Search for Electron Antineutrino Appearance in a Long-Baseline Muon Antineutrino Beam

Electron antineutrino appearance is measured by the T2K experiment in an accelerator-produced antineutrino beam, using additional neutrino beam operation to constrain parameters of the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) mixing matrix. T2K observes 15 candidate electron antineutrino events with a background expectation of 9.3 events. Including information from the kinematic distribution of observed events, the hypothesis of no electron antineutrino appearance is disfavored with a significance of 2.40σ and no discrepancy between data and PMNS predictions is found. A complementary analysis that introduces an additional free parameter which allows non-PMNS values of electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance also finds no discrepancy between data and PMNS predictions.

Search for CP Violation in Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations by the T2K Experiment with 2.2×10^{21} Protons on Target

The T2K experiment measures muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino appearance in accelerator-produced neutrino and antineutrino beams. With an exposure of 14.7(7.6)×10^{20} protons on target in the neutrino (antineutrino) mode, 89 ν_{e} candidates and seven anti-ν_{e} candidates are observed, while 67.5 and 9.0 are expected for δ_{CP}=0 and normal mass ordering. The obtained 2σ confidence interval for the CP-violating phase, δ_{CP}, does not include the CP-conserving cases (δ_{CP}=0, π). The best-fit values of other parameters are sin^{2}θ_{23}=0.526_{-0.036}^{+0.032} and Δm_{32}^{2}=2.463_{-0.070}^{+0.071}×10^{-3}  eV^{2}/c^{4}.

IN VITRO CHEMOTHERAPY PROFILING OF WELL-DIFFERENTIATED MIDGUT NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS (NETS) BASED ON INDIVIDUAL PATIENT TUMOR BIOMARKERS ANALYSIS

BACKGROUND

Midgut neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare malignancies with indolent clinical courses. In general, they are well-differentiated with most tumor cells in the G0 phase of the cell cycle, consistent with the poor response rate of NETs to chemotherapy in vivo. We hypothesize that insults, such as surgery, can drive NET cells from G0 into S phase and that biomarker analysis of individual patient tumors harvested and grown in the lab will provide useful practical guide for future intra and post-operative adjuvant therapy.

METHODS

97 well-differentiated midgut NET patients underwent cytoreductive surgery at our institution between May/2012 and October/2012. 148 surgical specimens were collected and submitted to a single commercial lab for processing. Primary tumors, lymph nodes and liver metastases were harvested and cultured. Their ribonucleic acids (RNA) were then extracted to analyze the expressivity, a total of 88 different biomarkers. Based on our patients' specific tumor biomarker expressivity and known correlations between 36 anti-neoplastic agents with their linked biomarkers, recommendations were reported as clinically beneficial or non-beneficial.

RESULTS

A total of 148 specimens from 97 patients were tested. In four of the 97 patients, no clinically beneficial chemotherapy agent could be identified. Among the remaining 93 patients, the top three agents that are most likely to be clinically beneficial are: fluorouracil, cisplatin and carboplatin. These were reported to be clinically beneficial in 135/148 (91.2%), 103/148 (69.6%), and 103/148 (69.6%) patients respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Midgut NETs are slow growing tumors which are chemotherapeutically inert owing to the fact that most of the tumor cells are in G0 cell cycle. Surgical insult drives NET cells into active synthetic phase where they begin to express biomarkers specific to their tumor cells. Analysis of these biomarkers guides further potential beneficial therapy based on the current known associations among biomarkers and chemotherapy agents. These results must then be compared and confirmed against a direct in-vitro chemo sensitivity assessment conducted simultaneously on the same patients.

A phase II study of UFT with leucovorin administered as a twice daily schedule in the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

Prolonged infusions have been shown to be safer and potentially more effective than bolus regimens of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, infusional 5-FU requires central venous access and costly infusion pumps. Oral fluoropyrimidines enable longer exposures to 5-FU with increased convenience. Tegafur–uracil (UFT) with leucovorin (LV) given thrice daily has improved safety plus comparable survival and response rates to bolus 5-FU/LV. We conducted a phase II clinical study in 98 patients with mCRC to evaluate if UFT with LV given twice daily provided comparable time to progression (TTP), efficacy and tolerability to that reported for thrice daily in two phase III clinical studies. Secondary objectives included overall response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS). Median TTP was 3.8 months, when compared with 3.5 months for thrice daily. The ORR (11%) and median OS (12.8 months) with twice daily administration were similar to that of thrice daily administration (12% and 12.4 months). The incidence of grade 3/4 treatment-related diarrhoea was 30% on the twice daily and 21% on the thrice daily schedule. These results suggest that twice daily administration has similar efficacy and tolerability to thrice daily administration and is an acceptable alternative for patients who would benefit from UFT with LV therapy.

A phase III randomized controlled study comparing iron sucrose intravenously (IV) to no iron treatment of anemia in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) therapy

9109

Background: The effect of using IV iron sucrose in managing cancer chemotherapy-related anemia has not been previously reported. To investigate this issue, we conducted a randomized study of IV iron sucrose in patients (pts) with cancer chemotherapy-related anemia who completed 8 prior wks of ESA therapy. Methods: This prospective, multicenter, randomized, open label, Phase III clinical trial enrolled 375 pts with chemotherapy induced anemia (Hgb levels = 10.0 g/dL) and was conducted in 2 stages. During Stage I (8-wk duration), pts received treatment with fixed ESA doses (100-mcg of darbepoetin or 40,000 units epoetin wkly or 200 mcg of darbepoetin every other wk). Pts were classified as either ESA responders (= 1 g/dL increase in Hgb) or ESA non-responders with each group randomized (Stage 2) separately to receive either 12 wks of fixed doses of ESA plus up to 1,500 mg of iron sucrose (given in 3 divided doses of up to 500mg) or 12 wks of fixed doses of ESA alone. Laboratories (including iron indices and acute phase reactants), quality of life and adverse events were assessed at baseline and throughout. Results: Iron sucrose plus ESA compared to ESA alone resulted in greater mean maximum Hgb levels and greater number of pts who achieved Hgb increases = 2.0 and ≥ 3.0 g/dl in both prior ESA responders and non-responders. There was also a statistically significant improvement in fatigue and iron stores in the iron sucrose treated pts. Baseline iron status did not predict responsiveness to iron sucrose therapy. Three serious but non-life threatening iron sucrose related adverse events were observed including one case of significant, transient hypotension in a female weighing 50 kg. Conclusions: IV iron sucrose increased Hgb levels and iron stores significantly and is well tolerated in doses up to 500 mg increments in ESA treated patients with cancer chemotherapy- related anemia. IV iron sucrose should be considered in combination with erythropoietic therapy in anemic cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

[Table: see text]

The effects of pasireotide (SOM230) on health-related quality of life in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors refractory or resistant to octreotide LAR

4558

Background: Pasireotide is a novel multi-ligand somatostatin analogue with high affinity binding for four of the five somatostatin receptor subtypes (sst1,2,3 and sst5). This Phase II clinical trial showed that pasireotide is effective in controlling the symptoms of diarrhea and flushing in 27% of patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors refractory or resistant to octreotide LAR. The impact of pasireotide therapy on health-related quality of life (HRQL) was also evaluated. Methods: Patients in this open-label, multicenter study initially received pasireotide 300 μg sc bid which was escalated to a maximum dose of 1,200 μg sc bid until clinical response was achieved. Data are reported for the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Diarrhea (FACIT-D) instrument. FACIT-D comprises the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) score, which measures physical, social, emotional and functional well-being, plus a symptom-specific sub-scale which measures HRQL specific to diarrhea. FACIT-D baseline assessment was obtained on day 1 immediately before dosing, and then monthly thereafter. FACIT-D sub-scale and total scores at baseline and after 1, 2, and 3 months of pasireotide treatment are described by categories of clinical response. Results: 45 patients (mean age 61 years; range 40–83) received treatment, and 44 were eligible for the efficacy and HRQL analyses. Functional well-being scores, symptom-specific scores and total FACIT-D scores of non-responders tended to be lower at baseline and during treatment than those of responders. The three sub-scale and summary FACIT-D scores exhibited relatively stable mean HRQL scores and similar patterns of variability in clinical responders and non- responders through the third month of pasireotide treatment. Conclusions: HRQL was stable during treatment with pasireotide in patients with advanced metastatic disease refractory or resistant to octreotide LAR. Additional work in HRQL study design and evaluation of HRQL endpoints in patients with carcinoid disease is indicated, and will further improve our understanding of quality of life in patients with this disease.

[Table: see text]

Safety and efficacy of pasireotide (SOM230) in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors refractory or resistant to octreotide LAR: Results of a phase II study

4082

Background: Pasireotide is a novel multiligand somatostatin analogue that exhibits high binding affinity to 4 of 5 somatostatin receptor subtypes: sst1,2,3 and sst5. Compared with octreotide, pasireotide has 30, 5 and 40 times greater affinity for sst1,3 and sst5 receptors respectively and a comparable affinity for sst2. Methods: This was a Phase II, open-label, multicenter study in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors whose symptoms (diarrhea and flushing) were inadequately controlled by octreotide LAR. Patients had histopathologically confirmed disease, elevated 5-HIAA and/or CgA levels and at least one measurable lesion (excluding bone). Patients initially received pasireotide 300 μg sc bid and escalated to a maximum dose of 1200 μg sc bid every 3 days until clinical response was achieved. Partial response (PR) was defined as a mean of <4 bowel movements (BM)/day with no more than 6 BM on any given day, and a mean of <2 flushing episodes/day for 15 consecutive days on a fixed dose of pasireotide. Complete response (CR) was defined as a mean of ≤3 BM/day, with no more than 3 BM on any given day, and no flushing episodes. Results: Safety data are reported from 45 patients as of September 2005; 44 patients (mean age 61 years) qualified for efficacy assessment. Carcinoid tumors were predominantly of midgut origin. Preliminary efficacy data in controlling symptoms of carcinoid syndrome showed PR in 9 patients (20%) at 600–1200 μg sc bid doses and CR in 2 patients (5%) at the 600 and 900 μg sc bid doses. Objective tumor response in 11 patients showed 9 with stable disease and 2 with progressive disease at 6 months. Adverse events (AEs) were primarily gastrointestinal (GI): abdominal pain (31%) and nausea (27%). Weight loss (22%) and fatigue (22%) were also reported. Most AEs were mild or moderate. Glucose-related AEs (predominantly CTC grade 1–2) were observed in 24% of patients. Most discontinuations were due to GI AEs (n = 6) or lack of therapeutic response. Conclusions: Pasireotide 600–1200 μg sc bid was effective in controlling symptoms of diarrhea and flushing in 25% of patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors inadequately controlled by octreotide LAR. The safety profile of pasireotide is similar to octreotide LAR.

[Table: see text]

[Pathological findings in pigs affected by the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Argentina]

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome was first described in Canada in 1991 and at present an increasing number of cases has been diagnosed worldwide. In Argentina the first cases of PMWS were reported recently. Forty eight 5 to 12 week old pigs with signs characteristic of PMWS from 19 farms were studied. Although the real distribution of the virus in our country is not known it was observed an increasing number of farms with PMWS distributed in the major producing provinces. The histopathology was an important tool in diagnosis of suspicious cases of PMWS with the observation of different degrees of lesion. In the studied animals, the secondary infections, either by opportunistic pathogens or secondary bacteria could be important.

How sigma docks to RNA polymerase and what sigma does

It is clear that multiple sites of interaction exist between sigmas and core subunits, likely reflecting the changing pattern of interactions that occur sequentially during the complex process of holoenzyme formation, open promoter formation, and initiation of transcription. Recent studies have revealed that a major site of interaction of Escherichia coli sigma factors is the amino acid 260-309 coiled-coil region of the beta' subunit of core RNA polymerase. This region of beta' interacts with region 2.1-2.2 of sigma(70). Binding of this region of beta' to sigma(70) triggers a conformational change in sigma that allows it to bind to a -10 nontemplate promoter DNA strand oligonucleotide.

RNA polymerases from Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli differ in recognition of regulatory signals in vitro

Adaptation of bacterial cells to diverse habitats relies on the ability of RNA polymerase to respond to various regulatory signals. Some of these signals are conserved throughout evolution, whereas others are species specific. In this study we present a comprehensive comparative analysis of RNA polymerases from two distantly related bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, using a panel of in vitro transcription assays. We found substantial species-specific differences in the ability of these enzymes to escape from the promoter and to recognize certain types of elongation signals. Both enzymes responded similarly to other pause and termination signals and to the general E. coli elongation factors NusA and GreA. We also demonstrate that, although promoter recognition depends largely on the sigma subunit, promoter discrimination exhibited in species-specific fashion by both RNA polymerases resides in the core enzyme. We hypothesize that differences in signal recognition are due to the changes in contacts made between the beta and beta' subunits and the downstream DNA duplex.

New route to alpha-adducts of homoallylic alcohols by an acid-catalyzed stereospecific allyl-transfer reaction from gamma-adducts

Allylation of aldehydes by an allyl-transfer reaction from the gamma-adducts of homoallylic alcohols has been successfully carried out to give the corresponding alpha-adducts regiospecifically. The reaction proceeds via a hemiacetal (11), derived from an aldehyde and the homoallylic alcohol, followed by a six-membered cyclic transition state (2-oxonia[3.3]-sigmatropic rearrangement) in the presence of a Lewis acid. Moreover, the gamma-adducts are restructured into the corresponding alpha-adducts via a similar transition state by an acid catalyst, in which chirality in both anti- and syn-gamma-adducts is stereospecifically transferred to the corresponding E- and Z-alpha-adducts, respectively, with > 98% ee.

Octreotide acetate long-acting formulation versus open-label subcutaneous octreotide acetate in malignant carcinoid syndrome

PURPOSE

Subcutaneous (SC) octreotide acetate effectively relieves the diarrhea and flushing associated with carcinoid syndrome but requires long-term multiple injections daily. A microencapsulated long-acting formulation (LAR) of octreotide acetate has been developed for once-monthly intramuscular dosing.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A randomized trial compared double-blinded octreotide LAR at 10, 20, and 30 mg every 4 weeks with open-label SC octreotide every 8 hours for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome. Seventy-nine patients controlled with treatment of SC octreotide 0.3 to 0.9 mg/d whose symptoms returned during a washout period and who returned for at least the week 20 evaluation constituted the efficacy-assessable population.

RESULTS

Complete or partial treatment success was comparable in each of the four arms of the study (SC, 58.3%; 10 mg, 66.7%; 20 mg, 71.4%; 30 mg, 61.9%; P> or =.72 for all pairwise comparisons). Control of stool frequency was similar in all treatment groups. Flushing episodes were best controlled in the 20-mg LAR and SC groups; the 10-mg LAR treatment was least effective in the control of flushing. Treatment was well tolerated by patients in all four groups.

CONCLUSION

Once octreotide steady-state concentrations are achieved, octreotide LAR controls the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome at least as well as SC octreotide. A starting dose of 20 mg of octreotide LAR is recommended. Supplemental SC octreotide is needed for approximately 2 weeks after initiation of octreotide LAR treatment. Occasional rescue SC injections may be required for possibly 2 to 3 months until steady-state octreotide levels from the LAR formulation are achieved.

The cost-effectiveness of octreotide acetate in the treatment of carcinoid syndrome and VIPoma

Markov modeling was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of octreotide in treating carcinoid syndrome and VIPoma. For each condition, using octreotide was associated with doubled survival time. Octreotide was cost-effective for treating carcinoid tumor ($752 per additional year of life, two additional years on average), and cost saving for VIPoma.

Differential scanning calorimetric and X-ray study of the binding of the water of primary hydration to calf-thymus DNA

Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to study the thermal properties of hydrated films of calf-thymus Na-, K- and CsDNA between 20 and 320 degrees C. A broad endothermic transition near 75 degrees C and a sharp exothermic transition near 240 degrees C are observed. The broad transition is due to the dehydration of the DNA, while the exothermic transition is due to pyrolysis of the sample. the peak temperatures of both transitions increase as the scan rate is increased. Based on a Kissinger analysis, the net activation energy for the desorption of the primary water of hydration is about 0.6 eV while that for the pyrolysis is about 1.9 eV. X-ray diffraction patterns suggest that heating the DNA films to 180 degrees C once does not, but thrice does, destroy their structural ordering.

Double-blind, randomized comparison of the antiemetic efficacy of intravenous dolasetron mesylate and intravenous ondansetron in the prevention of acute cisplatin-induced emesis in patients with cancer. Dolasetron Comparative Chemotherapy-induced Emesis Prevention Group

PURPOSE

To assess the comparative antiemetic efficacy of single-dose intravenous (IV) dolasetron mesylate and ondansetron in preventing cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Cancer patients (n = 609) receiving first-course cisplatin chemotherapy were randomized to one of three treatments: 1.8 or 2.4 mg/kg dolasetron mesylate salt (equivalent to 1.3 and 1.8 mg/kg dolasetron base, respectively) or 32 mg ondansetron. Each treatment was infused over 15 minutes, 30 minutes before cisplatin administration. Patients were stratified to cisplatin doses of > or = 70 and less than 91 mg/m2 (n = 368) or > or = 91 mg/m2 (n = 241), administered over < or = 3 hours. Protocol-defined efficacy criteria included complete response (zero emetic episodes and no rescue medication), major response (1 to 2 emetic episodes and no rescue medication), and patients' report of nausea severity and satisfaction recorded on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS).

RESULTS

The three treatments met protocol-specified criteria for equivalence. Complete response rates for dolasetron mesylate 1.8 mg/kg, 2.4 mg/kg, and ondansetron, respectively, were 49.2%, 45.6%, and 50.4% for patients in the lower cisplatin stratum (mean, 74.7 mg/m2) and 36.8%, 31.3%, and 31.8% in the higher cisplatin stratum (mean, 100.6 mg/m2). No significant differences were observed in the extent of nausea with either dolasetron dose compared with ondansetron. Less nausea was noted with 1.8 mg/kg dolasetron compared with the 2.4 mg/kg dose (P = .044) All three antiemetic treatments were well tolerated. Asymptomatic electrocardiogram changes were recorded with both dolasetron and ondansetron.

CONCLUSION

A single IV dose of dolasetron mesylate (1.8 or 2.4 mg/kg) has comparable safety and efficacy to a single 32-mg IV dose of ondansetron in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy.

Somatostatin analogue phase I trials in neuroendocrine neoplasms

To further investigate the antineoplastic efficacy and safety of somatostatin analogues, 2 trials were performed. Octreotide, SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin), was escalated in doses ranging from 1,500 micrograms to 6,000 micrograms daily in 14 patients with carcinoid. Somatuline, (BIM 23014C, Angiopeptin, Lanreotide) was given in doses ranging from 2,250 micrograms to 9,000 micrograms daily to 13 neuroendocrine patients (6 carcinoid, 2 atypical carcinoid, 3 pancreatic islet cell and 2 small cell lung cancer patients). All patients successfully completed dose escalations without significant adverse effects and were evaluable for toxicity. The dose limiting side-effect of octreotide was the injection volume. No dose limiting adverse effects have been observed with somatuline. Carcinoid syndrome symptoms were better controlled with higher octreotide doses. Thirteen patients were evaluable for octreotide's antitumor efficacy with a partial response observed in 4 (31%), stable disease in 2 and progressive disease in 7 patients. Radiographic changes of increased tumor necrosis occurred in 5 patients and was independent of response. Somatuline resulted in a partial response in 4 patients (2 carcinoids, 1 gastrinoma and 1 small cell lung cancer) (31%), stable disease in 1 atypical carcinoid, and progressive disease in 8 (4 carcinoid, 1 atypical carcinoid, 2 islet cell and 1 multi-drug resistant small cell lung cancer). Six of the 8 carcinoid patients had radiographic changes of increased necrosis. Dose escalation of somatostatin analogues is well tolerated and may be associated with antitumor activity in some neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Multiple pathways of propranolol's metabolism are inhibited by debrisoquin

We investigated the effect of debrisoquin on propranolol metabolism in six normal subjects who were extensive metabolizers of debrisoquin. Each subject was studied on two occasions. On the first occasion, each subject received oral propranolol (80 mg) alone; on the second occasion, 7 days later, each subject received a dose of propranolol (80 mg) 30 minutes after the administration of oral debrisoquin (40 mg). Oral propranolol clearance was reduced 33% +/- 16% (p less than 0.05) by the administration of debrisoquin. As predicted, the 4-hydroxypropranolol partial metabolic clearance was significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited by debrisoquin. However, the side-chain oxidation pathway, as measured by naphthoxylactic acid, was also significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited by debrisoquin. Debrisoquin administration did not change the renal clearance of any of the metabolites. These data support the usefulness of the in vivo inhibition model in the prediction of cosegregation of routes of metabolism. However, for propranolol, pathways of its metabolism that are not thought to cosegregate with debrisoquin was also inhibited.

Identification of etoposide glucuronide as a major metabolite of etoposide in the rat and rabbit

Isolated livers from male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused at 20 ml/min for 3 h at 37 degrees C with 100 ml of an oxygenated, recirculating solution of 20% rat blood in Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing 20 micrograms/ml [3H]etoposide. Ninety % of administered radioactivity was eliminated in bile over a 3-h collection period. The clearance of etoposide was 3.56 ml/min indicating that, in the rat, it is not highly extracted. Its clearance is, therefore, independent of hepatic blood flow. Etoposide was both excreted into the bile and metabolized by the liver. Perfusate and bile samples analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography techniques were found to contain three peaks of radioactivity. Positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry identified the first two peaks as etoposide glucuronides and the third peak as parent drug. Following the i.v. administration of etoposide to rabbits, etoposide glucuronide was also identified in rabbit urine. The recovery of etoposide both from rabbit urine and rat bile was increased by preincubation with glucuronidase. However, the glucuronides were relatively resistant to the action of glucuronidase and showed varying sensitivity to the type of glucuronidase and the reaction conditions used. These studies document the presence of etoposide glucuronide as an etoposide metabolite in two mammalian species and suggest that previous clinical studies using beta-glucuronidase to quantitate glucuronide formation may have underestimated this metabolite due to its relative resistance to some glucuronidase preparations.

Effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on the metabolism and toxicity of hexamethylmelamine

In a rat model, doses of 20-120 mg/kg of cimetidine prolonged in a dose-related manner the half-life of hexamethylmelamine by 29%-80%, while doses of 1-25 mg/kg of ranitidine did not. Administration of 120 mg/kg of cimetidine with a single 350-mg/kg dose of hexamethylmelamine increased toxicity from LD30 to LD75 (P = 0.005). When combined with 25 mg/kg of ranitidine, a statistically insignificant (P = 0.16) 15% increase in hexamethylmelamine toxicity was noted. These studies indicate that cimetidine but not ranitidine increases the toxicity of hexamethylmelamine through inhibition of microsomal metabolism.

Effect of age on prediction of sensorineural hearing level from the acoustic reflex

To study the effect of age on prediction of hearing level from the acoustic reflex, we compared reflex prediction with the actual hearing level in 505 patients. The following three age groups were defined: 130 children aged 2 to 12 years; 158 young adults aged 20 to 40 years; and 217 old adults aged 60 to 90 years. Prediction was substantially more accurate in the children's group than in either adult group.