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Parola C, Salogni L, Vaira X, Scutera S, Somma P, Salvi V, Musso T, Tabbia G, Bardessono M, Pasquali C, Mantovani A, Sozzani S, Bosisio D. Selective activation of human dendritic cells by OM-85 through a NF-kB and MAPK dependent pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82867. [PMID: 24386121 PMCID: PMC3875422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OM-85 (Broncho-Vaxom®, Broncho-Munal®, Ommunal®, Paxoral®, Vaxoral®), a product made of the water soluble fractions of 21 inactivated bacterial strain patterns responsible for respiratory tract infections, is used for the prevention of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. OM-85 is able to potentiate both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for OM-85 activation are still largely unknown. Purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of OM-85 stimulation on human dendritic cell functions. We show that OM-85 selectively induced NF-kB and MAPK activation in human DC with no detectable action on the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) pathway. As a consequence, chemokines (i.e. CXCL8, CXCL6, CCL3, CCL20, CCL22) and B-cell activating cytokines (i.e. IL-6, BAFF and IL-10) were strongly upregulated. OM-85 also synergized with the action of classical pro-inflammatory stimuli used at suboptimal concentrations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with COPD, a pathological condition often associated with altered PRR expression pattern, fully retained the capability to respond to OM-85. These results provide new insights on the molecular mechanisms of OM-85 activation of the immune response and strengthen the rational for its use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Parola
- Dept. Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Salogni
- Dept. Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Xenia Vaira
- Dept. Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Scutera
- Dept. Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Somma
- Dept. Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Dept. Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Musso
- Dept. Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tabbia
- Pulmonary Division, Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Bardessono
- Pulmonary Division, Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Dept. Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Dept. Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Dept. Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Vermi W, Fisogni S, Salogni L, Schärer L, Kutzner H, Sozzani S, Lonardi S, Rossini C, Calzavara-Pinton P, LeBoit PE, Facchetti F. Spontaneous regression of highly immunogenic Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV)-induced skin lesions is associated with plasmacytoid dendritic cells and IFN-DC infiltration. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:426-34. [PMID: 20739948 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) infection induces self-limiting cutaneous lesions in an immunocompetent host that can undergo spontaneous regression preceded by local inflammation. On histology, a large majority of MCV-induced lesions are characterized by islands of hyperplastic epithelium containing infected keratinocytes and surrounded by scarce inflammatory infiltrate. However, spontaneous regression has been associated with the occurrence of a dense inflammatory reaction. By histology and immunohistochemistry, we identified MCV-induced lesions showing a dense inflammatory infiltrate associated with cell death in keratinocytes (inflammatory Molluscum contagiosum (I-MC)). In I-MC, hyperplastic keratinocytes were highly immunogenic as demonstrated by the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules. Immune cell infiltration consisted of numerous cytotoxic T cells admixed with natural killer cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs). Accordingly, a type I IFN signature associated with PDC infiltration was demonstrated in both keratinocytes and inflammatory cells. Among the latter, a cell population resembling IFN-DC (CD123(+)CD11c(+)CD16(+)CD14(+)MxA(+)) was identified in proximity to islands of apoptotic keratinocytes. In vitro-generated IFN-DCs expressed a strong cytotoxic signature, as demonstrated by high levels of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas ligand (FasL). This study establishes a previously unreported model to underpin the role of innate immune cells in viral immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vermi
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Colombo F, Moratto D, Notarangelo L, Salogni L, Tabellini G, Parolini S, Plebani A, Porta F, Sozzani S, Badolato R. OR.67. Lack of iNKT Cells and Defects on Differentiation of Dendritic Cells in Patients with Hermansky-Pudlak Type 2 Syndrome (HPS2). Clin Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bosisio D, Vulcano M, Del Prete A, Sironi M, Salvi V, Salogni L, Riboldi E, Leoni F, Dinarello CA, Girolomoni G, Sozzani S. Blocking TH17-polarizing cytokines by histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1540-8. [PMID: 18780875 PMCID: PMC2614600 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0708401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are small molecules inducing cell-cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis, currently undergoing clinical trials as anticancer drugs. In addition, emerging evidence suggests HDAC inhibitors may have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties as well, although the molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Given the central role of dendritic cells (DC) in the induction and maintenance of the inflammatory and immune response, we investigated the effects of HDAC inhibitors on the maturation and activation of human monocyte-derived DC in the presence of LPS and IFN-gamma. Our results show that the production of T(H)1- and T(H)17-inducing cytokines, namely IL-12 and IL-23, was inhibited by trichostatin A (72% and 52%, respectively) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (86% and 83%). Strikingly, HDAC inhibitors were effective if added simultaneously as well as after the proinflammatory challenge, and their effect was not associated to a reduction of expression or function of LPS/IFN-gamma receptors. These findings were confirmed in two different murine models. In addition, HDAC inhibitors selectively blocked the production of T(H)1-attracting chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. The reduction of T(H)1- and T(H)17-inducing cytokines as well as T(H)1-attracting chemokines may represent relevant mechanisms through which HDAC inhibitors at nonproapoptotic doses exert their immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bosisio
- Section of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Musso T, Scutera S, Vermi W, Daniele R, Fornaro M, Castagnoli C, Alotto D, Ravanini M, Cambieri I, Salogni L, Elia AR, Giovarelli M, Facchetti F, Girolomoni G, Sozzani S. Activin A induces Langerhans cell differentiation in vitro and in human skin explants. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3271. [PMID: 18813341 PMCID: PMC2533393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) represent a well characterized subset of dendritic cells located in the epidermis of skin and mucosae. In vivo, they originate from resident and blood-borne precursors in the presence of keratinocyte-derived TGFbeta. In vitro, LC can be generated from monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-4 and TGFbeta. However, the signals that induce LC during an inflammatory reaction are not fully investigated. Here we report that Activin A, a TGFbeta family member induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines and involved in skin morphogenesis and wound healing, induces the differentiation of human monocytes into LC in the absence of TGFbeta. Activin A-induced LC are Langerin+, Birbeck granules+, E-cadherin+, CLA+ and CCR6+ and possess typical APC functions. In human skin explants, intradermal injection of Activin A increased the number of CD1a+ and Langerin+ cells in both the epidermis and dermis by promoting the differentiation of resident precursor cells. High levels of Activin A were present in the upper epidermal layers and in the dermis of Lichen Planus biopsies in association with a marked infiltration of CD1a+ and Langerin+ cells. This study reports that Activin A induces the differentiation of circulating CD14+ cells into LC. Since Activin A is abundantly produced during inflammatory conditions which are also characterized by increased numbers of LC, we propose that this cytokine represents a new pathway, alternative to TGFbeta, responsible for LC differentiation during inflammatory/autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Musso
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Scutera
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Daniele
- Section of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Deparment of Dermatology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Carlotta Castagnoli
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit Skin Bank, CTO Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Alotto
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit Skin Bank, CTO Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Ravanini
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Irene Cambieri
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit Skin Bank, CTO Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Salogni
- Section of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angela Rita Elia
- Medicine and Experimental Oncology, and Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), S. Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Mirella Giovarelli
- Medicine and Experimental Oncology, and Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), S. Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Silvano Sozzani
- Section of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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