1
|
Sarmiento Varón L, De Rosa J, Rodriguez R, Fernández PM, Billordo LA, Baz P, Beccaglia G, Spada N, Mendoza FT, Barberis CM, Vay C, Arabolaza ME, Paoli B, Arana EI. Role of Tonsillar Chronic Inflammation and Commensal Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of Pediatric OSA. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648064. [PMID: 33995367 PMCID: PMC8116894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses at the boundary between the host and the world beyond are complex and mucosal tissue homeostasis relies on them. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome suffered by children with hypertrophied tonsils. We have previously demonstrated that these tonsils present a defective regulatory B cell (Breg) compartment. Here, we extend those findings by uncovering the crucial role of resident pro-inflammatory B and T cells in sustaining tonsillar hypertrophy and hyperplasia by producing TNFα and IL17, respectively, in ex vivo cultures. Additionally, we detected prominent levels of expression of CD1d by tonsillar stratified as well as reticular epithelium, which have not previously been reported. Furthermore, we evidenced the hypertrophy of germinal centers (GC) and the general hyperplasia of B lymphocytes within the tissue and the lumen of the crypts. Of note, such B cells resulted mainly (IgG/IgM)+ cells, with some IgA+ cells located marginally in the follicles. Finally, by combining bacterial culture from the tonsillar core and subsequent identification of the respective isolates, we determined the most prevalent species within the cohort of OSA patients. Although the isolated species are considered normal oropharyngeal commensals in children, we confirmed their capacity to breach the epithelial barrier. Our work sheds light on the pathological mechanism underlying OSA, highlighting the relevance taken by the host immune system when defining infection versus colonization, and opening alternatives of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindybeth Sarmiento Varón
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier De Rosa
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raquel Rodriguez
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Allergy and Immunology Division, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo M Fernández
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Ariel Billordo
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Plácida Baz
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gladys Beccaglia
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Spada
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Tatiana Mendoza
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Bacteriology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Clinical Hospital 'Jose de San Martín', UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia M Barberis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Bacteriology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Clinical Hospital 'Jose de San Martín', UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Vay
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Bacteriology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Clinical Hospital 'Jose de San Martín', UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Elena Arabolaza
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Division, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Paoli
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Division, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eloísa I Arana
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Inzaugarat ME, Billordo LA, Vodánovich F, Cervini GM, Casavalle PL, Vedire C, Cherñavsky AC. Alterations in innate and adaptive immune leukocytes are involved in paediatric obesity. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:381-90. [PMID: 23852831 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is the main source of the cytokines and adipokines that are increased in the context of obesity. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines by circulating immune cells can be regulated by these pro-inflammatory factors even before infiltration into adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE To investigate the alterations that can occur in circulating monocytes and lymphocytes in paediatric obesity. METHODS In this study, 54 paediatric obese patients and 30 age-matched metabolically healthy individuals were enrolled. Intracellular cytokines were analyzed after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or leptin plus PMA stimulation of lymphocytes and monocytes by flow cytometry. ROS generation was measured using dichlorofluorescein-diacetate. Both a 'stimulation index' and a 'fold of increase' were calculated for statistical purposes. RESULTS Both interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production by circulating CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and ROS production by monocytes following PMA stimulation were increased in obese patients. Leptin induced an increased production of IFN-γ in both subsets of T cells and tumour necrosis factor alpha in monocytes, and linoleic acid induced a higher ROS production in monocytes. CONCLUSIONS The distinct functional responses of circulating cells suggest that alterations in both innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the maintenance of low-grade inflammation in paediatric obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Inzaugarat
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|