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Sessions KL, Smith AG, Holmberg PJ, Wahl B, Mvalo T, Chisti MJ, Carroll RW, McCollum ED. Continuous positive airway pressure for children in resource-limited settings, effect on mortality and adverse events: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 2022; 107:543-552. [PMID: 34880003 PMCID: PMC9125374 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-323041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine non-invasive ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) outcomes for paediatric respiratory distress in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING LMIC hospitals. PATIENTS One month to 15 year olds with respiratory distress. INTERVENTIONS We searched Medline, Embase, LILACS, Web of Science and Scopus on 7 April 2020. Included studies assessed CPAP safety, efficacy or effectiveness. All study types were included; neonatal only studies were excluded. Data were extracted by two reviewers and bias was assessed. Certainty of evidence was evaluated, and risk ratios (RR) were produced for meta-analyses. (PROSPERO protocol CRD42018084278). RESULTS 2174 papers were screened, 20 were included in the systematic review and 3 were included in two separate meta-analyses of mortality and adverse events. Studies suitable for meta-analysis were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) from Bangladesh, Ghana and Malawi. For meta-analyses comparing death or adverse events between CPAP and low-flow oxygen recipients, we found no clear CPAP effect on mortality (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.72) or adverse events (RR 1.52, CI 0.71 to 3.26). We downgraded the certainty of evidence for both death and adverse events outcomes to 'low' due to design issues and results discrepancies across RCTs. CONCLUSIONS Evidence for CPAP efficacy against mortality and adverse events has low certainty and is context dependent. Hospitals introducing CPAP need to have mechanisms in place to optimise safety in the context it is being used; this includes the location (a high dependency or intensive care area), adequate numbers of staff trained in CPAP use, close monitoring and mechanisms for escalation, daily direct physician supervision, equipment that is age appropriate and user-friendly and continuous monitoring of outcomes and quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Sessions
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew G Smith
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Peter J Holmberg
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic Children’s Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian Wahl
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tisungane Mvalo
- University of North Carolina Project Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mohammod J Chisti
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ryan W Carroll
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric D McCollum
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA .,Global Program in Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sessions KL, Ruegsegger L, Mvalo T, Kondowe D, Tsidya M, Hosseinipour MC, Lufesi N, Eckerle M, Smith AG, McCollum ED. Focus group discussions on low-flow oxygen and bubble CPAP treatments among mothers of young children in Malawi: a CPAP IMPACT substudy. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034545. [PMID: 32404389 PMCID: PMC7228516 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the acceptability of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) and low-flow oxygen among mothers of children who had received either therapy. SETTING A district hospital in Salima, Malawi. PARTICIPANTS We conducted eight focus group discussions (FGDs) with a total of 54 participants. Eligible participants were mothers of children 1 to 59 months of age with severe pneumonia and a comorbidity (HIV-infection, HIV-exposure, malnutrition or hypoxaemia) who, with informed consent, had been enrolled in a randomised clinical trial, CPAP IMPACT (Improving Mortality for Pneumonia in African Children Trial), comparing low-flow oxygen and bCPAP treatments (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02484183). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES FGDs assessed mothers' attitudes and feelings towards oxygen and bCPAP before and after therapy along with general community perceptions of respiratory therapies. Data was analysed using inductive thematic analysis to assess themes and subthemes of the transcripts. RESULTS Community perceptions of oxygen and bCPAP were widely negative. Mothers recounted that they are told that 'oxygen kills babies'. They are often fearful of allowing their child to receive oxygen therapy and will delay treatment or seek alternative therapies. Mothers report limiting oxygen and bCPAP by intermittently removing the nasal cannulas or mask. After oxygen or bCPAP treatment, regardless of patient outcome, mothers were supportive of the treatment their child received and would recommend it to other mothers. CONCLUSION There are significant community misconceptions around oxygen and bCPAP causing mothers to be fearful of either treatment. In order for low-flow oxygen treatment and bCPAP implementation to be effective, widespread community education is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Sessions
- Pediatrics, McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Laura Ruegsegger
- Project Malawi, University of North Carolina System, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Tisungane Mvalo
- University of North Carolina Project Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Davie Kondowe
- University of North Carolina Project Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mercy Tsidya
- University of North Carolina Project Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mina C Hosseinipour
- University of North Carolina Project Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Infectous Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Norman Lufesi
- Acute Respiratory Infection Unit, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Michelle Eckerle
- Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Andrew Gerald Smith
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Eric D McCollum
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Sessions KL, Mvalo T, Kondowe D, Makonokaya D, Hosseinipour MC, Chalira A, Lufesi N, Eckerle M, Smith AG, McCollum ED. Bubble CPAP and oxygen for child pneumonia care in Malawi: a CPAP IMPACT time motion study. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:533. [PMID: 31366394 PMCID: PMC6668155 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some low-resource settings bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) is increasingly used to treat children with pneumonia. However, the time required for healthcare workers (HCWs) to administer bCPAP is unknown and may have implementation implications. This study aims to compare HCW time spent administering bCPAP and low-flow nasal oxygen care at a district hospital in Malawi during CPAP IMPACT (Improving Mortality for Pneumonia in African Children Trial). METHODS Eligible participants were 1-59 months old with WHO-defined severe pneumonia and HIV-infection, HIV-exposure, severe malnutrition, or hypoxemia and were randomized to either bCPAP or oxygen. We used time motion techniques to observe hospital care in four hour blocks during treatment initiation or follow up (maintenance). HCW mean time per patient at the bedside over the observation period was calculated by study arm. RESULTS Overall, bCPAP required an average of 34.71 min per patient more than low-flow nasal oxygen to initiate (bCPAP, 118.18 min (standard deviation (SD) 42.73 min); oxygen, 83.47 min (SD, 20.18 min), p < 0.01). During initiation, HCWs spent, on average, 12.45 min longer per patient setting up bCPAP equipment (p < 0.01) and 11.13 min longer per patient setting up the bCPAP nasal interface (p < 0.01), compared to oxygen equipment and nasal cannula set-up. During maintenance care, HCWs spent longer on average per patient adjusting bCPAP, compared to oxygen equipment (bCPAP 4.57 min (SD, 4.78 min); oxygen, 1.52 min (SD, 2.50 min), p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Effective bCPAP implementation in low-resource settings will likely create additional HCW burden relative to usual pneumonia care with oxygen. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02484183 , June 29, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Sessions
- Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN USA
- Northwestern University, Lurie Children’s Hospital, 225 E, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Tisungane Mvalo
- University of North Carolina Project Malawi, Tidziwe Centre, 100 Mzimba Road, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Davie Kondowe
- University of North Carolina Project Malawi, Tidziwe Centre, 100 Mzimba Road, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Donnie Makonokaya
- University of North Carolina Project Malawi, Tidziwe Centre, 100 Mzimba Road, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mina C. Hosseinipour
- University of North Carolina Project Malawi, Tidziwe Centre, 100 Mzimba Road, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Alfred Chalira
- Community Health Science Unit, Private Bag, 65 Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Norman Lufesi
- Community Health Science Unit, Private Bag, 65 Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Michelle Eckerle
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Andrew G. Smith
- University of Utah, P.O. Box 581289, Salt Lake City, UT 84158 USA
| | - Eric D. McCollum
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Rubenstein Child Health Building, #3150, 200 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
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Sessions KL, Wheeler L, Shah A, Farrell D, Agaba E, Kuule Y, Merry SP. Mental illness in Bwindi, Uganda: Understanding stakeholder perceptions of benefits and barriers to developing a community-based mental health programme. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2017; 9:e1-e7. [PMID: 29227132 PMCID: PMC5803513 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v9i1.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental illness has been increasingly recognised as a source of morbidity in low- and middle-income countries and significant treatment gaps exist worldwide. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of task sharing through community-based treatment models for addressing international mental health issues. Aim This paper aims to evaluate the perceptions of a wide range of mental health stakeholders in a Ugandan community regarding the benefits and barriers to developing a community-based mental health programme. Setting Bwindi Community Hospital (BCH) in south-west Uganda provides services through a team of community health workers to people in the Kanungu District. Methods Thematic analysis of 13 semi-structured interviews and 6 focus group discussions involving 54 community members and 13 mental health stakeholders within the BCH catchment area. Results Stakeholders perceived benefits to a community-based compared to a hospital-based programme, including improved patient care, lower costs to patients and improved community understanding of mental illness. They also cited barriers including cost, insufficient workforce and a lack of community readiness. Conclusions Stakeholders express interest in developing community-based mental health programmes, as they feel that it will address mental health needs in the community and improve community awareness of mental illness. However, they also report that cost is a significant barrier to programme development that will have to be addressed prior to being able to successfully establish such programming. Additionally, many community members expressed unique sociocultural beliefs regarding the nature of mental illness and those suffering from a psychiatric disease.
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Holst KA, Dearani JA, Said S, Pike RB, Connolly HM, Cannon BC, Sessions KL, O'Byrne MM, O'Leary PW. Improving Results of Surgery for Ebstein Anomaly: Where Are We After 235 Cone Repairs? Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 105:160-168. [PMID: 29174783 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebstein anomaly has heterogeneous anatomy and numerous operative techniques are described. Cone repair provides a near anatomic tricuspid valve repair. The purpose of this study was to examine our experience with cone repair. METHODS Cone repair was performed in 235 consecutive patients with Ebstein anomaly, 134 children (57%) and 101 adults (43%), from June 2007 to October 2015. Median age was 15.6 years (range, 6 months to 73 years). Cone repair was the first operation in 192 patients (82%), the second in 41 (17%), and the third in 2 (1%). Previous tricuspid valve repair had been performed in 27 (12%). Echocardiograms were obtained preoperatively and at hospital dismissal for all patients and for a subgroup of patients at least 6 months after cone repair (n = 81). RESULTS Leaflet augmentation was done in 67 patients (28%), Sebening stitch in 57 (24.2%), neochordae in 49 (21%), and annuloplasty band in 158 (67%). Bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt was performed in 46 patients (20%). There was 1 early death (0.4%). Early reoperation was required in 14 patients (5.9%); re-repair was possible in 7 (50%). The majority of early reoperations (11 of 14; 79%) occurred in the first third of the series. Mean follow-up was 3.5 ± 2.5 years. There was sustained reduction in tricuspid regurgitation (p < 0.0001), a progressive decline in right ventricle size (p < 0.0001), and late increase in right ventricle fractional area change after initial decline (p < 0.0001). Freedom from late reoperation was 97.9% at 6 years. CONCLUSIONS Cone repair is safe, and the learning curve is significant. Sustained reduction in tricuspid regurgitation and favorable changes in the right ventricle at follow-up suggest that cone repair has an advantageous impact on right ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Holst
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph A Dearani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Sameh Said
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Roxann B Pike
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Heidi M Connolly
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bryan C Cannon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Megan M O'Byrne
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Sessions KL, Phillips JD, Merry SP. Avoiding pitfalls in overseas medical educational experiences. CJGH 2017. [DOI: 10.15566/cjgh.v4i1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, there is a growing number of medical students participating in international health electives. These experiences have the potential to be mutually beneficial to both the host country and the student. However, there is a significant risk of unethical and damaging practices during these trips including concerns for sending trainees without appropriate pre-travel preparation with inadequate accountability to local health care providers at a stage in their education which imposes an undue burden on the local health facilities. This article describes one first year medical student’s experience in navigating common challenges faced on international health electives and offers practical advice enlightened by the literature on how to overcome them. We emphasize the need for students to ensure adequate pretrip preparation, communicate their level of training clearly, practice cultural humility, ensure personal safety, and engage in projects needed by the host community.
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Sessions KL, Anderson JH, Johnson JN, Taggart NW. AngioJet ™ thrombolysis of SVC thrombosis after orthotopic heart transplantation: A case report. Pediatr Transplant 2016; 20:723-726. [PMID: 27090499 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SVC obstruction is a rare acute complication after bicaval cardiac transplantation and can be catastrophic for the patient. Herein, we report the case of a child who developed SVC thrombosis causing acute SVC syndrome nine days after heart transplantation. Thrombolysis was successfully performed using the AngioJet™ system and subsequent balloon angioplasty with re-establishment of flow. This procedure allowed for revascularization without repeat sternotomy or stent implantation. The patient is well without recurrence at last follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Sessions
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine/Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason H Anderson
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine/Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan N Johnson
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine/Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Taggart
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine/Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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