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Navrady LB, Wolters MK, MacIntyre DJ, Clarke TK, Campbell AI, Murray AD, Evans KL, Seckl J, Haley C, Milburn K, Wardlaw JM, Porteous DJ, Deary IJ, McIntosh AM. Cohort Profile: Stratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally (STRADL): a questionnaire follow-up of Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS). Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:13-14g. [PMID: 29040551 PMCID: PMC5837716 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L B Navrady
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M K Wolters
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J MacIntyre
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T-K Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A I Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A D Murray
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - K L Evans
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Seckl
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Haley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K Milburn
- Health Informatics Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - J M Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Hafferty JD, Navrady LB, Adams MJ, Howard DM, Campbell AI, Whalley HC, Lawrie SM, Nicodemus KK, Porteous DJ, Deary IJ, McIntosh AM. The role of neuroticism in self-harm and suicidal ideation: results from two UK population-based cohorts. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:1505-1518. [PMID: 31123787 PMCID: PMC6858388 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-harm is common, debilitating and associated with completed suicide and increased all-cause mortality, but there is uncertainty about its causal risk factors, limiting risk assessment and effective management. Neuroticism is a stable personality trait associated with self-harm and suicidal ideation, and correlated with coping styles, but its value as an independent predictor of these outcomes is disputed. METHODS Prior history of hospital-treated self-harm was obtained by record-linkage to administrative health data in Generation Scotland:Scottish Family Health Study (N = 15,798; self-harm cases = 339) and by a self-report variable in UK Biobank (N = 35,227; self-harm cases = 772). Neuroticism in both cohorts was measured using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Short Form. Associations of neuroticism with self-harm were tested using multivariable regression following adjustment for age, sex, cognitive ability, educational attainment, socioeconomic deprivation, and relationship status. A subset of GS:SFHS was followed-up with suicidal ideation elicited by self-report (n = 3342, suicidal ideation cases = 158) and coping styles measured by the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. The relationship of neuroticism to suicidal ideation, and the role of coping style, was then investigated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Neuroticism was positively associated with hospital-associated self-harm in GS:SFHS (per EPQ-SF unit odds ratio 1.2 95% credible interval 1.1-1.2, pFDR 0.0003) and UKB (per EPQ-SF unit odds ratio 1.1 95% confidence interval 1.1-1.2, pFDR 9.8 × 10-17). Neuroticism, and the neuroticism-correlated coping style, emotion-oriented coping (EoC), were also associated with suicidal ideation in multivariable models. CONCLUSIONS Neuroticism is an independent predictor of hospital-treated self-harm risk. Neuroticism and emotion-orientated coping styles are also predictive of suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Hafferty
- Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - L. B. Navrady
- Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - M. J. Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - D. M. Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - A. I. Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H. C. Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - S. M. Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - K. K. Nicodemus
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D. J. Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I. J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A. M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK ,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Navrady LB, Adams MJ, Chan SWY, Ritchie SJ, McIntosh AM. Genetic risk of major depressive disorder: the moderating and mediating effects of neuroticism and psychological resilience on clinical and self-reported depression. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1890-1899. [PMID: 29183409 PMCID: PMC6088772 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for depression correlate with depression status and chronicity, and provide causal anchors to identify depressive mechanisms. Neuroticism is phenotypically and genetically positively associated with depression, whereas psychological resilience demonstrates negative phenotypic associations. Whether increased neuroticism and reduced resilience are downstream mediators of genetic risk for depression, and whether they contribute independently to risk remains unknown. METHODS Moderating and mediating relationships between depression PRS, neuroticism, resilience and both clinical and self-reported depression were examined in a large, population-based cohort, Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (N = 4166), using linear regression and structural equation modelling. Neuroticism and resilience were measured by the Eysenck Personality Scale Short Form Revised and the Brief Resilience Scale, respectively. RESULTS PRS for depression was associated with increased likelihood of self-reported and clinical depression. No interaction was found between PRS and neuroticism, or between PRS and resilience. Neuroticism was associated with increased likelihood of self-reported and clinical depression, whereas resilience was associated with reduced risk. Structural equation modelling suggested the association between PRS and self-reported and clinical depression was mediated by neuroticism (43-57%), while resilience mediated the association in the opposite direction (37-40%). For both self-reported and clinical diagnoses, the genetic risk for depression was independently mediated by neuroticism and resilience. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest polygenic risk for depression increases vulnerability for self-reported and clinical depression through independent effects on increased neuroticism and reduced psychological resilience. In addition, two partially independent mechanisms - neuroticism and resilience - may form part of the pathway of vulnerability to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. B. Navrady
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - M. J. Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - S. W. Y. Chan
- Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Medical Quad, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | | | - S. J. Ritchie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - A. M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH42XU, UK
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Navrady LB, Ritchie SJ, Chan SWY, Kerr DM, Adams MJ, Hawkins EH, Porteous D, Deary IJ, Gale CR, Batty GD, McIntosh AM. Intelligence and neuroticism in relation to depression and psychological distress: Evidence from two large population cohorts. Eur Psychiatry 2017; 43:58-65. [PMID: 28365468 PMCID: PMC5486156 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroticism is a risk factor for selected mental and physical illnesses and is inversely associated with intelligence. Intelligence appears to interact with neuroticism and mitigate its detrimental effects on physical health and mortality. However, the inter-relationships of neuroticism and intelligence for major depressive disorder (MDD) and psychological distress has not been well examined. Methods Associations and interactions between neuroticism and general intelligence (g) on MDD, self-reported depression, and psychological distress were examined in two population-based cohorts: Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS, n = 19,200) and UK Biobank (n = 90,529). The Eysenck Personality Scale Short Form-Revised measured neuroticism and g was extracted from multiple cognitive ability tests in each cohort. Family structure was adjusted for in GS:SFHS. Results Neuroticism was strongly associated with increased risk for depression and higher psychological distress in both samples. Although intelligence conferred no consistent independent effects on depression, it did increase the risk for depression across samples once neuroticism was adjusted for. Results suggest that higher intelligence may ameliorate the association between neuroticism and self-reported depression although no significant interaction was found for clinical MDD. Intelligence was inversely associated with psychological distress across cohorts. A small interaction was found across samples such that lower psychological distress associates with higher intelligence and lower neuroticism, although effect sizes were small. Conclusions From two large cohort studies, our findings suggest intelligence acts a protective factor in mitigating the effects of neuroticism on psychological distress. Intelligence does not confer protection against diagnosis of depression in those high in neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Navrady
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK.
| | - S J Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - S W Y Chan
- Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Medical Quad, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - D M Kerr
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow, G12 0XH, UK
| | - M J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - E H Hawkins
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - D Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK; Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - C R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - G D Batty
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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