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Pastor R, Puyssegur J, de la Guardia MP, Varón LS, Beccaglia G, Spada N, de Lima AP, Collado MS, Blanco A, Scetti IA, Arabolaza ME, Paoli B, Chirdo F, Arana E. Role of germinal center and CD39 highCD73 + B cells in the age-related tonsillar involution. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:24. [PMID: 38610048 PMCID: PMC11010345 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tonsils operate as a protection ring of mucosa at the gates of the upper aero-digestive tract. They show similarities with lymph nodes and participate as inductive organs of systemic and mucosal immunity. Based on the reduction of their size since puberty, they are thought to experience involution in adulthood. In this context, we have used tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMC) isolated from patients at different stages of life, to study the effect of ageing and the concomitant persistent inflammation on these immune cells. RESULTS We found an age-dependent reduction in the proportion of germinal center B cell population (BGC) and its T cell counterpart (T follicular helper germinal center cells, TfhGC). Also, we demonstrated an increment in the percentage of local memory B cells and mantle zone T follicular helper cells (mTfh). Furthermore, younger tonsils rendered higher proportion of proliferative immune cells within the freshly isolated TMC fraction than those from older ones. We demonstrated the accumulation of a B cell subset (CD20+CD39highCD73+ cells) metabolically adapted to catabolize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as patients get older. To finish, tonsillar B cells from patients at different ages did not show differences in their proliferative response to stimulation ex vivo, in bulk TMC cultures. CONCLUSIONS This paper sheds light on the changing aspects of the immune cellular landscape, over the course of time and constant exposure, at the entrance of the respiratory and digestive systems. Our findings support the notion that there is a re-modelling of the immune functionality of the excised tonsils over time. They are indicative of a transition from an effector type of immune response, typically oriented to reduce pathogen burden early in life, to the development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment at later stages, when tissue damage control gets critical provided the time passed under immune attack. Noteworthy, when isolated from such histologic microenvironment, older tonsillar B cells seem to level their proliferation capacity with the younger ones. Understanding these features will not only contribute to comprehend the differences in susceptibility to pathogens among children and adults but would also impact on vaccine developments intended to target these relevant mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Pastor
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Av Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Institute of Immunological and Physiopathological studies (IIFP), University of La Plata (UNLP), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juliana Puyssegur
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Av Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - M Paula de la Guardia
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Av Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Lindybeth Sarmiento Varón
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Av Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Gladys Beccaglia
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Spada
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Paes de Lima
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Soledad Collado
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Av Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Andrés Blanco
- Institute of Otolaryngology Arauz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - M Elena Arabolaza
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Division, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Paoli
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Division, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Chirdo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Institute of Immunological and Physiopathological studies (IIFP), University of La Plata (UNLP), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eloísa Arana
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Av Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Sarmiento Varón L, González-Puelma J, Medina-Ortiz D, Aldridge J, Alvarez-Saravia D, Uribe-Paredes R, Navarrete MA. The role of machine learning in health policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and in long COVID management. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1140353. [PMID: 37113165 PMCID: PMC10126380 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1140353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is arguably one of the most challenging health crises in modern times. The development of effective strategies to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were major goals for governments and policy makers. Mathematical modeling and machine learning emerged as potent tools to guide and optimize the different control measures. This review briefly summarizes the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic evolution during the first 3 years. It details the main public health challenges focusing on the contribution of mathematical modeling to design and guide government action plans and spread mitigation interventions of SARS-CoV-2. Next describes the application of machine learning methods in a series of study cases, including COVID-19 clinical diagnosis, the analysis of epidemiological variables, and drug discovery by protein engineering techniques. Lastly, it explores the use of machine learning tools for investigating long COVID, by identifying patterns and relationships of symptoms, predicting risk indicators, and enabling early evaluation of COVID-19 sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge González-Puelma
- Centro Asistencial Docente y de Investigación, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - David Medina-Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Computación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Aldridge
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Computación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Diego Alvarez-Saravia
- Centro Asistencial Docente y de Investigación, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Roberto Uribe-Paredes
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Computación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Marcelo A. Navarrete
- Centro Asistencial Docente y de Investigación, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Sarmiento Varón L, De Rosa J, Rodriguez R, Fernández PM, Billordo LA, Baz P, Beccaglia G, Spada N, Mendoza FT, Barberis CM, Vay C, Arabolaza ME, Paoli B, Arana EI. Role of Tonsillar Chronic Inflammation and Commensal Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of Pediatric OSA. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648064. [PMID: 33995367 PMCID: PMC8116894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses at the boundary between the host and the world beyond are complex and mucosal tissue homeostasis relies on them. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome suffered by children with hypertrophied tonsils. We have previously demonstrated that these tonsils present a defective regulatory B cell (Breg) compartment. Here, we extend those findings by uncovering the crucial role of resident pro-inflammatory B and T cells in sustaining tonsillar hypertrophy and hyperplasia by producing TNFα and IL17, respectively, in ex vivo cultures. Additionally, we detected prominent levels of expression of CD1d by tonsillar stratified as well as reticular epithelium, which have not previously been reported. Furthermore, we evidenced the hypertrophy of germinal centers (GC) and the general hyperplasia of B lymphocytes within the tissue and the lumen of the crypts. Of note, such B cells resulted mainly (IgG/IgM)+ cells, with some IgA+ cells located marginally in the follicles. Finally, by combining bacterial culture from the tonsillar core and subsequent identification of the respective isolates, we determined the most prevalent species within the cohort of OSA patients. Although the isolated species are considered normal oropharyngeal commensals in children, we confirmed their capacity to breach the epithelial barrier. Our work sheds light on the pathological mechanism underlying OSA, highlighting the relevance taken by the host immune system when defining infection versus colonization, and opening alternatives of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindybeth Sarmiento Varón
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier De Rosa
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raquel Rodriguez
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Allergy and Immunology Division, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo M Fernández
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Ariel Billordo
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Plácida Baz
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gladys Beccaglia
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Spada
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Tatiana Mendoza
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Bacteriology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Clinical Hospital 'Jose de San Martín', UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia M Barberis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Bacteriology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Clinical Hospital 'Jose de San Martín', UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Vay
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Bacteriology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Clinical Hospital 'Jose de San Martín', UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Elena Arabolaza
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Division, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Paoli
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Division, Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eloísa I Arana
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), Clinical Hospital 'José de San Martín', University of Buenos Aires (UBA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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