/IgG-participants. PCR-/IgG+ participants exhibited a nasal and systemic cytokine signature analogous to PCR-confirmed COVID-19 participants, but increased propensity for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation. We did not find evidence that HIV co-infection in COVID-19 participants was associated with mortality or altered cytokine responses. The nasal immune signature in PCR-/IgG+ and PCR-confirmed COVID-19 participants was distinct and predominated by chemokines and neutrophils. In addition, PCR-/IgG+ individuals with high COVID-19 clinical suspicion had inflammatory profiles analogous to PCR-confirmed disease and potentially represent a target population for COVID-19 treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Morton
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - K G Barnes
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- University of Glasgow MRC Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Anscombe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - K Jere
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- University of Malawi-College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - R Kamng'ona
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - C Brown
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - J Nyirenda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - T Phiri
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - N Banda
- University of Malawi-College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - C Van Der Veer
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - K S Mndolo
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - K Mponda
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - J Rylance
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - C Phiri
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - J Mallewa
- University of Malawi-College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - M Nyirenda
- University of Malawi-College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - G Katha
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - P Kambiya
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - J Jafali
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - H C Mwandumba
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- University of Malawi-College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - S B Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J Cornick
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - K C Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- University of Malawi-College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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