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Pearson AN, Thompson MG, Kirkpatrick LD, Ho C, Vuu KM, Waldburger LM, Keasling JD, Shih PM. The pGinger Family of Expression Plasmids. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0037323. [PMID: 37212656 PMCID: PMC10269703 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00373-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The pGinger suite of expression plasmids comprises 43 plasmids that will enable precise constitutive and inducible gene expression in a wide range of Gram-negative bacterial species. Constitutive vectors are composed of 16 synthetic constitutive promoters upstream of red fluorescent protein (RFP), with a broad-host-range BBR1 origin and a kanamycin resistance marker. The family also has seven inducible systems (Jungle Express, Psal/NahR, Pm/XylS, Prha/RhaS, LacO1/LacI, LacUV5/LacI, and Ptet/TetR) controlling RFP expression on BBR1/kanamycin plasmid backbones. For four of these inducible systems (Jungle Express, Psal/NahR, LacO1/LacI, and Ptet/TetR), we created variants that utilize the RK2 origin and spectinomycin or gentamicin selection. Relevant RFP expression and growth data have been collected in the model bacterium Escherichia coli as well as Pseudomonas putida. All pGinger vectors are available via the Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) Public Registry. IMPORTANCE Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology are predicated on the precise control of gene expression. As synthetic biology expands beyond model organisms, more tools will be required that function robustly in a wide range of bacterial hosts. The pGinger family of plasmids constitutes 43 plasmids that will enable both constitutive and inducible gene expression in a wide range of nonmodel Proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Pearson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mitchell G. Thompson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Liam D. Kirkpatrick
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Cindy Ho
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Khanh M. Vuu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Lucas M. Waldburger
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Patrick M. Shih
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Zhou A, Kirkpatrick LD, Ornelas IJ, Washington LJ, Hummel NFC, Gee CW, Tang SN, Barnum CR, Scheller HV, Shih PM. A Suite of Constitutive Promoters for Tuning Gene Expression in Plants. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1533-1545. [PMID: 37083366 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The need for convenient tools to express transgenes over a large dynamic range is pervasive throughout plant synthetic biology; however, current efforts are largely limited by the heavy reliance on a small set of strong promoters, precluding more nuanced and refined engineering endeavors in planta. To address this technical gap, we characterize a suite of constitutive promoters that span a wide range of transcriptional levels and develop a GoldenGate-based plasmid toolkit named PCONS, optimized for versatile cloning and rapid testing of transgene expression at varying strengths. We demonstrate how easy access to a stepwise gradient of expression levels can be used for optimizing synthetic transcriptional systems and the production of small molecules in planta. We also systematically investigate the potential of using PCONS as an internal standard in plant biology experimental design, establishing the best practices for signal normalization in experiments. Although our library has primarily been developed for optimizing expression in N. benthamiana, we demonstrate the translatability of our promoters across distantly related species using a multiplexed reporter assay with barcoded transcripts. Our findings showcase the advantages of the PCONS library as an invaluable toolkit for plant synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Zhou
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94705, United States
| | - Liam D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94705, United States
| | - Izaiah J Ornelas
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94705, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lorenzo J Washington
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94705, United States
| | - Niklas F C Hummel
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94705, United States
| | - Christopher W Gee
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94705, United States
| | - Sophia N Tang
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94705, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Collin R Barnum
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94705, United States
| | - Patrick M Shih
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94705, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Carney BC, Oliver MA, Erdi M, Kirkpatrick LD, Tranchina SP, Rozyyev S, Keyloun JW, Saruwatari MS, Daristotle JL, Moffatt LT, Kofinas P, Sandler AD, Shupp JW. Evaluation of Healing Outcomes Combining A Novel Polymer Formulation with Autologous Skin Cell Suspension to Treat Deep Partial and Full Thickness Wounds in a Porcine Model; A Pilot Study. Burns 2022; 48:1950-1965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Funkhouser CH, Kirkpatrick LD, Smith RD, Moffatt LT, Shupp JW, Carney BC. In-depth examination of hyperproliferative healing in two breeds of Sus scrofa domesticus commonly used for research. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:406-417. [PMID: 34977492 PMCID: PMC8690996 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wound healing can result in various outcomes, including hypertrophic scar (HTS). Pigs serve as models to study wound healing as their skin shares physiologic similarity with humans. Yorkshire (Yk) and Duroc (Dc) pigs have been used to mimic normal and abnormal wound healing, respectively. The reason behind this differential healing phenotype was explored here. Methods Excisional wounds were made on Dc and Yk pigs and were sampled and imaged for 98 days. PCR arrays were used to determine differential gene expression. Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) scores were given. Re-epithelialization was analyzed. H&E, Mason's trichrome, and immunostains were used to determine cellularity, collagen content, and blood vessel density, respectively. Results Yk wounds heal to a "port wine" HTS, resembling scarring in Fitzpatrick skin types (FST) I-III. Dc wounds heal to a dyspigmented, non-pliable HTS, resembling scarring in FST IV-VI. Gene expression during wound healing was differentially regulated versus uninjured skin in 40/80 genes, 15 of which differed between breeds. Yk scars had a higher VSS score at all time points. Yk and Dc wounds had equivalent re-epithelialization, collagen disorganization, and blood vessel density. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that Dc and Yk pigs can produce HTS. Wound creation and healing were consistent among breeds, and differences in gene expression were not sufficient to explain differences in resulting scar phenotype. Both pig breeds should be used in animal models to investigate novel therapeutics to provide insight into a treatment's effectiveness on various skin types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton H. Funkhouser
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research LaboratoryMedStar Health Research InstituteWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Liam D. Kirkpatrick
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research LaboratoryMedStar Health Research InstituteWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Robert D. Smith
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research LaboratoryMedStar Health Research InstituteWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Lauren T. Moffatt
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research LaboratoryMedStar Health Research InstituteWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular BiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Department of SurgeryGeorgetown University School of MedicineWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Jeffrey W. Shupp
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research LaboratoryMedStar Health Research InstituteWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular BiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Department of SurgeryGeorgetown University School of MedicineWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- The Burn CenterDepartment of SurgeryMedStar Washington Hospital CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Bonnie C. Carney
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research LaboratoryMedStar Health Research InstituteWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular BiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Department of SurgeryGeorgetown University School of MedicineWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
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Carney BC, Moffatt LT, Travis TE, Nisar S, Keyloun JW, Prindeze NJ, Oliver MA, Kirkpatrick LD, Shupp JW. A Pilot Study of Negative Pressure Therapy with Autologous Skin Cell Suspensions in a Porcine Model. J Surg Res 2021; 267:182-196. [PMID: 34153561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is an option for securing meshed split thickness skin grafts (mSTSGs) after burn excision to optimize skin graft adherence. Recently, the use of autologous skin cell suspension (ASCS) has been approved for use in the treatment of burn injuries in conjunction with mSTSGs.To date, limited data exists regarding the impact of NPWT on healing outcomes when the cellular suspension is utilized. It was hypothesized that NPWT would not negatively impact wound healing of ASCS+mSTSG. MATERIALS AND METHODS A burn, excision, mSTSG, ASCS ± NPWT model was used. Two Duroc pigs were utilized in this experiment, each with 2 sets of paired burns. Four wounds received mSTSG+ASCS+NPWT through post-operative day 3, and 4 wounds received mSTSG+ACSC+ traditional ASCS dressings. Cellular viability was characterized prior to spraying. Percent re-epithelialization, graft-adherence, pigmentation, elasticity, and blood perfusion and blood vessel density were assessed at multiple time points through 2 weeks. RESULTS All wounds healed within 14 days with minimal scar pathology and no significant differences in percent re-epithelialization between NPWT, and non-NPWT wounds were observed. Additionally, no differences were detected for pigmentation, perfusion, or blood vessel density. NPWT treated wounds had less graft loss and improved elasticity, with elasticity being statistically different. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the positive attributes of the cellular suspension delivered are retained following the application of negative pressure. Re-epithelialization, revascularization, and repigmentation are not adversely impacted. The use of NPWT may be considered as an option when using ASCS with mSTSGs for the treatment of full-thickness burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie C Carney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC; Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Lauren T Moffatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC; Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Taryn E Travis
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC; The Burn Center, Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Saira Nisar
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - John W Keyloun
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC; Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center and MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Nicholas J Prindeze
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC; Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center and MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Mary A Oliver
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Liam D Kirkpatrick
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Jeffrey W Shupp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC; The Burn Center, Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC.
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Kirkpatrick LD, Shupp JW, Smith RD, Alkhalil A, Moffatt LT, Carney BC. Galectin-1 production is elevated in hypertrophic scar. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 29:117-128. [PMID: 33073427 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upon healing, burn wounds often leave hypertrophic scars (HTSs) marked by excess collagen deposition, dermal and epidermal thickening, hypervascularity, and an increased density of fibroblasts. The Galectins, a family of lectins with a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain, function intracellularly and extracellularly to mediate a multitude of biological processes including inflammatory responses, angiogenesis, cell migration and differentiation, and cell-ECM adhesion. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) has been associated with several fibrotic diseases and can induce keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation, migration, and differentiation into fibroproliferative myofibroblasts. In this study, Gal-1 expression was assessed in human and porcine HTS. In a microarray, galectins 1, 4, and 12 were upregulated in pig HTS compared to normal skin (fold change = +3.58, +6.11, and +3.03, FDR <0.01). Confirmatory qRT-PCR demonstrated significant upregulation of Galectin-1 (LGALS1) transcription in HTS in both human and porcine tissues (fold change = +7.78 and +7.90, P <.05). In pig HTS, this upregulation was maintained throughout scar development and remodeling. Immunofluorescent staining of Gal-1 in human and porcine HTS showed significantly increased fluorescence (202.5 ± 58.2 vs 35.2 ± 21.0, P <.05 and 276.1 ± 12.7 vs 69.7 ± 25.9, P <.01) compared to normal skin and co-localization with smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts. A strong positive correlation (R = .948) was observed between LGALS1 and Collagen type 1 alpha 1 mRNA expression. Gal-1 is overexpressed in HTS at the mRNA and protein levels and may have a role in the development of scar phenotypes due to fibroblast over-proliferation, collagen secretion, and dermal thickening. The role of galectins shows promise for future study and may lead to the development of a pharmacotherapy for treatment of HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Kirkpatrick
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Shupp
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,The Burn Center, Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Robert D Smith
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Abdulnaser Alkhalil
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lauren T Moffatt
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bonnie C Carney
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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McLoughlin F, Marshall RS, Ding X, Chatt EC, Kirkpatrick LD, Augustine RC, Li F, Otegui MS, Vierstra RD. Autophagy Plays Prominent Roles in Amino Acid, Nucleotide, and Carbohydrate Metabolism during Fixed-Carbon Starvation in Maize. Plant Cell 2020; 32:2699-2724. [PMID: 32616663 PMCID: PMC7474275 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Autophagic recycling of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and organelles is essential for cellular homeostasis and optimal health, especially under nutrient-limiting conditions. To better understand how this turnover affects plant growth, development, and survival upon nutrient stress, we applied an integrated multiomics approach to study maize (Zea mays) autophagy mutants subjected to fixed-carbon starvation induced by darkness. Broad metabolic alterations were evident in leaves missing the core autophagy component ATG12 under normal growth conditions (e.g., lipids and secondary metabolism), while changes in amino acid-, carbohydrate-, and nucleotide-related metabolites selectively emerged during fixed-carbon starvation. Through combined proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, we identified numerous autophagy-responsive proteins, which revealed processes underpinning the various metabolic changes seen during carbon stress as well as potential autophagic cargo. Strikingly, a strong upregulation of various catabolic processes was observed in the absence of autophagy, including increases in simple carbohydrate levels with a commensurate drop in starch levels, elevated free amino acid levels with a corresponding reduction in intact protein levels, and a strong increase in the abundance of several nitrogen-rich nucleotide catabolites. Altogether, this analysis showed that fixed-carbon starvation in the absence of autophagy adjusts the choice of respiratory substrates, promotes the transition of peroxisomes to glyoxysomes, and enhances the retention of assimilated nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn McLoughlin
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Richard S Marshall
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Elizabeth C Chatt
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Liam D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Robert C Augustine
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Faqiang Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Richard D Vierstra
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Nisar S, Kirkpatrick LD, Shupp JW. Bacterial Virulence Factors and Their Contribution to Pathophysiology after Thermal Injury. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2020; 22:69-76. [PMID: 32735479 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2020.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacterial infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in burn-injured patients. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are among the most common pathogens responsible for infections in thermally injured patients. These and other pathogens have developed a variety of virulence factors to colonize and infect hosts. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to best summarize the current knowledge of how virulence factors contribute to bacterial pathogenicity. Results: The review highlights the unique mechanisms bacteria utilize to evade host defense systems and further complicate the treatment of burn-injured patients. Conclusion: Further research on virulence factors and their contribution to bacterial pathogenicity is warranted and could potentially lead to development of neutralizing pharmacotherapy that would complement antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Nisar
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Liam D Kirkpatrick
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Shupp
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,The Burn Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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McLoughlin F, Augustine RC, Marshall RS, Li F, Kirkpatrick LD, Otegui MS, Vierstra RD. Maize multi-omics reveal roles for autophagic recycling in proteome remodelling and lipid turnover. Nat Plants 2018; 4:1056-1070. [PMID: 30478358 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The turnover of cytoplasmic material by autophagic encapsulation and delivery to vacuoles is essential for recycling cellular constituents, especially under nutrient-limiting conditions. To determine how cells/tissues rely on autophagy, we applied in-depth multi-omic analyses to study maize (Zea mays) autophagy mutants grown under nitrogen-replete and -starvation conditions. Broad alterations in the leaf metabolome were evident in plants missing the core autophagy component ATG12, even in the absence of stress, particularly affecting products of lipid turnover and secondary metabolites, which were underpinned by substantial changes in the transcriptome and/or proteome. Cross-comparison of messenger RNA and protein abundances allowed for the identification of organelles, protein complexes and individual proteins targeted for selective autophagic clearance, and revealed several processes controlled by this catabolism. Collectively, we describe a facile multi-omic strategy to survey autophagic substrates, and show that autophagy has a remarkable influence in sculpting eukaryotic proteomes and membranes both before and during nutrient stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn McLoughlin
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert C Augustine
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard S Marshall
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Faqiang Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liam D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard D Vierstra
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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