1
|
Borrelli KN, Wingfield KK, Yao EJ, Zamorano CA, Sena KD, Beierle JA, Roos MA, Zhang H, Wachman EM, Bryant CD. Decreased myelin-related gene expression in the nucleus accumbens during spontaneous neonatal opioid withdrawal in the absence of long-term behavioral effects in adult outbred CFW mice. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109732. [PMID: 37774943 PMCID: PMC10598517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal opioid exposure is a major health concern in the United States, with the incidence of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) escalating in recent years. NOWS occurs upon cessation of in utero opioid exposure and is characterized by increased irritability, disrupted sleep patterns, high-pitched crying, and dysregulated feeding. The main pharmacological strategy for alleviating symptoms is treatment with replacement opioids. The neural mechanisms mediating NOWS and the long-term neurobehavioral effects are poorly understood. We used a third trimester-approximate model in which neonatal outbred pups (Carworth Farms White; CFW) were administered once-daily morphine (15 mg/kg, s.c.) from postnatal day (P) day 1 through P14 and were then assessed for behavioral and transcriptomic adaptations within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) on P15. We also investigated the long-term effects of perinatal morphine exposure on adult learning and reward sensitivity. We observed significant weight deficits, spontaneous thermal hyperalgesia, and altered ultrasonic vocalization (USV) profiles following repeated morphine and during spontaneous withdrawal. Transcriptome analysis of NAc from opioid-withdrawn P15 neonates via bulk mRNA sequencing identified an enrichment profile consistent with downregulation of myelin-associated transcripts. Despite the neonatal behavioral and molecular effects, there were no significant long-term effects of perinatal morphine exposure on adult spatial memory function in the Barnes Maze, emotional learning in fear conditioning, or in baseline or methamphetamine-potentiated reward sensitivity as measured via intracranial self-stimulation. Thus, the once daily third trimester-approximate exposure regimen, while inducing NOWS model traits and significant transcriptomic effects in neonates, had no significant long-term effects on adult behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn N Borrelli
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Av, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; T32 Biomolecular Pharmacology PhD Program, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, USA; Boston University's Transformative Training Program in Addiction Science, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-317, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Kelly K Wingfield
- T32 Biomolecular Pharmacology PhD Program, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, USA; Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Av, 140 The Fenway Building, X138, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Emily J Yao
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Av, 140 The Fenway Building, X138, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Catalina A Zamorano
- Boston University's Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, George Sherman Union, 775 Commonwealth Av, 5th floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Katherine D Sena
- Boston University's Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, George Sherman Union, 775 Commonwealth Av, 5th floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jacob A Beierle
- T32 Biomolecular Pharmacology PhD Program, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, USA; Boston University's Transformative Training Program in Addiction Science, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-317, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Av, 140 The Fenway Building, X138, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michelle A Roos
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Av, 140 The Fenway Building, X138, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Elisha M Wachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 1 Boston Medical Center Pl, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Camron D Bryant
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Av, 140 The Fenway Building, X138, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Borrelli KN, Wingfield KK, Yao EJ, Zamorano CA, Sena KD, Beierle JA, Roos MA, Zhang H, Wachman EM, Bryant CD. Decreased myelin-related gene expression in the nucleus accumbens during spontaneous neonatal opioid withdrawal in the absence of long-term behavioral effects in adult outbred CFW mice. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.04.552033. [PMID: 37609129 PMCID: PMC10441327 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.552033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal opioid exposure is a major health concern in the United States, with the incidence of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) escalating in recent years. NOWS occurs upon cessation of in utero opioid exposure and is characterized by increased irritability, disrupted sleep patterns, high-pitched crying, and dysregulated feeding. The main pharmacological strategy for alleviating symptoms is treatment with replacement opioids. The neural mechanisms mediating NOWS and the long-term neurobehavioral effects are poorly understood. We used a third trimester-approximate model in which neonatal outbred pups (Carworth Farms White; CFW) were administered once-daily morphine (15 mg/kg, s.c.) from postnatal day (P) day 1 through P14 and were then assessed for behavioral and transcriptomic adaptations within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) on P15. We also investigated the long-term effects of perinatal morphine exposure on adult learning and reward sensitivity. We observed significant weight deficits, spontaneous thermal hyperalgesia, and altered ultrasonic vocalization (USV) profiles following repeated morphine and during spontaneous withdrawal. Transcriptome analysis of NAc from opioid-withdrawn P15 neonates via bulk mRNA sequencing identified an enrichment profile consistent with downregulation of myelin-associated transcripts. Despite the neonatal behavioral and molecular effects, there were no significant long-term effects of perinatal morphine exposure on adult spatial memory function in the Barnes Maze, emotional learning in fear conditioning, or in baseline or methamphetamine-potentiated reward sensitivity as measured via intracranial self-stimulation. Thus, the once daily third trimester-approximate exposure regimen, while inducing NOWS model traits and significant transcriptomic effects in neonates, had no significant long-term effects on adult behaviors. HIGHLIGHTS We replicated some NOWS model traits via 1x-daily morphine (P1-P14).We found a downregulation of myelination genes in nucleus accumbens on P15.There were no effects on learning/memory or reward sensitivity in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn N. Borrelli
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606B, Boston, MA 02118
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Av, Boston, MA 02215
- Boston University’s Transformative Training Program in Addiction Science, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-317, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Kelly K. Wingfield
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606B, Boston, MA 02118
- T32 Biomolecular Pharmacology PhD Program, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Emily J. Yao
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606B, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Catalina A. Zamorano
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606B, Boston, MA 02118
- Boston University’s Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, George Sherman Union, 775 Commonwealth Av, 5 floor, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Katherine D. Sena
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606B, Boston, MA 02118
- Boston University’s Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, George Sherman Union, 775 Commonwealth Av, 5 floor, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jacob A. Beierle
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606B, Boston, MA 02118
- T32 Biomolecular Pharmacology PhD Program, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine
- Boston University’s Transformative Training Program in Addiction Science, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-317, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Michelle A. Roos
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606B, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., Boston, MA 02118
| | - Elisha M. Wachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 1 Boston Medical Center Pl, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Camron D. Bryant
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-606B, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., Boston, MA 02118
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borrelli KN, Yao EJ, Yen WW, Phadke RA, Ruan QT, Chen MM, Kelliher JC, Langan CR, Scotellaro JL, Babbs RK, Beierle JC, Logan RW, Johnson WE, Wachman EM, Cruz-Martín A, Bryant CD. Sex Differences in Behavioral and Brainstem Transcriptomic Neuroadaptations following Neonatal Opioid Exposure in Outbred Mice. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0143-21.2021. [PMID: 34479978 PMCID: PMC8454922 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0143-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid epidemic led to an increase in the number of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) cases in infants born to opioid-dependent mothers. Hallmark features of NOWS include weight loss, severe irritability, respiratory problems, and sleep fragmentation. Mouse models provide an opportunity to identify brain mechanisms that contribute to NOWS. Neonatal outbred Swiss Webster Cartworth Farms White (CFW) mice were administered morphine (15 mg/kg, s.c.) twice daily from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P14, an approximation of the third trimester of human gestation. Female and male mice underwent behavioral testing on P7 and P14 to determine the impact of opioid exposure on anxiety and pain sensitivity. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and daily body weights were also recorded. Brainstems containing pons and medulla were collected during morphine withdrawal on P14 for RNA sequencing. Morphine induced weight loss from P2 to P14, which persisted during adolescence (P21) and adulthood (P50). USVs markedly increased at P7 in females, emerging earlier than males. On P7 and P14, both morphine-exposed female and male mice displayed hyperalgesia on the hot plate and tail-flick assays, with females showing greater hyperalgesia than males. Morphine-exposed mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior in the open-field arena on P21. Transcriptome analysis of the brainstem, an area implicated in opioid withdrawal and NOWS, identified pathways enriched for noradrenergic signaling in females and males. We also found sex-specific pathways related to mitochondrial function and neurodevelopment in females and circadian entrainment in males. Sex-specific transcriptomic neuroadaptations implicate unique neurobiological mechanisms underlying NOWS-like behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn N Borrelli
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- Transformative Training Program in Addiction Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- NIGMS Training Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Emily J Yao
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - William W Yen
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Rhushikesh A Phadke
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry (MCBB), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Qiu T Ruan
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- Transformative Training Program in Addiction Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- NIGMS Training Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Melanie M Chen
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Julia C Kelliher
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Carly R Langan
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Julia L Scotellaro
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Richard K Babbs
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Jacob C Beierle
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- Transformative Training Program in Addiction Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- NIGMS Training Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Laboratory of Sleep, Rhythms, and Addiction, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
| | - William Evan Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Elisha M Wachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Alberto Cruz-Martín
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Camron D Bryant
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borrelli KN, Langan CR, Dubinsky KR, Szumlinski KK, Carlezon WA, Chartoff EH, Bryant CD. Intracranial self-stimulation and concomitant behaviors following systemic methamphetamine administration in Hnrnph1 mutant mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2031-2041. [PMID: 33758972 PMCID: PMC8715365 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methamphetamine (MA) addiction is a major public health issue in the USA, with a poorly understood genetic component. We previously identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 (Hnrnph1; H1) as a quantitative trait gene underlying sensitivity to MA-induced behavioral sensitivity. Mice heterozygous for a frameshift deletion in the first coding exon of H1 (H1+/-) showed reduced MA phenotypes including oral self-administration, locomotor activity, dopamine release, and dose-dependent differences in MA conditioned place preference. However, the effects of H1+/- on innate and MA-modulated reward sensitivity are not known. OBJECTIVES We examined innate reward sensitivity and facilitation by MA in H1+/- mice via intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). METHODS We used intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the medial forebrain bundle to assess shifts in reward sensitivity following acute, ascending doses of MA (0.5-4.0 mg/kg, i.p.) using a within-subjects design. We also assessed video-recorded behaviors during ICSS testing sessions. RESULTS H1+/- mice displayed reduced normalized maximum response rates in response to MA. H1+/- females had lower normalized M50 values compared to wild-type females, suggesting enhanced reward facilitation by MA. Finally, regardless of genotype, there was a dose-dependent reduction in distance to the response wheel following MA administration, providing an additional measure of MA-induced reward-driven behavior. CONCLUSIONS H1+/- mice displayed a complex ICSS phenotype following MA, displaying indications of both blunted reward magnitude (lower normalized maximum response rates) and enhanced reward sensitivity specific to H1+/- females (lower normalized M50 values).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn N Borrelli
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St, L-606C, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Ph.D. Training Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Transformative Training Program in Addiction Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carly R Langan
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St, L-606C, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Kyra R Dubinsky
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St, L-606C, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - William A Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elena H Chartoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Camron D Bryant
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St, L-606C, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yao EJ, Babbs RK, Kelliher JC, Luttik KP, Borrelli KN, Damaj MI, Mulligan MK, Bryant CD. Systems genetic analysis of binge-like eating in a C57BL/6J x DBA/2J-F2 cross. Genes Brain Behav 2021; 20:e12751. [PMID: 33978997 PMCID: PMC9361732 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating is a heritable trait associated with eating disorders and refers to the rapid consumption of a large quantity of energy-dense food that is, associated with loss of control and negative affect. Binge eating disorder is the most common eating disorder in the United States; however, the genetic basis is unknown. We previously identified robust mouse inbred strain differences between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J in binge-like eating of sweetened palatable food in an intermittent access, conditioned place preference paradigm. To map the genetic basis of changes in body weight and binge-like eating (BLE) and to identify candidate genes, we conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in 128 C57BL/6J x DBA/2J-F2 mice combined with PheQTL and trait covariance analysis in GeneNetwork2 using legacy BXD-RI trait datasets. We identified a QTL on Chromosome 18 influencing changes in body weight across days in females (log of the odds [LOD] = 6.3; 1.5-LOD: 3-12 cM) that contains the candidate gene Zeb1. We also identified a sex-combined QTL influencing initial palatable food intake on Chromosome 5 (LOD = 5.8; 1.5-LOD: 21-28 cM) that contains the candidate gene Lcorl and a second QTL influencing escalated palatable food intake on Chromosome 6 in males (LOD = 5.4; 1.5-LOD: 50-59 cM) that contains the candidate genes Adipor2 and Plxnd1. Finally, we identified a suggestive QTL in females for slope of BLE on distal Chromosome 18 (LOD = 4.1; p = 0.055; 1.5-LOD: 23-35 cM). Future studies will use BXD-RI strains to fine map loci and support candidate gene nomination for gene editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Yao
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Richard K. Babbs
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Julia C. Kelliher
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Kimberly P. Luttik
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Kristyn N. Borrelli
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Tranformative Training Program in Addiction Science (TTPAS), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Biomolecluar Pharmacology Training Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Megan K. Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Camron D. Bryant
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Tranformative Training Program in Addiction Science (TTPAS), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Biomolecluar Pharmacology Training Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| |
Collapse
|