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Keyes GS, Maiden K, Ramsden CE. Stable analogs of 13‑hydroxy-9,10-trans-epoxy-(11E)-octadecenoate (13,9-HEL), an oxidized derivative of linoleic acid implicated in the epidermal skin barrier. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 174:102357. [PMID: 34749189 PMCID: PMC8595794 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy-epoxy- and trihydroxy derivatives of linoleic acid are proposed to play an essential function in formation of the mammalian skin permeability barrier, which could account for the essential nature of its precursor, linoleic acid. Recent literature suggests that a specific oxidized enone derivative of LA esterified in ceramides facilitates binding to proteins, potentially serving a structural role in formation of the epidermal skin barrier. However, it is still to be established if other linoleic acid derivatives are also required for skin barrier formation, and whether the essential role is performed exclusively by an esterified, structural lipid or as an unesterified, labile signaling lipid, or by some combination of these derivatives. Progress in this domain is limited by lack of availability of hydroxy‑epoxy-and trihydroxy- and octadecenoate derivatives of linoleic acid and related compounds, and challenges in maintaining them in the unesterified lipid pool. Here we describe methods for the total synthesis of hydroxy‑epoxy-octadecenoate derivatives of linoleic acid (HEL1), and stable analogs that are designed to be resistant to inactivation by: (a) acylation/esterification (thus trapping these lipids in the free acid pool), (b) dehydrogenation, and (c) analogs combining both modifications. We further provide a total synthesis of corresponding hydroxy‑epoxy- derivatives of sebaleic acid (a regioisomer of linoleic acid present in skin), and of small molecule scaffolds containing the allylic and non-allylic epoxide 7-carbon substructures shared by both families of hydroxy‑epoxy-and trihydroxy- octadecenoates. Finally, we demonstrate that 2,2-dimethyl analogs of hydroxy‑epoxy-and trihydroxy- octadecenoates are resistant to esterification with an in vitro assay and thus provide a novel template for stabilizing labile, bioactive lipids as free acids by preventing acylation/esterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Kristen Maiden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Mann JD, Faurot KR, MacIntosh B, Palsson OS, Suchindran CM, Gaylord SA, Lynch C, Johnston A, Maiden K, Barrow DA, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE. A sixteen-week three-armed, randomized, controlled trial investigating clinical and biochemical effects of targeted alterations in dietary linoleic acid and n-3 EPA+DHA in adults with episodic migraine: Study protocol. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 128:41-52. [PMID: 29413360 PMCID: PMC6269096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder, affecting over 16% of adult women and 7% of adult men in the U.S., causing significant pain, disability, and medical expense, with incomplete benefits from conventional medical management. Migraine, as a chronic pain syndrome, provides a practical model for investigating the impact of dietary modifications in omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids. This paper reports the protocol of a trial to assess whether targeted dietary modifications designed to increase n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with or without concurrent reduction in n-6 linoleic acid (LA), will alter nociceptive lipid mediators and mediate decreases in frequency and severity of migraine. This prospective, randomized, controlled trial in 153 male and female adult subjects, ages 18-99, with diagnosed and actively managed episodic migraine tests the efficacy, safety, and biochemical effects of targeted, controlled alterations in dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Participants are masked to diet hypotheses and all assessors are masked to treatment assignment. Following a four-week baseline period, participants with migraine headache frequency of 5-20 per month are randomized to one of three intensive dietary regimens for 16 additional weeks followed by a less intensive observation period. Dietary intervention arms include: 1) increased n-3 EPA+DHA with low n-6 linoleic acid (H3 L6); 2) increased n-3 EPA+DHA with usual US dietary intake of n-6 linoleic acid (H3 H6); and 3) usual US dietary content of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (L3 H6). During the actual intervention, subjects receive content-specific study oils and foods sufficient for two meals and two snacks per day, as well as dietary counseling. Biochemical and clinical outcome measures are performed at intervals throughout this period. This randomized controlled trial is designed to determine whether targeted alterations in dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids can alter nociceptive lipid mediators in a manner that decreases headache pain and enhances quality of life and function in adults with frequent migraines. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02012790.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Douglas Mann
- Department of Neurology, UNC, 2133 Physicians Office Bld, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, United States.
| | - Keturah R Faurot
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UNC School of Medicine, 171 Wing D, C.B.#7200, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7200, United States.
| | - Beth MacIntosh
- UNC Healthcare Department of Nutrition & Food Services - Metabolic & Nutrition Research Core, 102 Mason Farm Rd., CB#7777, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Olafur S Palsson
- Department of Medicine, 4111 Bioinformatics Building, Campus Box 7080, 130 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, United States.
| | - Chirayath M Suchindran
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB # 7420, 3103-A, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7420, United States.
| | - Susan Ann Gaylord
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UNC School of Medicine, 183 Wing D, C.B.#7200, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, United States.
| | - Chanee Lynch
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UNC School of Medicine, 183 Wing D, C.B.#7200, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, United States.
| | - Angela Johnston
- North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 2 West Edenton St., Raleigh, NC 27601, United States.
| | - Kristen Maiden
- Lipid Mediators, Inflammation, and Pain Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | - David A Barrow
- UNC Cytokine Analysis Facility, North Carolina Oral Health Institute, 3412 Koury Oral Health Sciences Bldg., CB #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455, United States.
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-07, Rockville, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- Lipid Mediators, Inflammation, and Pain Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, United States; Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UNC School of Medicine, 171 Wing D, C.B.#7200, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Abstract
Functionalized tryptamines are targets of interest for development as small molecule therapeutics. The ring opening of aziridines with indoles is a powerful method for tryptamine synthesis if site selectivity can be controlled. 4-Nitrobenzyl carbamate (PNZ)-protected aziridines undergo regioselective ring opening to produce β-substituted tryptamines for a series of indoles. The PNZ-protected tryptamines can be further manipulated by PNZ removal under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Kidd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Dobo Hall, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Kristen Maiden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Dobo Hall, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Jeremy B. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Dobo Hall, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
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