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Clasen TF, Chang HH, Thompson LM, Kirby MA, Balakrishnan K, Díaz-Artiga A, McCracken JP, Rosa G, Steenland K, Younger A, Aravindalochanan V, Barr DB, Castañaza A, Chen Y, Chiang M, Clark ML, Garg S, Hartinger S, Jabbarzadeh S, Johnson MA, Kim DY, Lovvorn AE, McCollum ED, Monroy L, Moulton LH, Mukeshimana A, Mukhopadhyay K, Naeher LP, Ndagijimana F, Papageorghiou A, Piedrahita R, Pillarisetti A, Puttaswamy N, Quinn A, Ramakrishnan U, Sambandam S, Sinharoy SS, Thangavel G, Underhill LJ, Waller LA, Wang J, Williams KN, Rosenthal JP, Checkley W, Peel JL. Liquefied Petroleum Gas or Biomass for Cooking and Effects on Birth Weight. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1735-1746. [PMID: 36214599 PMCID: PMC9710426 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2206734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure during pregnancy to household air pollution caused by the burning of solid biomass fuel is associated with adverse health outcomes, including low birth weight. Whether the replacement of a biomass cookstove with a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstove would result in an increase in birth weight is unclear. METHODS We performed a randomized, controlled trial involving pregnant women (18 to <35 years of age and at 9 to <20 weeks' gestation as confirmed on ultrasonography) in Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. The women were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to use a free LPG cookstove and fuel (intervention group) or to continue using a biomass cookstove (control group). Birth weight, one of four prespecified primary outcomes, was the primary outcome for this report; data for the other three outcomes are not yet available. Birth weight was measured within 24 hours after birth. In addition, 24-hour personal exposures to fine particulate matter (particles with a diameter of ≤2.5 μm [PM2.5]), black carbon, and carbon monoxide were measured at baseline and twice during pregnancy. RESULTS A total of 3200 women underwent randomization; 1593 were assigned to the intervention group, and 1607 to the control group. Uptake of the intervention was nearly complete, with traditional biomass cookstoves being used at a median rate of less than 1 day per month. After randomization, the median 24-hour personal exposure to fine particulate matter was 23.9 μg per cubic meter in the intervention group and 70.7 μg per cubic meter in the control group. Among 3061 live births, a valid birth weight was available for 94.9% of the infants born to women in the intervention group and for 92.7% of infants born to those in the control group. The mean (±SD) birth weight was 2921±474.3 g in the intervention group and 2898±467.9 g in the control group, for an adjusted mean difference of 19.6 g (95% confidence interval, -10.1 to 49.2). CONCLUSIONS The birth weight of infants did not differ significantly between those born to women who used LPG cookstoves and those born to women who used biomass cookstoves. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; HAPIN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02944682.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Clasen
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Howard H Chang
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Lisa M Thompson
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Miles A Kirby
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Anaité Díaz-Artiga
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - John P McCracken
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Ghislaine Rosa
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Kyle Steenland
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Ashley Younger
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Vigneswari Aravindalochanan
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Dana B Barr
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Adly Castañaza
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Yunyun Chen
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Marilú Chiang
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Maggie L Clark
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Sarada Garg
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Stella Hartinger
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Shirin Jabbarzadeh
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Michael A Johnson
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Dong-Yun Kim
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Amy E Lovvorn
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Eric D McCollum
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Libny Monroy
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Lawrence H Moulton
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Alexie Mukeshimana
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Luke P Naeher
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Florien Ndagijimana
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Aris Papageorghiou
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Ricardo Piedrahita
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Naveen Puttaswamy
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Ashlinn Quinn
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Sheela S Sinharoy
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Gurusamy Thangavel
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Lindsay J Underhill
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Lance A Waller
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Jiantong Wang
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Kendra N Williams
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Joshua P Rosenthal
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - William Checkley
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- From Emory University, Atlanta (T.F.C., H.H.C., L.M.T., K.S., D.B.B., Y.C., S.J., A.E.L., U.R., S.S.S., L.A.W., J.W.), and the University of Georgia, Athens (J.P.M., L.P.N.) - both in Georgia; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.A.K.); the Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India (K.B., V.A., S.G., K.M., N.P., S.S., G.T.); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City (A.D.-A., A.C., L.M.); the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (G.R.), and the University of Oxford, Oxford (A. Papageorghiou) - both in the United Kingdom; the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.Y.), and the Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (M.A.J., R.P., A.Q.) and the University of California, Berkeley (A. Pillarisetti), Berkeley - all in California; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (M.C.) and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (S.H.) - both in Lima, Peru; Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.L.C., J.L.P.); the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.-Y.K., J.P.R.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (E.D.M., L.H.M., K.N.W., W.C.) - both in Maryland; the Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda (A.M., F.N.); and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.J.U.)
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