1
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Hoyt SJ, Storer JM, Hartley GA, Grady PGS, Gershman A, de Lima LG, Limouse C, Halabian R, Wojenski L, Rodriguez M, Altemose N, Rhie A, Core LJ, Gerton JL, Makalowski W, Olson D, Rosen J, Smit AFA, Straight AF, Vollger MR, Wheeler TJ, Schatz MC, Eichler EE, Phillippy AM, Timp W, Miga KH, O’Neill RJ. From telomere to telomere: The transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements. Science 2022; 376:eabk3112. [PMID: 35357925 PMCID: PMC9301658 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mobile elements and repetitive genomic regions are sources of lineage-specific genomic innovation and uniquely fingerprint individual genomes. Comprehensive analyses of such repeat elements, including those found in more complex regions of the genome, require a complete, linear genome assembly. We present a de novo repeat discovery and annotation of the T2T-CHM13 human reference genome. We identified previously unknown satellite arrays, expanded the catalog of variants and families for repeats and mobile elements, characterized classes of complex composite repeats, and located retroelement transduction events. We detected nascent transcription and delineated CpG methylation profiles to define the structure of transcriptionally active retroelements in humans, including those in centromeres. These data expand our insight into the diversity, distribution, and evolution of repetitive regions that have shaped the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah J. Hoyt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Gabrielle A. Hartley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Patrick G. S. Grady
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ariel Gershman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Charles Limouse
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Reza Halabian
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luke Wojenski
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Matias Rodriguez
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicolas Altemose
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arang Rhie
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leighton J. Core
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Wojciech Makalowski
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Olson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jeb Rosen
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Mitchell R. Vollger
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Travis J. Wheeler
- Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Michael C. Schatz
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam M. Phillippy
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen H. Miga
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Rachel J. O’Neill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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2
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Zhang Z, Chng KR, Lingadahalli S, Chen Z, Liu MH, Do HH, Cai S, Rinaldi N, Poh HM, Li G, Sung YY, Heng CL, Core LJ, Tan SK, Ruan X, Lis JT, Kellis M, Ruan Y, Sung WK, Cheung E. An AR-ERG transcriptional signature defined by long-range chromatin interactomes in prostate cancer cells. Genome Res 2019; 29:223-235. [PMID: 30606742 PMCID: PMC6360806 DOI: 10.1101/gr.230243.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant activities of transcription factors such as the androgen receptor (AR) underpin prostate cancer development. While the AR cis-regulation has been extensively studied in prostate cancer, information pertaining to the spatial architecture of the AR transcriptional circuitry remains limited. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to profile long-range chromatin interactions associated with AR and its collaborative transcription factor, erythroblast transformation-specific related gene (ERG), using chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag (ChIA-PET). We identified ERG-associated long-range chromatin interactions as a cooperative component in the AR-associated chromatin interactome, acting in concert to achieve coordinated regulation of a subset of AR target genes. Through multifaceted functional data analysis, we found that AR-ERG interaction hub regions are characterized by distinct functional signatures, including bidirectional transcription and cotranscription factor binding. In addition, cancer-associated long noncoding RNAs were found to be connected near protein-coding genes through AR-ERG looping. Finally, we found strong enrichment of prostate cancer genome-wide association study (GWAS) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at AR-ERG co-binding sites participating in chromatin interactions and gene regulation, suggesting GWAS target genes identified from chromatin looping data provide more biologically relevant findings than using the nearest gene approach. Taken together, our results revealed an AR-ERG-centric higher-order chromatin structure that drives coordinated gene expression in prostate cancer progression and the identification of potential target genes for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhuo Zhang
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417.,Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | | | - Shreyas Lingadahalli
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.,Centre of Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Zikai Chen
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672.,Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.,Centre of Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Mei Hui Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672
| | | | | | - Nicola Rinaldi
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Guoliang Li
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672.,National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | | | | | - Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Si Kee Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672
| | - Xiaoan Ruan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Yijun Ruan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672
| | - Wing-Kin Sung
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672
| | - Edwin Cheung
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672.,Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.,Centre of Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
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3
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Chu T, Rice EJ, Booth GT, Salamanca HH, Wang Z, Core LJ, Longo SL, Corona RJ, Chin LS, Lis JT, Kwak H, Danko CG. Chromatin run-on and sequencing maps the transcriptional regulatory landscape of glioblastoma multiforme. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1553-1564. [PMID: 30349114 PMCID: PMC6204104 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human genome encodes a variety of poorly understood RNA species that remain challenging to identify using existing genomic tools. We developed chromatin run-on and sequencing (ChRO-seq) to map the location of RNA polymerase for almost any input sample, including samples with degraded RNA that are intractable to RNA sequencing. We used ChRO-seq to map nascent transcription in primary human glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumors. Enhancers identified in primary GBMs resemble open chromatin in the normal human brain. Rare enhancers that are activated in malignant tissue drive regulatory programs similar to the developing nervous system. We identified enhancers that regulate groups of genes that are characteristic of each known GBM subtype and transcription factors that drive them. Finally we discovered a core group of transcription factors that control the expression of genes associated with clinical outcomes. This study characterizes the transcriptional landscape of GBM and introduces ChRO-seq as a method to map regulatory programs that contribute to complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinyi Chu
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Graduate field of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward J Rice
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gregory T Booth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - H Hans Salamanca
- Department of Anesthesiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Zhong Wang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Sharon L Longo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Corona
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence S Chin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hojoong Kwak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Charles G Danko
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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4
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Duarte FM, Fuda NJ, Mahat DB, Core LJ, Guertin MJ, Lis JT. Transcription factors GAF and HSF act at distinct regulatory steps to modulate stress-induced gene activation. Genes Dev 2016; 30:1731-46. [PMID: 27492368 PMCID: PMC5002978 DOI: 10.1101/gad.284430.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level is fundamental to development and homeostasis. Inducible systems are invaluable when studying transcription because the regulatory process can be triggered instantaneously, allowing the tracking of ordered mechanistic events. Here, we use precision run-on sequencing (PRO-seq) to examine the genome-wide heat shock (HS) response in Drosophila and the function of two key transcription factors on the immediate transcription activation or repression of all genes regulated by HS. We identify the primary HS response genes and the rate-limiting steps in the transcription cycle that GAGA-associated factor (GAF) and HS factor (HSF) regulate. We demonstrate that GAF acts upstream of promoter-proximally paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II) formation (likely at the step of chromatin opening) and that GAF-facilitated Pol II pausing is critical for HS activation. In contrast, HSF is dispensable for establishing or maintaining Pol II pausing but is critical for the release of paused Pol II into the gene body at a subset of highly activated genes. Additionally, HSF has no detectable role in the rapid HS repression of thousands of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana M Duarte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14835, USA
| | - Nicholas J Fuda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14835, USA
| | - Dig B Mahat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14835, USA
| | - Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14835, USA
| | - Michael J Guertin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14835, USA
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5
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Mahat DB, Kwak H, Booth GT, Jonkers IH, Danko CG, Patel RK, Waters CT, Munson K, Core LJ, Lis JT. Base-pair-resolution genome-wide mapping of active RNA polymerases using precision nuclear run-on (PRO-seq). Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1455-76. [PMID: 27442863 PMCID: PMC5502525 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We provide a protocol for precision nuclear run-on sequencing (PRO-seq) and its variant, PRO-cap, which map the location of active RNA polymerases (PRO-seq) or transcription start sites (TSSs) (PRO-cap) genome-wide at high resolution. The density of RNA polymerases at a particular genomic locus directly reflects the level of nascent transcription at that region. Nuclei are isolated from cells and, under nuclear run-on conditions, transcriptionally engaged RNA polymerases incorporate one or, at most, a few biotin-labeled nucleotide triphosphates (biotin-NTPs) into the 3' end of nascent RNA. The biotin-labeled nascent RNA is used to prepare sequencing libraries, which are sequenced from the 3' end to provide high-resolution positional information for the RNA polymerases. PRO-seq provides much higher sensitivity than ChIP-seq, and it generates a much larger fraction of usable sequence reads than ChIP-seq or NET-seq (native elongating transcript sequencing). Similarly to NET-seq, PRO-seq maps the RNA polymerase at up to base-pair resolution with strand specificity, but unlike NET-seq it does not require immunoprecipitation. With the protocol provided here, PRO-seq (or PRO-cap) libraries for high-throughput sequencing can be generated in 4-5 working days. The method has been applied to human, mouse, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans cells and, with slight modifications, to yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dig Bijay Mahat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hojoong Kwak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gregory T Booth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Iris H Jonkers
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Charles G Danko
- The Baker Institute of Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ravi K Patel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Colin T Waters
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Katie Munson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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6
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Danko CG, Hyland SL, Core LJ, Martins AL, Waters CT, Lee HW, Cheung VG, Kraus WL, Lis JT, Siepel A. Identification of active transcriptional regulatory elements from GRO-seq data. Nat Methods 2015; 12:433-8. [PMID: 25799441 PMCID: PMC4507281 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Modifications to the global run-on and sequencing (GRO-seq) protocol that enrich for 5'-capped RNAs can be used to reveal active transcriptional regulatory elements (TREs) with high accuracy. Here, we introduce discriminative regulatory-element detection from GRO-seq (dREG), a sensitive machine learning method that uses support vector regression to identify active TREs from GRO-seq data without requiring cap-based enrichment (https://github.com/Danko-Lab/dREG/). This approach allows TREs to be assayed together with gene expression levels and other transcriptional features in a single experiment. Predicted TREs are more enriched for several marks of transcriptional activation—including expression quantitative trait loci, disease-associated polymorphisms, acetylated histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac) and transcription factor binding—than those identified by alternative functional assays. Using dREG, we surveyed TREs in eight human cell types and provide new insights into global patterns of TRE function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G. Danko
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,USA
| | - Stephanie L. Hyland
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leighton J. Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andre L. Martins
- Graduate Field in Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Colin T Waters
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hyung Won Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vivian G. Cheung
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - W. Lee Kraus
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John T. Lis
- Graduate Field in Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Adam Siepel
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,USA
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7
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Andersson R, Refsing Andersen P, Valen E, Core LJ, Bornholdt J, Boyd M, Heick Jensen T, Sandelin A. Nuclear stability and transcriptional directionality separate functionally distinct RNA species. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5336. [PMID: 25387874 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomes are pervasively transcribed, yielding a complex transcriptome with high variability in composition and cellular abundance. Although recent efforts have identified thousands of new long non-coding (lnc) RNAs and demonstrated a complex transcriptional repertoire produced by protein-coding (pc) genes, limited progress has been made in distinguishing functional RNA from spurious transcription events. This is partly due to present RNA classification, which is typically based on technical rather than biochemical criteria. Here we devise a strategy to systematically categorize human RNAs by their sensitivity to the ribonucleolytic RNA exosome complex and by the nature of their transcription initiation. These measures are surprisingly effective at correctly classifying annotated transcripts, including lncRNAs of known function. The approach also identifies uncharacterized stable lncRNAs, hidden among a vast majority of unstable transcripts. The predictive power of the approach promises to streamline the functional analysis of known and novel RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Andersson
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Refsing Andersen
- Centre for mRNP Biogenesis and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, C.F. Møllers Alle 3, Building 1130, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eivind Valen
- 1] Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway [2] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Leighton J Core
- 1] Department for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA [2] Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Jette Bornholdt
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Boyd
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Heick Jensen
- Centre for mRNP Biogenesis and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, C.F. Møllers Alle 3, Building 1130, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Albin Sandelin
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Core LJ, Martins AL, Danko CG, Waters CT, Siepel A, Lis JT. Analysis of nascent RNA identifies a unified architecture of initiation regions at mammalian promoters and enhancers. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1311-20. [PMID: 25383968 PMCID: PMC4254663 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the conventional distinction between them, promoters and enhancers share
many features in mammals, including divergent transcription and similar modes of
transcription factor binding. Here, we examine the architecture of transcription
initiation through comprehensive mapping of transcription start sites (TSSs) in human
lymphoblastoid B-cell (GM12878) and chronic myelogenous leukemic (K562) tier 1, ENCODE
cell lines. Using a nuclear run-on protocol called GRO-cap, which captures TSSs for both
stable and unstable transcripts, we conduct detailed comparisons of thousands of promoters
and enhancers in human cells. These analyses reveal a common architecture of initiation,
including tightly spaced (110 bp) divergent initiation, similar frequencies of
core-promoter sequence elements, highly positioned flanking nucleosomes, and two modes of
transcription factor binding. Post-initiation transcript stability provides a more
fundamental distinction between promoters and enhancers than patterns of histone
modifications, transcription factors or co-activators. These results support a unified
model of transcription initiation at promoters and enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - André L Martins
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Charles G Danko
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Colin T Waters
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Adam Siepel
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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9
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Wang IX, Core LJ, Kwak H, Brady L, Bruzel A, McDaniel L, Richards AL, Wu M, Grunseich C, Lis JT, Cheung VG. RNA-DNA differences are generated in human cells within seconds after RNA exits polymerase II. Cell Rep 2014; 6:906-15. [PMID: 24561252 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA sequences are expected to be identical to their corresponding DNA sequences. Here, we found all 12 types of RNA-DNA sequence differences (RDDs) in nascent RNA. Our results show that RDDs begin to occur in RNA chains ~55 nt from the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) active site. These RDDs occur so soon after transcription that they are incompatible with known deaminase-mediated RNA-editing mechanisms. Moreover, the 55 nt delay in appearance indicates that they do not arise during RNA synthesis by Pol II or as a direct consequence of modified base incorporation. Preliminary data suggest that RDD and R-loop formations may be coupled. These findings identify sequence substitution as an early step in cotranscriptional RNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel X Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hojoong Kwak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Lauren Brady
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alan Bruzel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Lee McDaniel
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allison L Richards
- Human Genetics Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ming Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Christopher Grunseich
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Vivian G Cheung
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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Maxwell CS, Kruesi WS, Core LJ, Kurhanewicz N, Waters CT, Lewarch CL, Antoshechkin I, Lis JT, Meyer BJ, Baugh LR. Pol II docking and pausing at growth and stress genes in C. elegans. Cell Rep 2014; 6:455-66. [PMID: 24485661 PMCID: PMC4026043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in nutrient availability profoundly impact gene expression. Previous work revealed postrecruitment regulation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) during starvation and recovery in Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting that promoter-proximal pausing promotes rapid response to feeding. To test this hypothesis, we measured Pol II elongation genome wide by two complementary approaches and analyzed elongation in conjunction with Pol II binding and expression. We confirmed bona fide pausing during starvation and also discovered Pol II docking. Pausing occurs at active stress-response genes that become downregulated in response to feeding. In contrast, "docked" Pol II accumulates without initiating upstream of inactive growth genes that become rapidly upregulated upon feeding. Beyond differences in function and expression, these two sets of genes have different core promoter motifs, suggesting alternative transcriptional machinery. Our work suggests that growth and stress genes are both regulated postrecruitment during starvation but at initiation and elongation, respectively, coordinating gene expression with nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S Maxwell
- Department of Biology, Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - William S Kruesi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nicole Kurhanewicz
- Department of Biology, Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Colin T Waters
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Caitlin L Lewarch
- Department of Biology, Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Barbara J Meyer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - L Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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11
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Kilpinen H, Waszak SM, Gschwind AR, Raghav SK, Witwicki RM, Orioli A, Migliavacca E, Wiederkehr M, Gutierrez-Arcelus M, Panousis NI, Yurovsky A, Lappalainen T, Romano-Palumbo L, Planchon A, Bielser D, Bryois J, Padioleau I, Udin G, Thurnheer S, Hacker D, Core LJ, Lis JT, Hernandez N, Reymond A, Deplancke B, Dermitzakis ET. Coordinated effects of sequence variation on DNA binding, chromatin structure, and transcription. Science 2013; 342:744-7. [PMID: 24136355 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequence variation has been associated with quantitative changes in molecular phenotypes such as gene expression, but its impact on chromatin states is poorly characterized. To understand the interplay between chromatin and genetic control of gene regulation, we quantified allelic variability in transcription factor binding, histone modifications, and gene expression within humans. We found abundant allelic specificity in chromatin and extensive local, short-range, and long-range allelic coordination among the studied molecular phenotypes. We observed genetic influence on most of these phenotypes, with histone modifications exhibiting strong context-dependent behavior. Our results implicate transcription factors as primary mediators of sequence-specific regulation of gene expression programs, with histone modifications frequently reflecting the primary regulatory event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kilpinen
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Saunders A, Core LJ, Sutcliffe C, Lis JT, Ashe HL. Extensive polymerase pausing during Drosophila axis patterning enables high-level and pliable transcription. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1146-58. [PMID: 23699410 DOI: 10.1101/gad.215459.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cascades of zygotic gene expression pattern the anterior-posterior (AP) and dorsal-ventral (DV) axes of the early Drosophila embryo. Here, we used the global run-on sequencing assay (GRO-seq) to map the genome-wide RNA polymerase distribution during early Drosophila embryogenesis, thus providing insights into how genes are regulated. We identify widespread promoter-proximal pausing yet show that the presence of paused polymerase does not necessarily equate to direct regulation through pause release to productive elongation. Our data reveal that a subset of early Zelda-activated genes is regulated at the level of polymerase recruitment, whereas other Zelda target and axis patterning genes are predominantly regulated through pause release. In contrast to other signaling pathways, we found that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) target genes are collectively more highly paused than BMP pathway components and show that BMP target gene expression requires the pause-inducing negative elongation factor (NELF) complex. Our data also suggest that polymerase pausing allows plasticity in gene activation throughout embryogenesis, as transiently repressed and transcriptionally silenced genes maintain and lose promoter polymerases, respectively. Finally, we provide evidence that the major effect of pausing is on the levels, rather than timing, of transcription. These data are discussed in terms of the efficiency of transcriptional activation required across cell populations during developmental time constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie Saunders
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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13
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Kruesi WS, Core LJ, Waters CT, Lis JT, Meyer BJ. Condensin controls recruitment of RNA polymerase II to achieve nematode X-chromosome dosage compensation. eLife 2013; 2:e00808. [PMID: 23795297 PMCID: PMC3687364 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The X-chromosome gene regulatory process called dosage compensation ensures that males (1X) and females (2X) express equal levels of X-chromosome transcripts. The mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans has been elusive due to improperly annotated transcription start sites (TSSs). Here we define TSSs and the distribution of transcriptionally engaged RNA polymerase II (Pol II) genome-wide in wild-type and dosage-compensation-defective animals to dissect this regulatory mechanism. Our TSS-mapping strategy integrates GRO-seq, which tracks nascent transcription, with a new derivative of this method, called GRO-cap, which recovers nascent RNAs with 5' caps prior to their removal by co-transcriptional processing. Our analyses reveal that promoter-proximal pausing is rare, unlike in other metazoans, and promoters are unexpectedly far upstream from the 5' ends of mature mRNAs. We find that C. elegans equalizes X-chromosome expression between the sexes, to a level equivalent to autosomes, by reducing Pol II recruitment to promoters of hermaphrodite X-linked genes using a chromosome-restructuring condensin complex. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00808.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Kruesi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Colin T Waters
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Barbara J Meyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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14
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Abstract
Transcription regulation occurs frequently through promoter-associated pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). We developed a precision nuclear run-on and sequencing (PRO-seq) assay to map the genome-wide distribution of transcriptionally engaged Pol II at base pair resolution. Pol II accumulates immediately downstream of promoters, at intron-exon junctions that are efficiently used for splicing, and over 3' polyadenylation sites. Focused analyses of promoters reveal that pausing is not fixed relative to initiation sites, nor is it specified directly by the position of a particular core promoter element or the first nucleosome. Core promoter elements function beyond initiation, and when optimally positioned they act collectively to dictate the position and strength of pausing. This "complex interaction" model was tested with insertional mutagenesis of the Drosophila Hsp70 core promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojoong Kwak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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15
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Core LJ, Waterfall JJ, Gilchrist DA, Fargo DC, Kwak H, Adelman K, Lis JT. Defining the status of RNA polymerase at promoters. Cell Rep 2012; 2:1025-35. [PMID: 23062713 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide studies in metazoans have shown that RNA polymerase II (Pol II) accumulates to high densities on many promoters at a rate-limited step in transcription. However, the status of this Pol II remains an area of debate. Here, we compare quantitative outputs of a global run-on sequencing assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing assays and demonstrate that the majority of the Pol II on Drosophila promoters is transcriptionally engaged; very little exists in a preinitiation or arrested complex. These promoter-proximal polymerases are inhibited from further elongation by detergent-sensitive factors, and knockdown of negative elongation factor, NELF, reduces their levels. These results not only solidify the notion that pausing occurs at most promoters, but demonstrate that it is the major rate-limiting step in early transcription at these promoters. Finally, the divergent elongation complexes seen at mammalian promoters are far less prevalent in Drosophila, and this specificity in orientation correlates with directional core promoter elements, which are abundant in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Chopra VS, Hendrix DA, Core LJ, Tsui C, Lis JT, Levine M. The polycomb group mutant esc leads to augmented levels of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo. Mol Cell 2011; 42:837-44. [PMID: 21700228 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many developmental control genes contain paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and are thereby "poised" for rapid and synchronous activation in the early Drosophila embryo. Evidence is presented that Polycomb group (PcG) repressors can influence paused Pol II. ChIP-Seq and GRO-Seq assays were used to determine the genome-wide distributions of Pol II, H3K27me3, and H3K4me3 in extra sex combs (esc) mutant embryos. ESC is a key component of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which mediates H3K27me3 modification. Enhanced Pol II occupancy is observed for thousands of genes in esc mutant embryos, including genes not directly regulated by PRC2. Thus, it would appear that silent genes lacking promoter-associated paused Pol II in wild-type embryos are converted into "poised" genes with paused Pol II in esc mutants. We suggest that this conversion of silent genes into poised genes might render differentiated cell types susceptible to switches in identity in PcG mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek S Chopra
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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17
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Min IM, Waterfall JJ, Core LJ, Munroe RJ, Schimenti J, Lis JT. Regulating RNA polymerase pausing and transcription elongation in embryonic stem cells. Genes Dev 2011; 25:742-54. [PMID: 21460038 DOI: 10.1101/gad.2005511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transitions between pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cells are executed by key transcription regulators. Comparative measurements of RNA polymerase distribution over the genome's primary transcription units in different cell states can identify the genes and steps in the transcription cycle that are regulated during such transitions. To identify the complete transcriptional profiles of RNA polymerases with high sensitivity and resolution, as well as the critical regulated steps upon which regulatory factors act, we used genome-wide nuclear run-on (GRO-seq) to map the density and orientation of transcriptionally engaged RNA polymerases in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In both cell types, progression of a promoter-proximal, paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II) into productive elongation is a rate-limiting step in transcription of ∼40% of mRNA-encoding genes. Importantly, quantitative comparisons between cell types reveal that transcription is controlled frequently at paused Pol II's entry into elongation. Furthermore, "bivalent" ESC genes (exhibiting both active and repressive histone modifications) bound by Polycomb group complexes PRC1 (Polycomb-repressive complex 1) and PRC2 show dramatically reduced levels of paused Pol II at promoters relative to an average gene. In contrast, bivalent promoters bound by only PRC2 allow Pol II pausing, but it is confined to extremely 5' proximal regions. Altogether, these findings identify rate-limiting targets for transcription regulation during cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Min
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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18
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Larschan E, Bishop EP, Kharchenko PV, Core LJ, Lis JT, Park PJ, Kuroda MI. X chromosome dosage compensation via enhanced transcriptional elongation in Drosophila. Nature 2011; 471:115-8. [PMID: 21368835 PMCID: PMC3076316 DOI: 10.1038/nature09757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of sex chromosomes has resulted in numerous species in which females inherit two X chromosomes but males have a single X, thus requiring dosage compensation. MSL (Male-specific lethal) complex increases transcription on the single X chromosome of Drosophila males to equalize expression of X-linked genes between the sexes1. The biochemical mechanisms utilized for dosage compensation must function over a wide dynamic range of transcription levels and differential expression patterns. Lucchesi (1998)2 proposed that MSL complex regulates transcriptional elongation to control dosage compensation, a model subsequently supported by mapping of MSL complex and MSL-dependent H4K16 acetylation to the bodies of X-linked genes in males, with a bias towards 3′ ends3-7. However, experimental analysis of MSL function at the mechanistic level has been challenging due to the small magnitude of the chromosome-wide effect and the lack of an in vitro system for biochemical analysis. In this study, we use global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq)8 to examine the specific effect of MSL complex on RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II) on a genome-wide level. Results indicate that MSL complex enhances transcription by facilitating the progression of RNAP II across the bodies of active X-linked genes. Improving transcriptional output downstream of typical gene-specific control may explain how dosage compensation can be imposed on the diverse set of genes along an entire chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Larschan
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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19
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Abstract
Divergent transcription is common of many promoters in organisms as diverse as mammals and yeast. Many independent experiments indicate that RNA polymerase II is frequently initiated but paused in the sense direction downstream from the promoter. Similarly a second peak of transcriptionally-engaged polymerase is paused in the anti-sense direction upstream of the promoter. Chromatin modifications that are associated with active promoters reside in nucleosomes immediately flanking this pair of paused polymerases. The nucleosome-free region associated with most promoters could in part be defined by this divergent transcription. The potential implications of divergent transcription on gene regulation and possible mechanisms that give rise to this phenomenon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Seila
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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Abstract
Enhancers act over many kilobase pairs to activate target promoters, but their activity is constrained by insulator elements that prevent indiscriminate activation of nearby genes. In the July 1, 2009, issue of Genes & Development, Chopra and colleagues (pp. 1505-1509) report that promoters containing a stalled Pol II are activated by enhancers, but these promoters also serve as insulators that block enhancers from reaching more distal genes. This new class of insulators provide critical clues to regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton J. Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - John T. Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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21
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Lis JT, Core LJ, Min I, Waterfall JJ. Massively‐Parallel Sequencing Of Nascent RNA Sequencing Reveals Widespread Pausing And Divergent Initiation From Mammalian Promoters. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.316.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John T Lis
- Molecular Biology & GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNY
| | | | - Irene Min
- Molecular Biology & GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNY
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22
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Abstract
RNA polymerases are highly regulated molecular machines. We present a method (global run-on sequencing, GRO-seq) that maps the position, amount, and orientation of transcriptionally engaged RNA polymerases genome-wide. In this method, nuclear run-on RNA molecules are subjected to large-scale parallel sequencing and mapped to the genome. We show that peaks of promoter-proximal polymerase reside on approximately 30% of human genes, transcription extends beyond pre-messenger RNA 3' cleavage, and antisense transcription is prevalent. Additionally, most promoters have an engaged polymerase upstream and in an orientation opposite to the annotated gene. This divergent polymerase is associated with active genes but does not elongate effectively beyond the promoter. These results imply that the interplay between polymerases and regulators over broad promoter regions dictates the orientation and efficiency of productive transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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23
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Abstract
Recent work has shown that the RNA polymerase II enzyme pauses at a promoter-proximal site of many genes in Drosophila and mammals. This rate-limiting step occurs after recruitment and initiation of RNA polymerase II at a gene promoter. This stage in early elongation appears to be an important and broadly used target of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie Saunders
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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25
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Abstract
In the Bacillus subtilis phosphorelay signal transduction system for sporulation initiation, signals competing with the differentiation process are interpreted by aspartyl-phosphate phosphatases that specifically dephosphorylate the Spo0F or Spo0A response regulators. The RapA phosphatase is regulated by the PhrA pentapeptide that directly and specifically inhibits its activity. PhrA specificity for RapA inhibition is dependent upon the amino acid sequence of the peptide. Here we show that the pentapeptide affinity for the phosphatase requires a free carboxylate group at the C-terminal amino acid. A free C-terminal carboxylic acid PhrA pentapeptide inhibits RapA phosphatase activity at a 1:1 ratio and it is approximately 200 fold more active than a C-terminal amide peptide. Therefore, coordination of the terminal carboxylate group appears to be critical for peptide binding to RapA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Core
- Division of Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM-116, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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