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Wu J, Zhang J, Hu M, Reiser P, Torresi L, Friederich P, Lahn L, Kasian O, Guldi DM, Pérez-Ojeda ME, Barabash A, Rocha-Ortiz JS, Zhao Y, Xie Z, Luo J, Wang Y, Seok SI, Hauch JA, Brabec CJ. Integrated System Built for Small-Molecule Semiconductors via High-Throughput Approaches. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37467341 PMCID: PMC10401720 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput synthesis of solution-processable structurally variable small-molecule semiconductors is both an opportunity and a challenge. A large number of diverse molecules provide a possibility for quick material discovery and machine learning based on experimental data. However, the diversity of the molecular structure leads to the complexity of molecular properties, such as solubility, polarity, and crystallinity, which poses great challenges to solution processing and purification. Here, we first report an integrated system for the high-throughput synthesis, purification, and characterization of molecules with a large variety. Based on the principle "Like dissolves like," we combine theoretical calculations and a robotic platform to accelerate the purification of those molecules. With this platform, a material library containing 125 molecules and their optical-electronic properties was built within a timeframe of weeks. More importantly, the high repeatability of recrystallization we design is a reliable approach to further upgrading and industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Wu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI-ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jiyun Zhang
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI-ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manman Hu
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Patrick Reiser
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Luca Torresi
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pascal Friederich
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Ham Fasanengarten 5, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Leopold Lahn
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH, Helmholtz Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olga Kasian
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH, Helmholtz Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Eugenia Pérez-Ojeda
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anastasia Barabash
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI-ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juan S Rocha-Ortiz
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI-ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, 611731 Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Xie
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Junsheng Luo
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, 611731 Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yunuo Wang
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sang Il Seok
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Jens A Hauch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI-ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI-ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Ruiz Esquius J, Morgan DJ, Algara Siller G, Gianolio D, Aramini M, Lahn L, Kasian O, Kondrat SA, Schlögl R, Hutchings GJ, Arrigo R, Freakley SJ. Lithium-Directed Transformation of Amorphous Iridium (Oxy)hydroxides To Produce Active Water Oxidation Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6398-6409. [PMID: 36892000 PMCID: PMC10037335 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial to future energy systems based on water electrolysis. Iridium oxides are promising catalysts due to their resistance to corrosion under acidic and oxidizing conditions. Highly active iridium (oxy)hydroxides prepared using alkali metal bases transform into low activity rutile IrO2 at elevated temperatures (>350 °C) during catalyst/electrode preparation. Depending on the residual amount of alkali metals, we now show that this transformation can result in either rutile IrO2 or nano-crystalline Li-intercalated IrOx. While the transition to rutile results in poor activity, the Li-intercalated IrOx has comparative activity and improved stability when compared to the highly active amorphous material despite being treated at 500 °C. This highly active nanocrystalline form of lithium iridate could be more resistant to industrial procedures to produce PEM membranes and provide a route to stabilize the high populations of redox active sites of amorphous iridium (oxy)hydroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ruiz Esquius
- Max Planck-Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - David J Morgan
- Max Planck-Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Gerardo Algara Siller
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diego Gianolio
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Matteo Aramini
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Leopold Lahn
- Helmholtz Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olga Kasian
- Helmholtz Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon A Kondrat
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Max Planck-Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Rosa Arrigo
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, U.K
| | - Simon J Freakley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 2AY, U.K
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