1
|
Wongphutorn P, Noordin R, Anuar NS, Worasith C, Kopolrat KY, Homwong C, Tippayawat P, Techasen A, Pitaksakurat O, Sithithaworn J, Eamudomkarn C, Sithithaworn P. Examination of Diagnostic Performance of New IgG4 Rapid Test Compared with IgG- and IgG4-ELISAs to Investigate Epidemiology of Strongyloidiasis in Northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:254-262. [PMID: 38190756 PMCID: PMC10859814 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis, caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, is a neglected tropical disease with a global distribution. The infection can be fatal in immunocompromised individuals, and accurate diagnosis leading to timely treatment can save lives. Serodiagnosis is a sensitive method for diagnosis and is recommended for screening high-risk individuals. A point-of-care rapid test will facilitate the screening activities, especially in low-resource settings. This study aims to apply a new IgG4 immunochromatographic test using S. stercoralis recombinant antigen (SsRapid® cassette test) and to compare it with in-house IgG and IgG4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (IgG- and IgG4-ELISAs) using native Strongyloides ratti antigen to investigate the epidemiology of strongyloidiasis in northeast Thailand. A total of 300 people participated, with 136 males and 164 females of a similar mean age. The reference tests were fecal examinations using the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique and an agar plate culture technique. The prevalence of S. stercoralis determined by SsRapid (81.7%) was significantly higher than that by fecal examinations (43.3%) or by antibody detection by IgG-ELISA (53.0%) or IgG4-ELISA (44.0%). The diagnostic sensitivities of SsRapid, IgG-ELISA, and IgG4-ELISA were found to be 93.9%, 77.7%, and 63.1%, respectively. The rate of positive tests by the SsRapid was significantly correlated to the levels of Strongyloides-specific IgG4 and IgG antibodies. By all diagnostic methods, male participants had a significantly higher prevalence of strongyloidiasis than females. Age was significantly associated with the concentration of specific serum IgG but not with the SsRapid grading score. In conclusion, SsRapid was shown to be a sensitive and valuable diagnostic test for the epidemiology study of strongyloidiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Suhada Anuar
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chanika Worasith
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y. Kopolrat
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Anchalee Techasen
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Opal Pitaksakurat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pengpan R, Kopolrat KY, Srichaijaroonpong S, Taneepanichskul N, Yasaka P, Kammoolkon R. Relationship Between Pesticide Exposure Factors and Health Symptoms Among Chili Farmers in Northeast Thailand. J Prev Med Public Health 2024; 57:73-82. [PMID: 38327014 PMCID: PMC10861334 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.23.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The unsafe use of pesticides in agriculture represents a major hazard to human health. This study was conducted to investigate the association between pesticide exposure and health symptoms among chili farmers in northeast Thailand. METHODS This cross-sectional analytic study included 141 chili farmers in Sakon Nakhon Province, in northeast Thailand. Data regarding health symptoms were gathered using a self-report questionnaire. A medical technician tested blood cholinesterase activity using an erythrocyte method, and an occupational medicine specialist at Ramathibodi Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand reviewed the results. Associations between personal characteristics, pesticide exposure factors, and health symptoms were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Of the 141 chili farmers studied, 66.7% experienced pesticide poisoning, as indicated by below-normal cholinesterase levels. Fatigue was the most frequently reported symptom associated with pesticide exposure, affecting 37.6% of participants. This was followed by nausea and vomiting (31.9%), dizziness (14.9%), and dry throat (14.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that several factors were significantly associated with adverse symptoms: amount of work experience, volume of pesticides used, use of chemical pesticides, use of leaking containers during spraying, direct pesticide exposure while working, contact with pesticide-soaked clothing, consumption of food and drinks in the fields, and blood cholinesterase level indicating risk. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests potential health risks for chili farmers stemming from exposure to and contamination by pesticides used in agricultural practices. To mitigate these risks, it is essential to supply personal protective equipment and to implement educational programs aimed at improving protective behaviors among farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratchadaporn Pengpan
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y. Kopolrat
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Sribud Srichaijaroonpong
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | | | - Patiwat Yasaka
- Faculty of Management Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Surin Campus, Surin, Thailand
| | - Ratanee Kammoolkon
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Worasith C, Sithithaworn J, Wongphutorn P, Homwong C, Khongsukwiwat K, Techasen A, Kopolrat KY, Loilome W, Namwat N, Thinkamrop B, Tawarungruang C, Titapun A, Laha T, Andrews RH, Taylor-Robinson SD, Sithithaworn P. Accuracy of a new rapid diagnostic test for urinary antigen detection and assessment of drug treatment in opisthorchiasis. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:102. [PMID: 37990282 PMCID: PMC10662682 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for opisthorchiasis, a parasitic worm infection affecting many millions of people in Southeast Asia, has traditionally relied on faecal egg examination such as the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) and Kato-Katz method. Although the urinary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used more recently, we developed a urinary antigen-based rapid diagnostic test (RDT) to simplify diagnosis and as a point-of-care testing (POCT) and field applications for surveillance and control of opisthorchiasis. METHODS A urinary Opisthorchis viverrini (OV)-RDT was developed using immunochromatographic methodology with a specific monoclonal antibody against OV. The diagnostic performance of the urinary OV-RDT was compared to that of quantitative faecal FECT and urinary antigen ELISA (n = 493). Cross-reactivities of urinary OV-RDT with other helminthiases coexisted with O. viverrini were determined (n = 96). A field trial in the application of urinary OV-RDT was compared with urinary antigen ELISA at baseline screening and assessment of drug treatment outcomes in opisthorchiasis (n = 1629). The McNemar chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ-value) tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Urinary OV-RDT had sensitivity of 94.2% and specificity of 93.2%, compared to faecal FECT. Urinary OV-RDT had high diagnostic agreement (Kappa = 0.842-0.874, P < 0.001) and quantitative correlation with urinary antigen ELISA (Kruskal-Wallis tests = 316.2, P < 0.0001) and faecal FECT (Kruskal-Wallis tests = 362.3, P < 0.0001). The positive rates by OV-RDT, ELISA and FECT were 48.9%, 52.5% and 49.3%, respectively. Cross-reactions of urinary OV-RDT with other helminthiases were few (2%). Field trials of urinary OV-RDT yielded comparable prevalence of O. viverrini between urinary OV-RDT (53.2%) and urinary antigen ELISA (54.0%). OV screening showed high diagnostic agreement (kappa > 0.8, P < 0.0001) between urinary OV-RDT and urinary antigen ELISA. The cure rates of opisthorchiasis at 1 month post-praziquantel treatment determined by urinary OV-RDT (86.6%) and urinary antigen ELISA (80.5%) were similar (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The urinary OV-RDT test has high potential as a new tool for screening and evaluating treatment outcomes in opisthorchiasis. The ease of sample collection and simplicity of urinary OV-RDT may facilitate mass screening, control and elimination of opisthorchiasis, thereby contributing to a reduction in the disease burden in Southeast Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Worasith
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Phattharaphon Wongphutorn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Systems Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Khon Kaen University Phenome Centre, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Systems Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Khon Kaen University Phenome Centre, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bandit Thinkamrop
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Tawarungruang
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Attapol Titapun
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Division of Digestive Health, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wongphutorn P, Worasith C, Kopolrat KY, Homwong C, Sithithaworn J, Eamudomkarn C, Techasen A, Tippayawat P, Pitaksakurat O, Hongsrichan N, Crellen T, Sithithaworn P. Diagnostic performance of Strongyloides-specific IgG4 detection in urine for diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:298. [PMID: 37641157 PMCID: PMC10464225 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of parasite-specific IgG in urine is a sensitive method for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis and gives similar accuracy to serum IgG. However, there are no data concerning detection of IgG subclass in urine. To further explore the utility of diagnosis from urine samples, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of IgG4 in urine compared with parasitological and other immunological methods. METHODS The urine and sera included proven strongyloidiasis (group 1, n = 93), other parasitic infections (group 2, n = 40) and parasite negatives (group 3, n = 93). The performance of Strongyloides-specific IgG4 in urine for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis using fecal examinations as the reference standard was assessed. RESULTS With fecal examination as a gold standard, Strongyloides-specific IgG4 in urine had 91.4% sensitivity and 93.2% specificity while serum IgG4 had 93.6% sensitivity and 91.0% specificity. IgG4 in both urine and serum had almost perfect diagnostic agreements with fecal examination (Cohen's kappa coefficient was > 0.8). Cross-reactivity to Opisthorchis viverrini and Taenia spp. of IgG4 in urine were 7.5% and 12.5% in serum. Concurrent analyses of total IgG in urine and serum showed that the sensitivities (97.9-100%) and specificities (88.7-91.0%) were similar (P > 0.05). The sensitivity for parasitological examination by the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) was 49.5% and that for agar plate culture technique (APC) it was 92.6%. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that specific IgG4 detection in urine yielded similar diagnostic performance to the same biomarkers in serum. This suggests that accurate diagnosis of strongyloidiasis can be performed using urine samples and IgG4 is a valid choice of diagnostic marker. Further assessment is required to assess the utility of urine IgG4 for measuring the response treatment in strongyloidiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chanika Worasith
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Opal Pitaksakurat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nuttanan Hongsrichan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thomas Crellen
- School of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barkham T, Tang WY, Wang YC, Sithithaworn P, Kopolrat KY, Worasith C. Human Fecal Carriage of Streptococcus agalactiae Sequence Type 283, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1627-1629. [PMID: 37486205 PMCID: PMC10370859 DOI: 10.3201/eid2908.230098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) sequence type 283 bacteremia, found almost exclusively in Southeast Asia, is associated with consuming raw freshwater fish, but some patients deny consumption. We detected fecal carriage in 5/184 (2.7%) persons in northeast Thailand. Human carriers might contribute to transmission or be the original source of this sequence type.
Collapse
|
6
|
Worasith C, Techasen A, Duenngai K, Intuyod K, Kopolrat KY, Sithithaworn J, Loilome W, Crellen T, Haswell MR, Sithithaworn P. Comparison of a Urine Antigen Assay and Multiple Examinations with the Formalin-Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique for Diagnosis of Opisthorchiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023:tpmd230132. [PMID: 37217166 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of worm antigen in urine is a sensitive diagnostic method for opisthorchiasis, particularly for light-intensity infections; however, the presence of eggs in feces is essential for validating results from the antigen assay. To address the issue of low sensitivity of fecal examination, we modified the protocol for the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) and compared it against urine antigen measurements for detection of the parasite Opisthorchis viverrini. First, we optimized the FECT protocol by increasing the number of drops for examinations from the standard two drops to a maximum of eight. We were able to detect additional cases after examination of ≥ 3 drops, and the prevalence of O. viverrini saturated after examination of ≥ 5 drops. We then compared the optimized FECT protocol (examining five drops of suspension) against urine antigen detection for the diagnosis of opisthorchiasis in field-collected samples. The optimized FECT protocol detected O. viverrini eggs in 25 of 82 individuals (30.5%) who had positive urine antigen tests but were fecal egg negative by the standard FECT protocol. The optimized protocol also retrieved O. viverrini eggs in 2 of 80 antigen-negative cases (2.5%). In comparison with the composite reference standard (combined FECT and urine antigen detection), the diagnostic sensitivity of examining two and five drops of FECT and the urine assay was 58.2, 67, and 98.8%, respectively. Our results show that multiple examinations of fecal sediment increase the diagnostic sensitivity of FECT and thus provide further support for the reliability and utility of the antigen assay for diagnosis and screening of opisthorchiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Worasith
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kunyarat Duenngai
- Department of Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Phetchabun, Thailand
| | - Kitti Intuyod
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | | | - Watcharin Loilome
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thomas Crellen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa R Haswell
- Indigenous Strategy and Services, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Worasith C, Wongphutorn P, Kopolrat KY, Homwong C, Techasen A, Thanan R, Wangboon C, Eamudomkarn C, Sithithaworn J, Crellen T, Sithithaworn P. Long-term Persistence of Opisthorchis viverrini Antigen in Urine: A Prospective Study in Northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:356-358. [PMID: 36572008 PMCID: PMC9896324 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen detected in urine for the diagnosis of opisthorchiasis has a low daily variation; however, the longer term variability in antigen concentrations is unknown. In this study, we prospectively monitored Opisthorchis viverrini antigen concentrations for 30 consecutive days and at subsequent monthly intervals in a cohort of opisthorchiasis-positive individuals. On the basis of the monoclonal antibody-based ELISA, the profiles of antigen-positive rate and antigen concentration exhibited no significant change over 30 days with a mean proportion positive of 87.1% (range 73.7%-100%), and the average antigen concentration was 29.7 ± 2.2 ng/mL (mean ± SE). The urine antigen concentration at baseline was similar to the subsequent measurements at 2, 4, 6, and 10 months in the follow-up study (P > 0.05). The consistency and low daily and long-term fluctuation of O. viverrini antigen in urine demonstrates the reliability of urine assay for diagnosis of opisthorchiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Worasith
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand;,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Phattharaphon Wongphutorn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y. Kopolrat
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chompunoot Wangboon
- School of Preclinical Science, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Rachasima, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand;,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Thomas Crellen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom;,Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand;,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Address correspondence to Paiboon Sithithaworn, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Road, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kopolrat KY, Singthong S, Khuntikeo N, Loilome W, Worasith C, Homwong C, Wangboon C, Yasaka P, Eamudomkarn C, Pitaksakulrat O, Tonkhamhak K, Paeyo A, Crellen T, Sithithaworn J, Sithithaworn P. Performance of Mini Parasep ® SF stool concentrator kit, Kato-Katz, and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration methods for diagnosis of opisthorchiasis in Northeast Thailand. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:234. [PMID: 35761311 PMCID: PMC9235228 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control and elimination of the liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini) is a primary preventive strategy against cholangiocarcinoma in Southeast Asia. A sensitive parasitological diagnostic method is required to facilitate a surveillance and control program. In this study, we evaluated the performance of Mini Parasep® SF stool concentrator kit (stool kit) compared with Kato-Katz (KK) and the quantitative formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) for detection of O. viverrini and co-endemic parasitic infections. METHODS A cross-sectional survey for parasitic infection in residents aged > 15 years in a community in Kalasin province, Northeast Thailand, was conducted in 2018. Fecal samples were collected and screened by KK method, and a subset of samples was further examined by the stool kit and FECT methods. The results were analyzed for prevalence of parasitic infections in addition to the diagnostic performance of the methods for qualitative and quantitative detection of helminthiases. RESULTS The initial survey of parasitic infection determined by the KK method (n = 567) showed the prevalence of O. viverrini was 32.63%, followed by Taenia 2.65%, echinostomes 1.76%, hookworms 1.41%, Trichuris trichiura 0.53% and Strongyloides stercoralis 0.53%. Within a subset of samples tested with multiple diagnostics (n = 150), the detection rates of O. viverrini by the stool kit, FECT and KK methods were 27.3%, 30.7% and 28.7%, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity for opisthorchiasis was similar for FECT (75.5%), KK(66.0%) and the stool kit (67.3%). For other parasitic infections, FECT and stool kit methods performed better than KK, particularly in detecting minute intestinal flukes (MIF), S. stercoralis and coinfections. When measuring the intensity of O. viverrini infection (fecal egg counts), the stool kit results showed a significant positive correlation with KK and FECT (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS As the stool kit is simple to use and shows a comparable performance to FECT, it may serve as an alternative method of fecal examination for screening of helminthiasis including opisthorchiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kulthida Y. Kopolrat
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Seri Singthong
- The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 7 Khon Kaen, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chanika Worasith
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chompunoot Wangboon
- School of Pre Clinic, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Patiwat Yasaka
- Faculty of Management Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Surin Campus, Surin, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Krisnakorn Tonkhamhak
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Arunee Paeyo
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thomas Crellen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK
| | | | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Worasith C, Kopolrat KY, Pitaksakulrat O, Homwong C, Kittirat Y, Wongphutorn P, Sithithaworn J, Sithithaworn P. Application of Urine and Copro Antigen Assays after Primary Infection and Drug Treatment in an Experimental Opisthorchiasis Animal Model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:tpmd211145. [PMID: 35344931 PMCID: PMC9128695 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Opisthorchis viverrini causes significant health problems, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA); thus control and elimination of this trematode is an important strategy for the reduction of CCA. Currently, urine and copro antigen detection is more sensitive than parasitological examination of the feces for the diagnosis of opisthorchiasis. Given limitations in human studies, we used an animal model to quantify the parasite antigen profiles in urine and feces in O. viverrine-infected hamsters, and postdrug treatment. The positive detections of O. viverrini antigen began from week 1 in urine and week 2 in feces after infection until week 28 of the study. The recoveries of O. viverrini worms were detected starting from week 1 and eggs of O. viverrini were detected in feces from week 3 after infection and remained detectable throughout the study period. There was a significant positive correlation of urine and copro antigen levels with the number of fecal egg counts (P < 0.01) and worm recovery (P < 0.01). In the drug-treatment experiment, treatment of infected hamsters with praziquantel significantly reduced worm burden, fecal egg output, and antigen in urine and feces compared with the untreated controls (P < 0.001). At 4 weeks posttreatment, the egg and worm reduction rates were 100% and 95.5%, respectively. The positive antigen detections in urine and feces corresponded with partial worm clearance from praziquantel treatment. This study demonstrated a direct link of urine and copro antigen tests with worms infecting the liver thereby reaffirming the reliability of urine and copro antigen assay in opisthorchiasis diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Worasith
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y. Kopolrat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yingpinyapat Kittirat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Phattharaphon Wongphutorn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kopolrat KY, Sithithaworn P, Kiatsopit N, Namsanor J, Pitaksakulrat O, Yasaka P, Saichua P, Saijuntha W, Tesana S, Andrews RH, Petney TN. Population dynamics and diversity of trematode infections in Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos in an irrigated area in northeast Thailand. Parasitology 2022; 149:407-417. [PMID: 35264269 PMCID: PMC11010533 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Several trematodes including Opisthorchis viverrini utilize Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos as a snail intermediate host in their life cycles. In order to capture a comprehensive range of host–parasite interactions and their transmission dynamic patterns, B. s. goniomphalos were sampled monthly over 4 consecutive years in an irrigated paddy-field habitat in northeast Thailand. Using a standard cercarial shedding method, a high diversity of trematodes (17 types) was recovered. Virgulate xiphidiocercariae were the most prevalent (7.84%) followed by O. viverrini (0.71%). In addition to seasonal and environmental factors, the quantity of irrigation water for rice cultivation correlated with transmission dynamics of trematodes in B. s. goniomphalos. The peak prevalence of all trematode infections combined in the snails shifted from the cool-dry season in 2010–2012 to the hot-dry season in 2013 associated with an increasing quantity of water irrigation. A low frequency of mixed trematode infections was found, indicating that the emergence of virgulate cercariae, but not of O. viverrini, was negatively impacted by the presence of other trematodes in the same snail. Taken together, the observed results suggest that interactions between host and parasite, and hence transmission dynamics, depend on specific characteristics of the parasite and environmental factors including irrigated water for rice cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kulthida Y. Kopolrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nadda Kiatsopit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jutamas Namsanor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Patiwat Yasaka
- Faculty of Management Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Surin Campus, Surin, Thailand
| | - Prasert Saichua
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham44150, Thailand
| | - Smarn Tesana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Ross H. Andrews
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, South Wharf Street, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Trevor N. Petney
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Evolution and Paleontology, Erbprinzenstrasse 13, 76133Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Iamrod K, Chaidee A, Rucksaken R, Kopolrat KY, Worasith C, Wongphutorn P, Intuyod K, Pinlaor S, Sithithaworn J, Sithithaworn P, Hongsrichan N. Development and Efficacy of Droplet Digital PCR for Detection of Strongyloides stercoralis in Stool. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:312-319. [PMID: 34662861 PMCID: PMC8733496 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human strongyloidiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases caused by infection with soil-transmitted helminth Strongyloides stercoralis. Conventional stool examination, a method commonly used for diagnosis of S. stercoralis, has low sensitivity, especially in the case of light infections. Herein, we developed the droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay to detect S. stercoralis larvae in stool and compared its performance with real-time PCR and stool examination techniques (formalin ethyl-acetate concentration technique [FECT] and agar plate culture [APC]). The ddPCR results showed 98% sensitivity and 90% specificity, and real-time PCR showed 82% sensitivity and 76.7% specificity when compared with the microscopic methods. Moreover, ddPCR could detect a single S. stercoralis larva in feces, and cross-reactions with other parasites were not observed. In conclusion, a novel ddPCR method exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for detection of S. stercoralis in stool samples. This technique may help to improve diagnosis, particularly in cases with light infection. In addition, ddPCR technique might be useful for screening patients before starting immunosuppressive drug therapy, and follow-up after treatment of strongyloidiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kantapong Iamrod
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Apisit Chaidee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Rucksak Rucksaken
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y. Kopolrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chanika Worasith
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Phattharaphon Wongphutorn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khonkaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kitti Intuyod
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nuttanan Hongsrichan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Address correspondence to Nuttanan Hongsrichan, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pitaksakulrat O, Chaiyasaeng M, Artchayasawat A, Eamudomkarn C, Boonmars T, Kopolrat KY, Prasopdee S, Petney TN, Blair D, Sithithaworn P. Genetic diversity and population structure of Haemonchus contortus in goats from Thailand. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 95:105021. [PMID: 34363986 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the most economically important parasitic nematodes affecting small ruminant livestock worldwide. This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic diversity and population structure of this nematode in Thailand based on mitochondrial DNA markers, the nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nad4) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes. One hundred and thirty-six adult worms were obtained from 86 abomasa of slaughtered goats from 13 different localities in 5 regions of Thailand. Identification to the genus Haemonchus was done using morphology. DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) identified each specimen to species: three fixed nucleotide (SNP) differences distinguished H. contortus from H. placei. Genetic analysis defined 118 and 122 unique haplotypes in partial sequences of nad4 (alignment length 723 bp) and cox1 (645 bp) genes, respectively. Nucleotide diversities were 0.031 and 0.043 for nad4 and cox1 genes, respectively. Low genetic differentiation was observed among H. contortus samples from various provinces in Thailand. This is the first study on the genetic diversity and population structure of H. contortus of goats in Thailand. This study has provided insights into the transmission dynamics of this parasitic nematode, information which is essential for farm management and parasite control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Monticha Chaiyasaeng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Atchara Artchayasawat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sattrachai Prasopdee
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong-luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Trevor Neil Petney
- Evolution and Paleontology, State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Blair
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Noordin R, Anuar NS, Juri NM, Wongphutorn P, Ruantip S, Kopolrat KY, Worasith C, Sithithaworn J, Sithithaworn P. Evaluation of a Rapid IgG4 Lateral Flow Dipstick Test to Detect Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:688-691. [PMID: 34237022 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis affects more than half a billion people worldwide, and hyperinfection in immunocompromised patients can be fatal. Elimination of this neglected tropical disease requires field-applicable diagnostic tools. We conducted a laboratory evaluation of a lateral flow rapid dipstick test (SsRapid™) using sera samples from a Strongyloides-endemic area in northeast Thailand. Group 1 was S. stercoralis-positive and larvae- and/or antibody-positive (according to the IgG ELISA) (N = 100). Group 2 had negative fecal examination and IgG ELISA results (N = 25). Group 3 had other parasitic infections and negative IgG ELISA results (N = 25). The results showed good diagnostic sensitivity (82%) and excellent specificity (96%). Suggested improvements in the SsRapid™ test include increased diagnostic sensitivity and conversion to the more robust cassette format. Field studies should be performed as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Suhada Anuar
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Mustaiqazah Juri
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Phattharaphon Wongphutorn
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirowan Ruantip
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chanika Worasith
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ruantip S, Eamudomkarn C, Kopolrat KY, Sithithaworn J, Laha T, Sithithaworn P. Analysis of Daily Variation for 3 and for 30 Days of Parasite-Specific IgG in Urine for Diagnosis of Strongyloidiasis by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105896. [PMID: 33753029 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has found urine analysis to be as sensitive as serology for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis. Here, we examined the daily variation of Strongyloides-specific IgG in urine by qualitative and quantitative ELISA and its effects on diagnostic accuracy and reliability. In the first part of the study, matched urine and fecal samples were collected from project participants in northeast Thailand for three consecutive days. Urine samples were analyzed for Strongyloides-specific IgG by ELISA using Strongyloides ratti as the antigen source. Performance of urine ELISA was compared with parasitological diagnosis by agar plate culture technique (APCT) and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT). In the second part of the study, urine IgG levels were compared daily for thirty consecutive days. The prevalence of Strongyloides infection, as measured by urine ELISA for three consecutive days, was significantly higher than that found using parasitological methods (63.1% vs. 22%). There was slight daily variation in prevalence estimates according to urine ELISA while there were significant variations according to parasitological examination methods over three consecutive days. For the 3-day experiment, urine ELISA had 83-86% diagnostic sensitivity when compared with the fecal examination method or with a composite standard (combined results from fecal examination methods (APCT or FECT) and/or urine ELISA). The levels of parasite-specific IgG in urine were stable throughout both the 3-day and the 30-day studies. In conclusion, diagnosis of strongyloidiasis by urine ELISA is more sensitive than by fecal methods, with minimal daily variation for qualitative and quantitative diagnosis. Urine ELISA has potential for clinical diagnosis and population screening of strongyloidiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirowan Ruantip
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | | | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Worasith C, Wangboon C, Kopolrat KY, Homwong C, Sithithaworn J, Techasen A, Thanan R, Khuntikeo N, Sithithaworn P. Application of urine antigen assay to evaluate outcomes of praziquantel treatment and reinfection in opisthorchiasis in northeast Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 114:751-761. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
A urine antigen assay was applied to evaluate chemotherapeutic outcomes and reinfection patterns of opisthorchiasis in Thailand.
Methods
We used a prospective study design by following opisthorchiasis subjects at baseline and post-treatment using a urine antigen assay and faecal examination by the formalin–ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT).
Results
The antigen of Opisthorchis viverrini in urine diminished within 4 weeks after praziquantel treatment. Concurrent faecal examinations by FECT showed that faecal eggs were negative at 4 weeks after treatment. In a subsequent study, reinfection rates and intensity patterns of O. viverrini were evaluated at 48 weeks after praziquantel treatment. Within a group of subjects with curative treatment (n=137), 16.8% became reinfected according to FECT and 27.7% according to the urine antigen assay (p<0.05). There were significant correlations in intensity of infection between pretreatment and at 48 weeks post-treatment in both faecal egg counts and antigen levels in urine.
Conclusions
The results suggested that in addition to screening, the urine antigen assay is an efficient tool for monitoring outcomes of drug treatment and reinfection in opisthorchiasis. Due to the ease of urine sample collection and handling, the urine assay becomes an alternative method to faecal examination for diagnosis and monitoring of opisthorchiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Worasith
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chompunoot Wangboon
- School of Preclinical Science, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Rachasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|