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de Faria LM, Nobre V, Guardão LRDO, Souza CM, de Souza AD, Estrella DDR, Pessoa BP, Corrêa RA. Factors associated with pulmonary infection in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients: a case-control study. J Bras Pneumol 2023; 49:e20220419. [PMID: 37729335 PMCID: PMC10578948 DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20220419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the etiology of and factors associated with pulmonary infection in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. METHODS This was a single-center case-control study conducted between December of 2017 and March of 2020 at a referral center for kidney transplantation in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The case:control ratio was 1:1.8. Cases included kidney or kidney-pancreas transplant recipients hospitalized with pulmonary infection. Controls included kidney or kidney-pancreas transplant recipients without pulmonary infection and matched to cases for sex, age group, and donor type (living or deceased). RESULTS A total of 197 patients were included in the study. Of those, 70 were cases and 127 were controls. The mean age was 55 years (for cases) and 53 years (for controls), with a predominance of males. Corticosteroid use, bronchiectasis, and being overweight were associated with pulmonary infection risk in the multivariate logistic regression model. The most common etiologic agent of infection was cytomegalovirus (in 14.3% of the cases), followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (in 10%), Histoplasma capsulatum (in 7.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in 7.1%). CONCLUSIONS Corticosteroid use, bronchiectasis, and being overweight appear to be risk factors for pulmonary infection in kidney/kidney-pancreas transplant recipients, endemic mycoses being prevalent in this population. Appropriate planning and follow-up play an important role in identifying kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients at risk of pulmonary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Meira de Faria
- . Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais - FCMMG - Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
- . Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
- . Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
| | - Vandack Nobre
- . Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
| | | | | | - Amanda Damasceno de Souza
- . Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação e Gestão do Conhecimento - PPGTICGC - Universidade FUMEC, Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
| | - Deborah dos Reis Estrella
- . Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
- . Programa de Pós-Graduação de Ciências Aplicadas em Saúde do Adulto, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
| | - Bruno Porto Pessoa
- . Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais - FCMMG - Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
| | - Ricardo Amorim Corrêa
- . Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
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Lopes RD, de Barros E Silva PGM, Furtado RHM, Macedo AVS, Bronhara B, Damiani LP, Barbosa LM, de Aveiro Morata J, Ramacciotti E, de Aquino Martins P, de Oliveira AL, Nunes VS, Ritt LEF, Rocha AT, Tramujas L, Santos SV, Diaz DRA, Viana LS, Melro LMG, de Alcântara Chaud MS, Figueiredo EL, Neuenschwander FC, Dracoulakis MDA, Lima RGSD, de Souza Dantas VC, Fernandes ACS, Gebara OCE, Hernandes ME, Queiroz DAR, Veiga VC, Canesin MF, de Faria LM, Feitosa-Filho GS, Gazzana MB, Liporace IL, de Oliveira Twardowsky A, Maia LN, Machado FR, de Matos Soeiro A, Conceição-Souza GE, Armaganijan L, Guimarães PO, Rosa RG, Azevedo LCP, Alexander JH, Avezum A, Cavalcanti AB, Berwanger O. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 397:2253-2263. [PMID: 34097856 PMCID: PMC8177770 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is associated with a prothrombotic state leading to adverse clinical outcomes. Whether therapeutic anticoagulation improves outcomes in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 is unknown. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation in this population. METHODS We did a pragmatic, open-label (with blinded adjudication), multicentre, randomised, controlled trial, at 31 sites in Brazil. Patients (aged ≥18 years) hospitalised with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration, and who had COVID-19 symptoms for up to 14 days before randomisation, were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either therapeutic or prophylactic anticoagulation. Therapeutic anticoagulation was in-hospital oral rivaroxaban (20 mg or 15 mg daily) for stable patients, or initial subcutaneous enoxaparin (1 mg/kg twice per day) or intravenous unfractionated heparin (to achieve a 0·3-0·7 IU/mL anti-Xa concentration) for clinically unstable patients, followed by rivaroxaban to day 30. Prophylactic anticoagulation was standard in-hospital enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin. The primary efficacy outcome was a hierarchical analysis of time to death, duration of hospitalisation, or duration of supplemental oxygen to day 30, analysed with the win ratio method (a ratio >1 reflects a better outcome in the therapeutic anticoagulation group) in the intention-to-treat population. The primary safety outcome was major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding through 30 days. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04394377) and is completed. FINDINGS From June 24, 2020, to Feb 26, 2021, 3331 patients were screened and 615 were randomly allocated (311 [50%] to the therapeutic anticoagulation group and 304 [50%] to the prophylactic anticoagulation group). 576 (94%) were clinically stable and 39 (6%) clinically unstable. One patient, in the therapeutic group, was lost to follow-up because of withdrawal of consent and was not included in the primary analysis. The primary efficacy outcome was not different between patients assigned therapeutic or prophylactic anticoagulation, with 28 899 (34·8%) wins in the therapeutic group and 34 288 (41·3%) in the prophylactic group (win ratio 0·86 [95% CI 0·59-1·22], p=0·40). Consistent results were seen in clinically stable and clinically unstable patients. The primary safety outcome of major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding occurred in 26 (8%) patients assigned therapeutic anticoagulation and seven (2%) assigned prophylactic anticoagulation (relative risk 3·64 [95% CI 1·61-8·27], p=0·0010). Allergic reaction to the study medication occurred in two (1%) patients in the therapeutic anticoagulation group and three (1%) in the prophylactic anticoagulation group. INTERPRETATION In patients hospitalised with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration, in-hospital therapeutic anticoagulation with rivaroxaban or enoxaparin followed by rivaroxaban to day 30 did not improve clinical outcomes and increased bleeding compared with prophylactic anticoagulation. Therefore, use of therapeutic-dose rivaroxaban, and other direct oral anticoagulants, should be avoided in these patients in the absence of an evidence-based indication for oral anticoagulation. FUNDING Coalition COVID-19 Brazil, Bayer SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato D Lopes
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros E Silva
- Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; HCor Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Samaritano Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Remo H M Furtado
- Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Bronhara
- Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Petri Damiani
- Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; HCor Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Ramacciotti
- Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Science Valley Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Hemostasis & Thrombosis Research Laboratories at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Thereza Rocha
- Hospital Cárdio Pulmonar, Salvador, Brazil; Escola Bahiana de Medicina, Salvador, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lorena Souza Viana
- Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Viviane C Veiga
- Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, São Paulo, Brazil; BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gilson Soares Feitosa-Filho
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina, Salvador, Brazil; Santa Casa de Misericórdia da Bahia-Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, Brazil; Centro Universitário Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lilia Nigro Maia
- Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávia Ribeiro Machado
- Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, São Paulo, Brazil; Anesthesiology, Pain and Intensive Care Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Regis G Rosa
- Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, São Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano C P Azevedo
- Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, São Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John H Alexander
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alvaro Avezum
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre B Cavalcanti
- HCor Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otavio Berwanger
- Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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