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Lilius TO, Mortensen KN, Deville C, Lohela TJ, Stæger FF, Sigurdsson B, Fiordaliso EM, Rosenholm M, Kamphuis C, Beekman FJ, Jensen AI, Nedergaard M. Glymphatic-assisted perivascular brain delivery of intrathecal small gold nanoparticles. J Control Release 2023; 355:135-148. [PMID: 36731802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are ultrafine particulate matter having considerable potential for treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Despite their tiny size, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts their access to the CNS. Their direct cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) administration bypasses the BBB endothelium, but still fails to give adequate brain uptake. We present a novel approach for efficient CNS delivery of 111In-radiolabelled gold nanoparticles (AuNPs; 10-15 nm) via intra-cisterna magna administration, with tracking by SPECT imaging. To accelerate CSF brain influx, we administered AuNPs intracisternally in conjunction with systemic hypertonic saline, which dramatically increased the parenchymal AuNP uptake, especially in deep brain regions. AuNPs entered the CNS along periarterial spaces as visualized by MRI of gadolinium-labelled AuNPs and were cleared from brain within 24 h and excreted through the kidneys. Thus, the glymphatic-assisted perivascular network augment by systemic hypertonic saline is a pathway for highly efficient brain-wide distribution of small AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas O Lilius
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Kristian Nygaard Mortensen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claire Deville
- The Hevesy Laboratory, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Terhi J Lohela
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Frederik Filip Stæger
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Sigurdsson
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabetta M Fiordaliso
- DTU Nanolab - National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marko Rosenholm
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chris Kamphuis
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; MILabs B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Freek J Beekman
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; MILabs B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas I Jensen
- The Hevesy Laboratory, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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2
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Lilius TO, Rosenholm M, Klinger L, Mortensen KN, Sigurdsson B, Mogensen FLH, Hauglund NL, Nielsen MSN, Rantamäki T, Nedergaard M. SPECT/CT imaging reveals CNS-wide modulation of glymphatic cerebrospinal fluid flow by systemic hypertonic saline. iScience 2022; 25:105250. [PMID: 36274948 PMCID: PMC9579504 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrathecal administration enables central nervous system delivery of drugs that do not bypass the blood-brain barrier. Systemic administration of hypertonic saline (HTS) enhances delivery of intrathecal therapeutics into the neuropil, but its effect on solute clearance from the brain remains unknown. Here, we developed a dynamic in vivo single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) imaging platform to study the effects of HTS on whole-body distribution of the radiolabeled tracer 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) administered through intracisternal, intrastriatal, or intravenous route in anesthetized rats. Co-administration of systemic HTS increased intracranial exposure to intracisternal 99mTc-DTPA by ∼80% during imaging. In contrast, HTS had minimal effects on brain clearance of intrastriatal 99mTc-DTPA. In sum, SPECT/CT imaging presents a valuable approach to study glymphatic drug delivery. Using this methodology, we show that systemic HTS increases intracranial availability of cerebrospinal fluid-administered tracer, but has marginal effects on brain clearance, thus substantiating a simple, yet effective strategy for enhancing intrathecal drug delivery to the brain. We established a SPECT/CT platform for imaging glymphatic drug delivery in vivo Hypertonic saline (HTS) elevates intracranial availability of CSF-infused 99mTc-DTPA HTS triples the availability of 99mTc-DTPA in several deep brain regions HTS has negligible effects on clearance of intrastriatally infused DTPA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas O. Lilius
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Rosenholm
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Klinger
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Nygaard Mortensen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Sigurdsson
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frida Lind-Holm Mogensen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neuro-immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Natalie L. Hauglund
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Doctoral Program in Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 645, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Corresponding author
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3
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Du T, Mestre H, Kress BT, Liu G, Sweeney AM, Samson AJ, Rasmussen MK, Mortensen KN, Bork PAR, Peng W, Olveda GE, Bashford L, Toro ER, Tithof J, Kelley DH, Thomas JH, Hjorth PG, Martens EA, Mehta RI, Hirase H, Mori Y, Nedergaard M. Cerebrospinal fluid is a significant fluid source for anoxic cerebral oedema. Brain 2021; 145:787-797. [PMID: 34581781 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema develops after anoxic brain injury. In two models of asphyxial and asystolic cardiac arrest without resuscitation, we found that edema develops shortly after anoxia secondary to terminal depolarizations and the abnormal entry of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Edema severity correlated with the availability of CSF with the age-dependent increase in CSF volume worsening the severity of edema. Edema was identified primarily in brain regions bordering CSF compartments in mice and humans. The degree of ex vivo tissue swelling was predicted by an osmotic model suggesting that anoxic brain tissue possesses a high intrinsic osmotic potential. This osmotic process was temperature-dependent, proposing an additional mechanism for the beneficial effect of therapeutic hypothermia. These observations show that CSF is a primary source of edema fluid in anoxic brain. This novel insight offers a mechanistic basis for the future development of alternative strategies to prevent cerebral edema formation after cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Du
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Benjamin T Kress
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guojun Liu
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Amanda M Sweeney
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Andrew J Samson
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Kaag Rasmussen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Nygaard Mortensen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter A R Bork
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Weiguo Peng
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Genaro E Olveda
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Logan Bashford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Edna R Toro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tithof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Douglas H Kelley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - John H Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Poul G Hjorth
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Erik A Martens
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rupal I Mehta
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Rush University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pathology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hajime Hirase
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuki Mori
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Stæger FF, Mortensen KN, Nielsen MSN, Sigurdsson B, Kaufmann LK, Hirase H, Nedergaard M. A three-dimensional, population-based average of the C57BL/6 mouse brain from DAPI-stained coronal slices. Sci Data 2020; 7:235. [PMID: 32661243 PMCID: PMC7359299 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging of immunolabeled brain slices is a key tool in neuroscience that enable mapping of proteins or DNA/RNA at resolutions not possible with non-invasive techniques, including magnetic resonance or nuclear imaging. The signal in specific regions is usually quantified after manually drawing regions of interest, risking operator-bias. Automated segmentation methods avoid this risk but require multi-sample average atlases with similar image contrast as the images to be analyzed. We here present the first population-based average atlas of the C57BL/6 mouse brain constructed from brain sections labeled with the fluorescence nuclear stain DAPI. The data set constitutes a rich three-dimensional representation of the average mouse brain in the DAPI staining modality reconstructed from coronal slices and includes an automatic segmentation/spatial normalization pipeline for novel coronal slices. It constitutes the final population-based average template, individual reconstructed brain volumes, and native coronal slices. The comprehensive data set and accompanying spatial normalization/segmentation software are provided. We encourage the community to utilize it to improve and validate methods for automated brain slice analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Filip Stæger
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Nygaard Mortensen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malthe Skytte Nordentoft Nielsen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Sigurdsson
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louis Krog Kaufmann
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hajime Hirase
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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5
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Mestre H, Du T, Sweeney AM, Liu G, Samson AJ, Peng W, Mortensen KN, Stæger FF, Bork PAR, Bashford L, Toro ER, Tithof J, Kelley DH, Thomas JH, Hjorth PG, Martens EA, Mehta RI, Solis O, Blinder P, Kleinfeld D, Hirase H, Mori Y, Nedergaard M. Cerebrospinal fluid influx drives acute ischemic tissue swelling. Science 2020; 367:science.aax7171. [PMID: 32001524 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke affects millions each year. Poststroke brain edema predicts the severity of eventual stroke damage, yet our concept of how edema develops is incomplete and treatment options remain limited. In early stages, fluid accumulation occurs owing to a net gain of ions, widely thought to enter from the vascular compartment. Here, we used magnetic resonance imaging, radiolabeled tracers, and multiphoton imaging in rodents to show instead that cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain enters the tissue within minutes of an ischemic insult along perivascular flow channels. This process was initiated by ischemic spreading depolarizations along with subsequent vasoconstriction, which in turn enlarged the perivascular spaces and doubled glymphatic inflow speeds. Thus, our understanding of poststroke edema needs to be revised, and these findings could provide a conceptual basis for development of alternative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ting Du
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Amanda M Sweeney
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Guojun Liu
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Andrew J Samson
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Weiguo Peng
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Nygaard Mortensen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Filip Stæger
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter A R Bork
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Logan Bashford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Edna R Toro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tithof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Douglas H Kelley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - John H Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Poul G Hjorth
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Erik A Martens
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rupal I Mehta
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Orestes Solis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Pablo Blinder
- Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 30 Haim Levanon St., Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 30 Haim Levanon St., Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hajime Hirase
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory for Neuron-Glia Circuitry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. .,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Stender J, Mortensen KN, Thibaut A, Darkner S, Laureys S, Gjedde A, Kupers R. The Minimal Energetic Requirement of Sustained Awareness after Brain Injury. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1494-9. [PMID: 27238279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of the minimally conscious state (MCS) and the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) is a persistent clinical challenge [1]. Based on positron emission tomography (PET) studies with [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) during sleep and anesthesia, the global cerebral metabolic rate of glucose has been proposed as an indicator of consciousness [2, 3]. Likewise, FDG-PET may contribute to the clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness (DOCs) [4, 5]. However, current methods are non-quantitative and have important drawbacks deriving from visually guided assessment of relative changes in brain metabolism [4]. We here used FDG-PET to measure resting state brain glucose metabolism in 131 DOC patients to identify objective quantitative metabolic indicators and predictors of awareness. Quantitation of images was performed by normalizing to extracerebral tissue. We show that 42% of normal cortical activity represents the minimal energetic requirement for the presence of conscious awareness. Overall, the cerebral metabolic rate accounted for the current level, or imminent return, of awareness in 94% of the patient population, suggesting a global energetic threshold effect, associated with the reemergence of consciousness after brain injury. Our data further revealed that regional variations relative to the global resting metabolic level reflect preservation of specific cognitive or sensory modules, such as vision and language comprehension. These findings provide a simple and objective metabolic marker of consciousness, which can readily be implemented clinically. The direct correlation between brain metabolism and behavior further suggests that DOCs can fundamentally be understood as pathological neuroenergetic conditions and provide a unifying physiological basis for these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Stender
- BRAINlab, Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 10, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Cyclotron Research Center and Department of Neurology, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Avenue de l'hôpital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Kristian Nygaard Mortensen
- BRAINlab, Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 10, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aurore Thibaut
- Cyclotron Research Center and Department of Neurology, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Avenue de l'hôpital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sune Darkner
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Laureys
- Cyclotron Research Center and Department of Neurology, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Avenue de l'hôpital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Gjedde
- BRAINlab, Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 10, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ron Kupers
- BRAINlab, Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 10, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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