[Morphological characteristics of the cerebellar cortex at a young age and changes in its cytoarchitectonics in opioid dependence]

The results of histological, micrometric and immunohistochemical studies performed on sectional material of 69 men corpses aged from 21 to 29 years are presented. Two groups were identified: 42 deaths without drug addiction and 27 deaths from exposure to a toxic synthetic opioids drug, with the history their systematic use lasting from 16 months to 3 years. A comparative analysis of the morphological characteristics of cerebellar cortex tissues was carried out using staining with hematoxylin and eosin and according to the Nissl method (according to Snesarev). For immunohistochemical analysis of the samples, a panel of antibodies to the Vimentin protein was used. In each case, the distance between Purkinje cells was determined and the percentage of immunonegative Purkinje cells to Vimentin from their total number was calculated. In persons with a history of opioid dependence, signs of neurodegenerative changes in the cerebellar cortex were noted: deformation of the shape of Purkinje cells, morphological transformation of nuclei from karyopyknosis to karyorrhexis, and the appearance of fuzzy cell boundaries. There was no statistically significant difference in the distance between the Purkinje cells and their number in the opioid-dependent group and in the conditionally healthy group. An increase in the number of Purkinje cells immunopositive to the Vimentin protein was found in the group of deaths with opioid dependence. The results of assessing the cytoarchitectonics of the cerebellar cortex using an immunohistochemical method for studying Purkinje cells positively stained with antibodies to Vimentin can be used as additional criteria for forensic medical determination of the opioid dependence presence in the deceased.

[Comparative morphological characteristics of the corpus callosum in men and women of young and old age.]

The work is based on the results of an organometric study of the corpus callosum (callosometry) among 93 people (49 men and 44 women) using the method of magnetic resonance imaging. A comparative analysing of the length, height, thickness of the roller and the knee of the corpus callosum, the depth of its occurrence (front, top, back) was carried out. The regularities of age variability of organometric characteristics of the corpus callosum, manifested in a decrease in its linear dimensions among old people in comparison with young people and a decrease in the depth of its occurrence. The results of this morphological study can be as a basis for identifying individual patterns of age-related anatomy of the brain and have practical importance as indicators of the norm, which will use these data in diagnostic and therapeutic work.

[The dynamics of the structural organization of the corpus callosum from young to old age.]

The work is based on the results of histological and immunohistochemical studies performed on the sectional material of 104 human corpses (59 men and 45 women) of young and old age. A comparative analysis of the morphological characteristics of the corpus callosum tissues using hematoxylin and eosin staining, the Nissl method (by Snesarev), by Van Gieson, by Spielmeyer, by Foot. An immunohistochemical study of the samples used a panel of antibodies to glial fibrillar acid protein (GFAP), the S-100 protein. It was found that by senile age, the tissue of the corpus callosum is characterized by the accumulation of glial macrophages. With age, there is a proliferation of GFAP-immunopositive astroglia. There is no dynamics of S-100 protein expression with age. Thus, the revealed regularity of age-related variability of the cytoarchitectonics of the corpus callosum is of interest in diagnostic and therapeutic work, and its morphological picture in old age can serve as an equivalent of the anatomical norm.

[Morphological features of structural organization of cerebellar cortex in old age]

In this science work there were conducted such researches as organometric, histological, immunomorphologic and morphometric of cerebellar cortex of 219 corpses of people (108 man and 111 woman) of young and old age. A comparative analysis of the parameters of bulb-shaped neurons in these ages revealed decrease of their height and width. It is found that distance between interval nerve cell bodies of ganglionic layer increases with age that obviously associated with progressing disorganization and death of bulb-shaped neurons. It is marked an increment in the number of immunopositive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, protide S-100 and vimentin astrocytes in granular layer and molecular layer of cerebellar cortex, and decline in the number of immunopositive for neuron-specific enolase and immunonegative for protide S-100 and vimentin bulb-shaped neurons that can be regarded as manifestation of neurodegeneration. Using immunohistochemical methods in research allows approaching more differentially to the issues of morphological assessment cerebellar cortex of elderly people and gives an opportunity to receive more objective and full information of postnatal morphogenesis.

[Comparative organometric characteristic of cerebellum of the young and old age]

The science work is based on morphological research of cerebellums of 219 corpses of people (108 man and 111 woman) of young and old age. There were used such research methods as organometric, histological and morphometric. During study a comparative analysis of the mass, linear dimensions, thickness of cerebellar cortex of young and old age was conducted. The regularities of age variability of organometric characteristic of cerebellum were revealed and they are found in the reduction of mass and linear dimensions of the people of senile age in comparison with younger people. It was determined that thickness of molecular and granular layers of cerebellum was characterized by aging changing parameters. The results of the morphological study can serve as a basis for the identification of certain regularities of age anatomy of the cerebellum and have practical significance as indicators of the norm that allows using these data in diagnostic and therapeutic work.

[Topography of the heart and major mediastinal vessels in the early fetal period of human ontogenesis]

In 176 human fetuses at prenatal weeks 16-23, the quantitative study was performed to evaluate the changes of topography of the hearts chambers, septum and valves, aorta, pulmonary trunk and superior vena cava. Te method of N. I. Pirogov, macro-microscopical dissection and preparation of the histotopographical sections in three mutually perpendicular planes were used. As a result of this study, the data on holotopy, skeletotopy and sintopy of the heart and major mediastinal vessels in the early fetal period of human ontogenesis, were obtained. Tese data may be used as reference parameters during the diagnostic ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance tomographic studies of fetuses and during surgical operations performed on fetuses.

[Human lung topography in the early fetal period of ontogenesis]

Lung holotopy, skeletotopy and syntopy were studied in 70 human fetuses at developmental weeks 16-24 with N. I. Pirogov method, macro-microscopical preparation and using histotopographical sections in three imutually perpendicular planes. It was found that during weeks 16-18, the apex of the left lung was located posteriorly at the level of I intercostal space, at weeks 22-24--at the level of lower surface of I rib. At the right side, the apex was located at the level of upper surface of I rib during the whole period. The lower margin of the right lung was located at the level of IV rib during the whole period, while that of the left lung was detected at the level of III rib only during the beginning of the period. In the early fetal period, the projection of the root of the right lung extended from the lower margin of T(III) vertebral body toT(VI), while that one of the left lung was located at the level of the upper margins of T(IV)-T(VII) vertebral bodies. In the late period, these projections were found at the level of T(IV) (upper vertebral margin)--T(VII) (lower vertebral margin), and T(IV) (lower vertebral margin)--T(VIII) (upper vertebral margin) respectively. Intraorgan bronchi and pulmonary vessels were most clearly visualized in horizontal sections at T(III) -T(IX) levels. The results obtained should be taken into account when carrying out of diagnostic ultrasound and magnetic resonance studies of the fetus and surgical interventions on fetuses.

[Clinical-morphological changes of venous system of the heart in dependence on the stage of chronic heart failure]

Cardiac venous system (CVS) in chronic heart failure (CHF) undergoes whole row of morpho functional changes, but investigations of CVS are practically absent. We studied CVS of patients with Doppler echocardiography and magnetic computer tomography of the heart. The state of peripheral venous system was assessed by measurement of peripheral venous pressure (PVP) with Waldman apparatus. Morphological changes of VCS were studied with light microscopy. All patients were distributed in groups in dependence on CHF stage. We assessed coronary sinus (CS) and large cardiac veins. In CHF PVP was significantly elevated, dimensions of CS and lumen of large cardiac veins substantially increased, and significant morphohystological changes of cardiac veins were noted. Detected changes of VCS in these patients depended on the stage of CHF.

[Venous system of the heart in chronic heart failure]

The intravital and posthumous changes of the venous system of the heart were studied in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Using the method of computer spiral tomography, the increase of the diameter of subepicardial and anterior cardiac veins, as well as of the coronary sinus, was detected that correlated with the stages of heart failure development. The increase of a total thickness of the veins wall at the expense of tunica media was recorded at the initial stages of CHF, which was later followed by the decrease of wall thickness due to the development of connective tissue.

Morphological manifestations for the protective effect of miliacin in organs of immunogenesis after treatment with methotrexate

Morphological changes in lymphoid organs induced by antitumor drug methotrexate were studied in 219 male (CBAxC57B1/6)F1 mice. Plant triterpenoid miliacin attenuated the lymphotoxic effect of this drug.

[Topographic anatomy of human thoracic organs in the early fetal period]

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the holotopy, skeletotopy and sintopy of human heart, trachea and esophagus in the early fetal period. The quantitative evaluation of the topography of these organs was given as a result of study of 100 human fetuses aged 16-24 week with the modification of N.I. Pirogov method and using the multiplane histotopographical sections in the multidimensional coordinate system. The horizontal sections were selected, that could be proposed as the standard ones. he results of this investigation may be recommended for the improvement of the ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance tomographic diagnosis and fetal surgery development.

[Topografic anatomy of human liver in the early fetal period]

This investigation was aimed at the evaluation of holotopy, skeletotopy and sintopy of human liver in early fetal period. In 60 human fetuses aged 16-24 weeks, a quantitative characteristic of liver topography was obtained using a modification of N.I. Pirogov method and multiplane histitopograms with the application of multidimensional coordinate system. Fetal liver sintopy was described in sections performed in different planes and its peculiarities in the period studied was emphasized. As the standard sections to be used for the ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance diagnostics of fetal liver, authors recommend the horizontal sections, made at the level of IX-XII thoracic vertebrae.

[Method of quantitative estimation of computer tomograms of inner organs and its application to intravital topographic-anatomical investigations]

This article describes the method of quantitative estimation of computer tomograms, which served as the basis for description of morphometric and skeletotopic parameters of the pancreas and thyroid gland that were obtained as a result of study of 320 persons aged from 20 to 70 without pathology of these glands.

[Morphometric characteristic of abdominal and retroperitoneal organs according to data of supravital computer tomography]

The method of computer tomography was used to study the individual and age-related differences were found in the topography of pancreas, kidneys, abdominal aorta and in the shape of adrenal glands. Morphometric studies performed resulted in the description of the range of these differences and in the establishment of average quantitative parameters. It is concluded that the results of computer tomographic analysis may be used for the studies of intravital topography of the abdominal and retroperitoneal organs of individual patients and for description of variants of localization of different anatomical structures.

[The microsurgical anatomy of the pancreas]

70 prepared human pancreas were studied by methods of the three dimension sections, macro-microscopic preparation and duct injections were studied. Regularities of the first order lobules structure and peculiarities of duct system architecture were revealed. The presence of paraduodenal, paracholedochal, perivasal loose connective tissue, lobular organ structure and the presence of interlobular connective tissue septae and peculiarities of spatial distribution of the ducts are the anatomical basis of microsurgical interventions to the pancreas.

[Computer modelling of the organs of the upper abdominal cavity]

Method of creation computer models of upper floor of abdomen organs: liver, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, stomach, blood vessels with using computer system "DUCT" was described. Details of modelled structures of the cylindric and complicated forms were noted.

[Frame-mounted anastomosis of veins using a microsurgical technique and demineralized tubular allobone]

The experimental-morphological analysis covers the results of 62 operations for establishment of major vein anastomosis. In three series of experiments microsurgical suturing was used, while the control series employed the techniques of general surgery. In the microsurgery group, the best outcome (100 percent patency without anticoagulant administration) was achieved in cases when the venous anastomosis was protected by the demineralized tubular bone. Good outcomes were seen in cases with application of the original technique of mounting the venous anastomosis on rings of tubular bone. The advantages of microsurgical frame-mounted suturing of major veins over the general surgical techniques are demonstrated.

[Effect of the antioxidant M-1 on the concentration of diene conjugates after maximal physical exertion]

Diene conjugates, one of lipid peroxidation products, are accumulated in the blood serum of untrained people under maximum physical load. Introduction of antioxidant M-1 prevents their accumulation and enzymia, and promotes a decrease in the intensity of lactate accumulation under physical loads.