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Gjesdal BE, Mæland S, Bogen B, Cumming KT, Nesse VC, Torberntsson SMR, Rygh CB. Ballistic strength training in adults with cerebral palsy may increase rate of force development in plantar flexors, but transition to walking remains unclear: a case series. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:101. [PMID: 35659348 PMCID: PMC9166478 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Persons with cerebral palsy (CP) walk with reduced ankle plantar flexor power compared to typically developing. In this study, we investigated whether a ballistic strength-training programme targeting ankle plantar flexors could improve muscle strength, muscle architecture and walking function in adults with CP. Methods Eight adults (mildly affected CP) underwent eight weeks of ballistic strength training, with two sessions per week. Before and after the intervention preferred walking speed, ankle plantar flexion rate of force development (RFD), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), muscle thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length were measured. Data are presented for individuals, as well as for groups. Group changes were analysed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Data were analysed for eight participants (five women, mean age 37.9 years; six GMFCS I and two GMFCS II). Two participants increased their walking speed, but there were no significant group changes. In terms of muscle strength, there were significant group changes for RFD at 100 ms and MVC. In the case of muscle architecture, there were no group changes. Conclusion In this study, we found that eight weeks of ballistic strength training improved ankle plantar flexor muscle strength but walking function and muscle architecture were unchanged. Larger studies will be needed to obtain conclusive evidence of the efficacy of this training method. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-022-00487-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Eltarvåg Gjesdal
- Department of Health and Function, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 7030, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - S Mæland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - B Bogen
- Department of Health and Function, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 7030, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - K T Cumming
- Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organisation, Østfold University College, Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - V C Nesse
- Department of Health and Function, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 7030, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - S M R Torberntsson
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - C B Rygh
- Department of Health and Function, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 7030, 5020, Bergen, Norway
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Wiig H, Cumming KT, Handegaard V, Stabell J, Spencer M, Raastad T. Muscular heat shock protein response and muscle damage after semi-professional football match. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:984-996. [PMID: 35247016 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A typical football match leads to neuromuscular fatigue and physical performance impairments up to 72-96 h post-match. While muscle damage is thought to be a major factor, damage on the ultrastructural level has never been documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate post-match cellular muscle damage by quantifying the heat shock protein (HSP) response as a proxy for protein damage. METHODS Muscle biopsies, blood samples, countermovement jumps, and perception of muscle soreness were obtained from twelve semi-professional football players 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after a 90-min football match. Muscle biopsies were analyzed for αB-crystallin and HSP70 in the cytosolic and cytoskeletal sub-cellular fractions by Western blotting. Fiber type-specific αB-crystallin and HSP70 staining intensity, and tenascin-C immunoreactivity were analyzed with immunohistochemistry. Blood samples were analyzed for creatine kinase and myoglobin. RESULTS Within 24 h post-match, a 2.7- and 9.9-fold increase in creatine kinase and myoglobin were observed, countermovement jump performance decreased by -9.7% and muscle soreness increased by 0.68 units. αB-crystallin and HSP70 accumulated in cytoskeletal structures evident by a 3.6- and 1.8-fold increase in the cytoskeletal fraction and a parallel decrease in the cytosolic fraction. In type I and II fibers, αB-crystallin staining intensity increased by 15%-41% and remained elevated at 72 h post-match. Lastly, the percentage of fibers with granular staining of αB-crystallin increased 2.2-fold. CONCLUSIONS Football match play induced a muscular HSP stress response 1-72 h post-match. Specifically, the accumulation of HSPs in cytoskeletal structures and the granular staining of αB-crystallin suggests occurrence of ultrastructural damage. The damage, indicated by the HSP response, might be one reason for the typically 72 h decrease in force-generating capacity after football matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Wiig
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristoffer T Cumming
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vilde Handegaard
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jostein Stabell
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Spencer
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Public Health, Sport & Nutrition, University of Agder, Agder, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Saeterbakken AH, Stien N, Andersen V, Scott S, Cumming KT, Behm DG, Granacher U, Prieske O. The Effects of Trunk Muscle Training on Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance in Young and Adult Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:1599-1622. [PMID: 35061213 PMCID: PMC9213339 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The role of trunk muscle training (TMT) for physical fitness (e.g., muscle power) and sport-specific performance measures (e.g., swimming time) in athletic populations has been extensively examined over the last decades. However, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of TMT on measures of physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes is lacking.
Objective
To aggregate the effects of TMT on measures of physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes and identify potential subject-related moderator variables (e.g., age, sex, expertise level) and training-related programming parameters (e.g., frequency, study length, session duration, and number of training sessions) for TMT effects.
Data Sources
A systematic literature search was conducted with PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, with no date restrictions, up to June 2021.
Study Eligibility Criteria
Only controlled trials with baseline and follow-up measures were included if they examined the effects of TMT on at least one measure of physical fitness (e.g., maximal muscle strength, change-of-direction speed (CODS)/agility, linear sprint speed) and sport-specific performance (e.g., throwing velocity, swimming time) in young or adult competitive athletes at a regional, national, or international level. The expertise level was classified as either elite (competing at national and/or international level) or regional (i.e., recreational and sub-elite).
Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods
The methodological quality of TMT studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A random-effects model was used to calculate weighted standardized mean differences (SMDs) between intervention and active control groups. Additionally, univariate sub-group analyses were independently computed for subject-related moderator variables and training-related programming parameters.
Results
Overall, 31 studies with 693 participants aged 11–37 years were eligible for inclusion. The methodological quality of the included studies was 5 on the PEDro scale. In terms of physical fitness, there were significant, small-to-large effects of TMT on maximal muscle strength (SMD = 0.39), local muscular endurance (SMD = 1.29), lower limb muscle power (SMD = 0.30), linear sprint speed (SMD = 0.66), and CODS/agility (SMD = 0.70). Furthermore, a significant and moderate TMT effect was found for sport-specific performance (SMD = 0.64). Univariate sub-group analyses for subject-related moderator variables revealed significant effects of age on CODS/agility (p = 0.04), with significantly large effects for children (SMD = 1.53, p = 0.002). Further, there was a significant effect of number of training sessions on muscle power and linear sprint speed (p ≤ 0.03), with significant, small-to-large effects of TMT for > 18 sessions compared to ≤ 18 sessions (0.45 ≤ SMD ≤ 0.84, p ≤ 0.003). Additionally, session duration significantly modulated TMT effects on linear sprint speed, CODS/agility, and sport-specific performance (p ≤ 0.05). TMT with session durations ≤ 30 min resulted in significant, large effects on linear sprint speed and CODS/agility (1.66 ≤ SMD ≤ 2.42, p ≤ 0.002), whereas session durations > 30 min resulted in significant, large effects on sport-specific performance (SMD = 1.22, p = 0.008).
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that TMT is an effective means to improve selected measures of physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes. Independent sub-group analyses suggest that TMT has the potential to improve CODS/agility, but only in children. Additionally, more (> 18) and/or shorter duration (≤ 30 min) TMT sessions appear to be more effective for improving lower limb muscle power, linear sprint speed, and CODS/agility in young or adult competitive athletes.
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Bårdstu HB, Andersen V, Fimland MS, Aasdahl L, Raastad T, Cumming KT, Sæterbakken AH. Correction to: Effectiveness of a resistance training program on physical function, muscle strength, and body composition in community-dwelling older adults receiving home care: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2020; 17:13. [PMID: 32944093 PMCID: PMC7488528 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-020-00245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Bremseth Bårdstu
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, PB 133, 6851 Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vidar Andersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, PB 133, 6851 Sogndal, Norway
| | - Marius Steiro Fimland
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Unicare Helsefort Rehabilitation Centre, Rissa, Norway
| | - Lene Aasdahl
- Unicare Helsefort Rehabilitation Centre, Rissa, Norway.,Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristoffer T Cumming
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Vestfold, Norway.,Faculty of Health and Welfare, Østfold University College, Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Atle Hole Sæterbakken
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, PB 133, 6851 Sogndal, Norway
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Bårdstu HB, Andersen V, Fimland MS, Aasdahl L, Raastad T, Cumming KT, Sæterbakken AH. Effectiveness of a resistance training program on physical function, muscle strength, and body composition in community-dwelling older adults receiving home care: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2020; 17:11. [PMID: 32782626 PMCID: PMC7414534 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-020-00243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is associated with reduced muscle mass and strength leading to impaired physical function. Resistance training programs incorporated into older adults' real-life settings may have the potential to counteract these changes. We evaluated the effectiveness of 8 months resistance training using easily available, low cost equipment compared to physical activity counselling on physical function, muscle strength, and body composition in community-dwelling older adults receiving home care. Methods This open label, two-armed, parallel group, cluster randomized trial recruited older adults above 70 years (median age 86.0 (Interquartile range 80-90) years) receiving home care. Participants were randomized at cluster level to the resistance training group (RTG) or the control group (CG). The RTG trained twice a week while the CG were informed about the national recommendations for physical activity and received a motivational talk every 6th week. Outcomes were assessed at participant level at baseline, after four, and 8 months and included tests of physical function (chair rise, 8 ft-up-and-go, preferred- and maximal gait speed, and stair climb), maximal strength, rate of force development, and body composition. Results Twelve clusters were allocated to RTG (7 clusters, 60 participants) or CG (5 clusters, 44 participants). The number of participants analyzed was 56-64 (6-7 clusters) in RTG and 20-42 (5 clusters) in CG. After 8 months, multilevel linear mixed models showed that RTG improved in all tests of physical function and maximal leg strength (9-24%, p = 0.01-0.03) compared to CG. No effects were seen for rate of force development or body composition. Conclusion This study show that resistance training using easily available, low cost equipment is more effective than physical activity counselling for improving physical function and maximal strength in community-dwelling older adults receiving home care. Trial registration ISRCTN1067873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Bremseth Bårdstu
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, PB 133, 6851 Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vidar Andersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, PB 133, 6851 Sogndal, Norway
| | - Marius Steiro Fimland
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Unicare Helsefort Rehabilitation Centre, Rissa, Norway
| | - Lene Aasdahl
- Unicare Helsefort Rehabilitation Centre, Rissa, Norway.,Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristoffer T Cumming
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Vestfold, Norway.,Faculty of Health and Welfare, Østfold University College, Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Atle Hole Sæterbakken
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, PB 133, 6851 Sogndal, Norway
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Aas SN, Breit M, Karsrud S, Aase OJ, Rognlien SH, Cumming KT, Reggiani C, Seynnes O, Rossi AP, Toniolo L, Raastad T. Musculoskeletal adaptations to strength training in frail elderly: a matter of quantity or quality? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:663-677. [PMID: 32091670 PMCID: PMC7296272 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The improvement in muscle strength generally exceeds the increase in muscle size following strength training in frail elderly, highlighting the complex aetiology of strength deficit in aging. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heavy-load strength training on a broad number of factors related to specific strength in frail elderly. METHODS Thirty-four frail elderly men (n = 18) and women (n = 16) aged 67 to 98 (86 ± 7 years) were randomized to either a group performing strength training twice a week for 10 weeks (ST) or a non-exercising control group (CON). Knee extensor muscle strength was tested as one-repetition maximum (1RM) and isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque. Muscle activation was assessed by the interpolated twitch technique, and muscle density [mean Hounsfield units (HU)] and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) by computed tomography scans of the quadriceps femoris. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were obtained to investigate changes in intramyocellular lipids and single-fibre specific tension. RESULTS In ST, knee extension 1RM and MVC improved by 17 and 7%, respectively. Muscle cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris increased by 7%, accompanied by a 4% increase of muscle density. No changes in IMAT, voluntary activation level, single-fibre specific tension, or lipid content were observed. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to several previous reports, the improvements in isometric muscle strength and muscle area were in good agreement in the present study. The training-induced increase in muscle density was not due to changes in skeletal muscle lipid content. Instead, the increase in muscle density may reflect increased packing of contractile material or simply an increased ratio of muscle tissue relative to IMAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigve N Aas
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus Breit
- Department of Sport and Exercise Physiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stian Karsrud
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole J Aase
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simen H Rognlien
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristoffer T Cumming
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre of Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea P Rossi
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, Oslo, Norway
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Wernbom M, Schoenfeld BJ, Paulsen G, Bjørnsen T, Cumming KT, Aagaard P, Clark BC, Raastad T. Commentary: Can Blood Flow Restricted Exercise Cause Muscle Damage? Commentary on Blood Flow Restriction Exercise: Considerations of Methodology, Application, and Safety. Front Physiol 2020; 11:243. [PMID: 32265737 PMCID: PMC7098946 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Wernbom
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Kristoffer T. Cumming
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brian C. Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Cumming KT, Raastad T, Sørstrøm A, Paronetto MP, Mercatelli N, Ugelstad I, Caporossi D, Paulsen G. Vitamin C and E supplementation does not affect heat shock proteins or endogenous antioxidants in trained skeletal muscles during 12 weeks of strength training. BMC Nutr 2017; 3:70. [PMID: 32153849 PMCID: PMC7050865 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-017-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Supplementation with large doses of antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, has been shown to blunt some adaptations to endurance training. The effects of antioxidant supplementation on adaptations to strength training is sparsely studied. Herein we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on acute stress responses to exercise and adaptation to traditional heavy load strength training. Methods In a double blind placebo-controlled design, twenty-eight, young, trained males and females were randomly assigned to receive either vitamin C and E (C: 1000 mg, E: 235 mg, per day) or placebo supplements, and underwent strength training for 10 weeks. After five weeks, a subgroup conducted a strength training session to investigate acute stress responses. Muscle samples were obtained to investigate changes in stress responses and in proteins and mRNA related to the heat shock proteins (HSPs) or antioxidant enzymes. Results The acute responses to the exercise session revealed activation of the NFκB pathway indicated by degradation of IκBα in both groups. Vitamin C and E supplementation had, however, no effects on the acute stress responses. Furthermore, ten weeks of strength training did not change muscle αB-crystallin, HSP27, HSP70, GPx1 or mnSOD levels, with no influence of supplementation. Conclusions Our results showed that although vitamin C and E supplementation has been shown to interfere with training adaptations, it did not affect acute stress responses or long-term training adaptations in the HSPs or antioxidant enzymes in this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40795-017-0185-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Cumming
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Raastad
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Sørstrøm
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - M P Paronetto
- 2Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - N Mercatelli
- 2Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - I Ugelstad
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Caporossi
- 2Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - G Paulsen
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Sports Center, Oslo, Norway
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Rustad PI, Sailer M, Cumming KT, Jeppesen PB, Kolnes KJ, Sollie O, Franch J, Ivy JL, Daniel H, Jensen J. Intake of Protein Plus Carbohydrate during the First Two Hours after Exhaustive Cycling Improves Performance the following Day. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153229. [PMID: 27078151 PMCID: PMC4831776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intake of protein immediately after exercise stimulates protein synthesis but improved recovery of performance is not consistently observed. The primary aim of the present study was to compare performance 18 h after exhaustive cycling in a randomized diet-controlled study (175 kJ·kg-1 during 18 h) when subjects were supplemented with protein plus carbohydrate or carbohydrate only in a 2-h window starting immediately after exhaustive cycling. The second aim was to investigate the effect of no nutrition during the first 2 h and low total energy intake (113 kJ·kg-1 during 18 h) on performance when protein intake was similar. Eight endurance-trained subjects cycled at 237±6 Watt (~72% VO2max) until exhaustion (TTE) on three occasions, and supplemented with 1.2 g carbohydrate·kg-1·h-1 (CHO), 0.8 g carbohydrate + 0.4 g protein·kg-1·h-1 (CHO+PRO) or placebo without energy (PLA). Intake of CHO+PROT increased plasma glucose, insulin, and branch chained amino acids, whereas CHO only increased glucose and insulin. Eighteen hours later, subjects performed another TTE at 237±6 Watt. TTE was increased after intake of CHO+PROT compared to CHO (63.5±4.4 vs 49.8±5.4 min; p<0.05). PLA reduced TTE to 42.8±5.1 min (p<0.05 vs CHO). Nitrogen balance was positive in CHO+PROT, and negative in CHO and PLA. In conclusion, performance was higher 18 h after exhaustive cycling with intake of CHO+PROT compared to an isocaloric amount of carbohydrate during the first 2 h post exercise. Intake of a similar amount of protein but less carbohydrate during the 18 h recovery period reduced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per I. Rustad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O. Box 4014 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Manuela Sailer
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universiät München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristoffer T. Cumming
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O. Box 4014 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Per B. Jeppesen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer J. Kolnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O. Box 4014 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ove Sollie
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O. Box 4014 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jesper Franch
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Ålborg, Denmark
| | - John L. Ivy
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States of America
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universiät München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O. Box 4014 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Ellefsen S, Hammarström D, Strand TA, Zacharoff E, Whist JE, Rauk I, Nygaard H, Vegge G, Hanestadhaugen M, Wernbom M, Cumming KT, Rønning R, Raastad T, Rønnestad BR. Blood flow-restricted strength training displays high functional and biological efficacy in women: a within-subject comparison with high-load strength training. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R767-79. [PMID: 26202071 PMCID: PMC4666930 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00497.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Limited data exist on the efficacy of low-load blood flow-restricted strength training (BFR), as compared directly to heavy-load strength training (HST). Here, we show that 12 wk of twice-a-week unilateral BFR [30% of one repetition maximum (1RM) to exhaustion] and HST (6-10RM) of knee extensors provide similar increases in 1RM knee extension and cross-sectional area of distal parts of musculus quadriceps femoris in nine untrained women (age 22 ± 1 yr). The two protocols resulted in similar acute increases in serum levels of human growth hormone. On the cellular level, 12 wk of BFR and HST resulted in similar shifts in muscle fiber composition in musculus vastus lateralis, evident as increased MyHC2A proportions and decreased MyHC2X proportions. They also resulted in similar changes of the expression of 29 genes involved in skeletal muscle function, measured both in a rested state following 12 wk of training and subsequent to singular training sessions. Training had no effect on myonuclei proportions. Of particular interest, 1) gross adaptations to BFR and HST were greater in individuals with higher proportions of type 2 fibers, 2) both BFR and HST resulted in approximately four-fold increases in the expression of the novel exercise-responsive gene Syndecan-4, and 3) BFR provided lesser hypertrophy than HST in the proximal half of musculus quadriceps femoris and also in CSApeak, potentially being a consequence of pressure from the tourniquet utilized to achieve blood flow restriction. In conclusion, BFR and HST of knee extensors resulted in similar adaptations in functional, physiological, and cell biological parameters in untrained women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jon E Whist
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Irene Rauk
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | | | - Geir Vegge
- Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | | | - Mathias Wernbom
- Lundberg Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopedics, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Ellefsen S, Hammarström D, Strand TA, Nygaard H, Whist JE, Vegge G, Cumming KT, Raastad T, Rønnestad BR. Effects of Blood Flow-Restricted Strength Training and High-Load Strength Training on Muscular Endurance Characteristics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000477661.02791.c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Paulsen G, Hamarsland H, Cumming KT, Johansen RE, Hulmi JJ, Børsheim E, Wiig H, Garthe I, Raastad T. Vitamin C and E supplementation alters protein signalling after a strength training session, but not muscle growth during 10 weeks of training. J Physiol 2014; 592:5391-408. [PMID: 25384788 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on acute responses and adaptations to strength training. Thirty-two recreationally strength-trained men and women were randomly allocated to receive a vitamin C and E supplement (1000 mg day(-1) and 235 mg day(-1), respectively), or a placebo, for 10 weeks. During this period the participants' training involved heavy-load resistance exercise four times per week. Muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were collected, and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and maximal isometric voluntary contraction force, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and muscle cross-sectional area (magnetic resonance imaging) were measured before and after the intervention. Furthermore, the cellular responses to a single exercise session were assessed midway in the training period by measurements of muscle protein fractional synthetic rate and phosphorylation of several hypertrophic signalling proteins. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis twice before, and 100 and 150 min after, the exercise session (4 × 8RM, leg press and knee-extension). The supplementation did not affect the increase in muscle mass or the acute change in protein synthesis, but it hampered certain strength increases (biceps curl). Moreover, increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 and p70S6 kinase after the exercise session was blunted by vitamin C and E supplementation. The total ubiquitination levels after the exercise session, however, were lower with vitamin C and E than placebo. We concluded that vitamin C and E supplementation interfered with the acute cellular response to heavy-load resistance exercise and demonstrated tentative long-term negative effects on adaptation to strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Hamarsland
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - K T Cumming
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - R E Johansen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - J J Hulmi
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - E Børsheim
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - H Wiig
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Garthe
- Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Cumming KT, Raastad T, Holden G, Bastani NE, Schneeberger D, Paronetto MP, Mercatelli N, Ostgaard HN, Ugelstad I, Caporossi D, Blomhoff R, Paulsen G. Effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endogenous antioxidant systems and heat shock proteins in response to endurance training. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/10/e12142. [PMID: 25293598 PMCID: PMC4254089 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are important signal molecules for adaptations to training. Due to the antioxidant properties of vitamin C and E, supplementation has been shown to blunt adaptations to endurance training. In this study, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation and endurance training on adaptations in endogenous antioxidants and heat shock proteins (HSP). Thirty seven males and females were randomly assigned to receive Vitamin C and E (C + E; C: 1000 mg, E: 235 mg daily) or placebo (PLA), and underwent endurance training for 11 weeks. After 5 weeks, a subgroup conducted a high intensity interval session to investigate acute stress responses. Muscle and blood samples were obtained to investigate changes in proteins and mRNA related to the antioxidant and HSP system. The acute response to the interval session revealed no effects of C + E supplementation on NFκB activation. However, higher stress responses to exercise in C + E group was indicated by larger translocation of HSPs and a more pronounced gene expression compared to PLA. Eleven weeks of endurance training decreased muscle GPx1, HSP27 and αB‐crystallin, while mnSOD, HSP70 and GSH remained unchanged, with no influence of supplementation. Plasma GSH increased in both groups, while uric acid decreased in the C + E group only. Our results showed that C + E did not affect long‐term training adaptations in the antioxidant‐ and HSP systems. However, the greater stress responses to exercise in the C + E group might indicate that long‐term adaptations occurs through different mechanisms in the two groups. Reactive oxygen species are important signal molecules for adaptations to training. Previously vitamin C and E supplements has been shown to blunt adaptations to endurance training. In this study, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation and endurance training on adaptations in endogenous antioxidants and heat shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer T Cumming
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Holden
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nasser E Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Damaris Schneeberger
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Neri Mercatelli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Hege N Ostgaard
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Ugelstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway Norwegian Olympic Sports Center, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Paulsen G, Cumming KT, Hamarsland H, Børsheim E, Berntsen S, Raastad T. Can supplementation with vitamin C and E alter physiological adaptations to strength training? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2014; 6:28. [PMID: 25075311 PMCID: PMC4114441 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Antioxidant supplementation has recently been demonstrated to be a double-edged sword, because small to moderate doses of exogenous antioxidants are essential or beneficial, while high doses may have adverse effects. The adverse effects can be manifested in attenuated effects of exercise and training, as the antioxidants may shut down some redox-sensitive signaling in the exercised muscle fibers. However, conditions such as age may potentially modulate the need for antioxidant intake. Therefore, this paper describes experiments for testing the hypothesis that high dosages of vitamin C (1000 mg/day) and E (235 mg/day) have negative effects on adaptation to resistance exercise and training in young volunteers, but positive effects in older men. Methods/design We recruited a total of 73 volunteers. The participants were randomly assigned to receiving either vitamin C and E supplementation or a placebo. The study design was double-blinded, and the participants followed an intensive training program for 10–12 weeks. Tests and measurements aimed at assessing changes in physical performance (maximal strength) and physiological characteristics (muscle mass), as well as biochemical and cellular systems and structures (e.g., cell signaling and morphology). Discussion Dietary supplements, such as vitamin C and E, are used by many people, especially athletes. The users often believe that high dosages of supplements improve health (resistance to illness and disease) and physical performance. These assumptions are, however, generally not supported in the scientific literature. On the contrary, some studies have indicated that high dosages of antioxidant supplements have negative effects on exercise-induced adaptation processes. Since this issue concerns many people and few randomized controlled trials have been conducted in humans, further studies are highly warranted. Trial registration ACTRN12614000065695
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Affiliation(s)
- Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway ; Norwegian Olympic Sport Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristoffer T Cumming
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Hamarsland
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Paulsen G, Cumming KT, Holden G, Hallén J, Rønnestad BR, Sveen O, Skaug A, Paur I, Bastani NE, Østgaard HN, Buer C, Midttun M, Freuchen F, Wiig H, Ulseth ET, Garthe I, Blomhoff R, Benestad HB, Raastad T. Vitamin C and E supplementation hampers cellular adaptation to endurance training in humans: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. J Physiol 2014; 592:1887-901. [PMID: 24492839 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans. Fifty-four young men and women were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E or a placebo daily for 11 weeks. During supplementation, the participants completed an endurance training programme consisting of three to four sessions per week (primarily of running), divided into high-intensity interval sessions [4-6 × 4-6 min; >90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)] and steady state continuous sessions (30-60 min; 70-90% of HRmax). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max ), submaximal running and a 20 m shuttle run test were assessed and blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected, before and after the intervention. Participants in the vitamin C and E group increased their VO2 max (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5%) and performance in the 20 m shuttle test (10 ± 11%) to the same degree as those in the placebo group (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5% and 14 ± 17%, respectively). However, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) increased in the m. vastus lateralis in the placebo group by 59 ± 97% and 19 ± 51%, respectively, but not in the vitamin C and E group (COX4: -13 ± 54%; PGC-1α: -13 ± 29%; P ≤ 0.03, between groups). Furthermore, mRNA levels of CDC42 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the trained muscle were lower in the vitamin C and E group than in the placebo group (P ≤ 0.05). Daily vitamin C and E supplementation attenuated increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance training. However, no clear interactions were detected for improvements in VO2 max and running performance. Consequently, vitamin C and E supplementation hampered cellular adaptations in the exercised muscles, and although this did not translate to the performance tests applied in this study, we advocate caution when considering antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PB 4014 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Lin FC, Bolling A, Stuenæs JT, Cumming KT, Ingvaldsen A, Lai YC, Ivy JL, Jensen J. Effect of insulin and contraction on glycogen synthase phosphorylation and kinetic properties in epitrochlearis muscles from lean and obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C1539-47. [PMID: 22403789 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00430.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of insulin and contraction on glycogen synthase (GS) kinetic properties and phosphorylation were investigated in epitrochlearis muscles from lean and obese Zucker rats. Total GS activity and protein expression were ~15% lower in epitrochlearis from obese rats compared with lean rats. Insulin-stimulated GS fractional activity and affinity for UDP-glucose were lower (higher K(m)) in muscles from obese rats. GS Ser(641) and Ser(645,649,653,657) phosphorylation was higher in insulin-stimulated muscles from obese rats, which agreed with lower GS activation. Contraction-mediated GS dephosphorylation of Ser(641), Ser(641+645), Ser(645,649,653,657), and Ser(7+10) was normal in muscles from obese Zucker rats, and GS fractional activity increased to similar levels in epitrochlearis muscles from lean and obese rats. GS affinity for UDP glucose was ~0.8, ~0.4, and ~0.1 mM with assay buffers containing 0, 0.17, and 12 mM glucose 6-phosphate, respectively. Contraction increased affinity for UDP-glucose (reduced K(m)) at a physiological concentration of glucose 6-phosphate (0.17 mM) to ~0.2 mM in muscles from both lean and obese rats. Interestingly, in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate in the assay buffer, contraction (and insulin) did not influence GS affinity for UDP-glucose, indicating that affinity is regulated by sensitivity for glucose 6-phosphate. In conclusion, contraction-mediated activation and dephosphorylation of GS were normal in muscles from obese Zucker rats, whereas insulin-mediated GS activation and dephosphorylation were impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chin Lin
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P. O. Box 4014 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
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