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Fan J, Hale VL, Lelieveld LT, Whitworth LJ, Busch-Nentwich EM, Troll M, Edelstein PH, Cox TM, Roca FJ, Aerts JMFG, Ramakrishnan L. Gaucher disease protects against tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217673120. [PMID: 36745788 PMCID: PMC7614233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217673120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene cause Gaucher disease, characterized by lysosomal accumulation of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine in macrophages. Gaucher and other lysosomal diseases occur with high frequency in Ashkenazi Jews. It has been proposed that the underlying mutations confer a selective advantage, in particular conferring protection against tuberculosis. Here, using a zebrafish Gaucher disease model, we find that the mutation GBA1 N370S, predominant among Ashkenazi Jews, increases resistance to tuberculosis through the microbicidal activity of glucosylsphingosine in macrophage lysosomes. Consistent with lysosomal accumulation occurring only in homozygotes, heterozygotes remain susceptible to tuberculosis. Thus, our findings reveal a mechanistic basis for protection against tuberculosis by GBA1 N370S and provide biological plausibility for its selection if the relatively mild deleterious effects in homozygotes were offset by significant protection against tuberculosis, a rampant killer of the young in Europe through the Middle Ages into the 19th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Fan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Lindsey T. Lelieveld
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura J. Whitworth
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch-Nentwich
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioral Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, LondonE1 4NS, UK
| | - Mark Troll
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
| | - Paul H. Edelstein
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA19104
| | - Timothy M. Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Francisco J. Roca
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia30120, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia30120, Spain
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
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2
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Su Q, Schröder SP, Lelieveld LT, Ferraz MJ, Verhoek M, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Artola M, Kuo CL. Corrigendum: Xylose-Configured Cyclophellitols as Selective Inhibitors for Glucocerebrosidase. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300728. [PMID: 36725348 PMCID: PMC11062055 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Su Q, Schröder SP, Lelieveld LT, Ferraz MJ, Verhoek M, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Artola M, Kuo CL. Corrigendum: Xylose-Configured Cyclophellitols as Selective Inhibitors for Glucocerebrosidase. Chembiochem 2022:e202200728. [PMID: 36581583 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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4
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Kok K, Kuo CL, Katzy RE, Lelieveld LT, Wu L, Roig-Zamboni V, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Sulzenbacher G, Davies GJ, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Artola M. 1,6- epi-Cyclophellitol Cyclosulfamidate Is a Bona Fide Lysosomal α-Glucosidase Stabilizer for the Treatment of Pompe Disease. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14819-14827. [PMID: 35917590 PMCID: PMC9389588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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α-Glucosidase inhibitors are potential therapeutics
for the
treatment of diabetes, viral infections, and Pompe disease. Herein,
we report a 1,6-epi-cyclophellitol cyclosulfamidate
as a new class of reversible α-glucosidase inhibitors that displays
enzyme inhibitory activity by virtue of its conformational mimicry
of the substrate when bound in the Michaelis complex. The α-d-glc-configured cyclophellitol cyclosulfamidate 4 binds in a competitive manner the human lysosomal acid α-glucosidase
(GAA), ER α-glucosidases, and, at higher concentrations, intestinal
α-glucosidases, displaying an excellent selectivity over the
human β-glucosidases GBA and GBA2 and glucosylceramide synthase
(GCS). Cyclosulfamidate 4 stabilizes recombinant human
GAA (rhGAA, alglucosidase alfa, Myozyme) in cell medium and plasma
and facilitates enzyme trafficking to lysosomes. It stabilizes rhGAA
more effectively than existing small-molecule chaperones and does
so in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo in zebrafish, thus representing a promising therapeutic
alternative to Miglustat for Pompe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kok
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Chi-Lin Kuo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E Katzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsey T Lelieveld
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Véronique Roig-Zamboni
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Gerlind Sulzenbacher
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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5
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Su Q, Schröder SP, Lelieveld LT, Ferraz MJ, Verhoek M, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Artola M, Kuo C. Xylose-Configured Cyclophellitols as Selective Inhibitors for Glucocerebrosidase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3090-3098. [PMID: 34459538 PMCID: PMC8596838 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GBA), a lysosomal retaining β-d-glucosidase, has recently been shown to hydrolyze β-d-xylosides and to transxylosylate cholesterol. Genetic defects in GBA cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD), and also constitute a risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease. GBA and other retaining glycosidases can be selectively visualized by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) using fluorescent probes composed of a cyclophellitol scaffold having a configuration tailored to the targeted glycosidase family. GBA processes β-d-xylosides in addition to β-d-glucosides, this in contrast to the other two mammalian cellular retaining β-d-glucosidases, GBA2 and GBA3. Here we show that the xylopyranose preference also holds up for covalent inhibitors: xylose-configured cyclophellitol and cyclophellitol aziridines selectively react with GBA over GBA2 and GBA3 in vitro and in vivo, and that the xylose-configured cyclophellitol is more potent and more selective for GBA than the classical GBA inhibitor, conduritol B-epoxide (CBE). Both xylose-configured cyclophellitol and cyclophellitol aziridine cause accumulation of glucosylsphingosine in zebrafish embryo, a characteristic hallmark of GD, and we conclude that these compounds are well suited for creating such chemically induced GD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Su
- Department of Medical BiochemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sybrin P. Schröder
- Department of Bio-organic SynthesisLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Lindsey T. Lelieveld
- Department of Medical BiochemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Ferraz
- Department of Medical BiochemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marri Verhoek
- Department of Medical BiochemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rolf G. Boot
- Department of Medical BiochemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic SynthesisLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Medical BiochemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical BiochemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Chi‐Lin Kuo
- Department of Medical BiochemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
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6
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Aerts JMFG, Kuo CL, Lelieveld LT, Boer DEC, van der Lienden MJC, Overkleeft HS, Artola M. Glycosphingolipids and lysosomal storage disorders as illustrated by gaucher disease. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:204-215. [PMID: 31783225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are important building blocks of the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. They are continuously recycled, involving fragmentation inside lysosomes by glycosidases. Inherited defects in degradation cause lysosomal glycosphingolipid storage disorders. The relatively common glycosphingolipidosis Gaucher disease is highlighted here to discuss new insights in the molecular basis and pathophysiology of glycosphingolipidoses reached by fundamental research increasingly using chemical biology tools. We discuss improvements in the detection of glycosphingolipid metabolites by mass spectrometry and review new developments in laboratory diagnosis and disease monitoring as well as therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M F G Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Chi-Lin Kuo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lindsey T Lelieveld
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne E C Boer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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7
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Lelieveld LT, Mirzaian M, Kuo CL, Artola M, Ferraz MJ, Peter REA, Akiyama H, Greimel P, van den Berg RJBHN, Overkleeft HS, Boot RG, Meijer AH, Aerts JMFG. Role of β-glucosidase 2 in aberrant glycosphingolipid metabolism: model of glucocerebrosidase deficiency in zebrafish. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1851-1867. [PMID: 31562193 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucosidases [GBA1 (glucocerebrosidase) and GBA2] are ubiquitous essential enzymes. Lysosomal GBA1 and cytosol-facing GBA2 degrade glucosylceramide (GlcCer); GBA1 deficiency causes Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by lysosomal accumulation of GlcCer, which is partly converted to glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph). GBA1 and GBA2 also may transfer glucose from GlcCer to cholesterol, yielding glucosylated cholesterol (GlcChol). Here, we aimed to clarify the role of zebrafish Gba2 in glycosphingolipid metabolism during Gba1 deficiency in zebrafish (Danio rerio), which are able to survive total Gba1 deficiency. We developed Gba1 (gba1 -/-), Gba2 (gba2 -/-), and double (gba1 -/- :gba2 -/-) zebrafish knockouts using CRISPR/Cas9 and explored the effects of both genetic and pharmacological interventions on GlcCer metabolism in individual larvae. Activity-based probes and quantification of relevant glycolipid metabolites confirmed enzyme deficiency. GlcSph increased in gba1 -/- larvae (0.09 pmol/fish) but did not increase more in gba1 -/- :gba2 -/- larvae. GlcCer was comparable in gba1 -/- and WT larvae but increased in gba2 -/- and gba1 -/- :gba2 -/- larvae. Independent of Gba1 status, GlcChol was low in all gba2 -/- larvae (0.05 vs. 0.18 pmol/fish in WT). Pharmacologic inactivation of zebrafish Gba1 comparably increased GlcSph. Inhibition of GlcCer synthase (GCS) in Gba1-deficient larvae reduced GlcCer and GlcSph, and concomitant inhibition of GCS and Gba2 with iminosugars also reduced excessive GlcChol. Finally, overexpression of human GBA1 and injection of recombinant GBA1 both decreased GlcSph. We determined that zebrafish larvae offer an attractive model to study glucosidase actions in glycosphingolipid metabolism in vivo, and we identified distinguishing characteristics of zebrafish Gba2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey T Lelieveld
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chi-Lin Kuo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Bio-organic Synthesis Group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Ferraz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco E A Peter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Artola M, Kuo CL, Lelieveld LT, Rowland RJ, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Boot RG, Davies GJ, Aerts JMFG, Overkleeft HS. Functionalized Cyclophellitols Are Selective Glucocerebrosidase Inhibitors and Induce a Bona Fide Neuropathic Gaucher Model in Zebrafish. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4214-4218. [PMID: 30811188 PMCID: PMC6418866 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is caused by inherited deficiency in glucocerebrosidase (GBA, a retaining β-glucosidase), and deficiency in GBA constitutes the largest known genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. In the past, animal models of Gaucher disease have been generated by treatment with the mechanism-based GBA inhibitors, conduritol B epoxide (CBE), and cyclophellitol. Both compounds, however, also target other retaining glycosidases, rendering generation and interpretation of such chemical knockout models complicated. Here we demonstrate that cyclophellitol derivatives carrying a bulky hydrophobic substituent at C8 are potent and selective GBA inhibitors and that an unambiguous Gaucher animal model can be readily generated by treatment of zebrafish with these.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rhianna J Rowland
- Department of Chemistry, York Structural Biology Laboratory , University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, York Structural Biology Laboratory , University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD , United Kingdom
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9
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Kuo CL, Kallemeijn WW, Lelieveld LT, Mirzaian M, Zoutendijk I, Vardi A, Futerman AH, Meijer AH, Spaink HP, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Artola M. In vivo inactivation of glycosidases by conduritol B epoxide and cyclophellitol as revealed by activity-based protein profiling. FEBS J 2019; 286:584-600. [PMID: 30600575 PMCID: PMC6850446 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) is a lysosomal β‐glucosidase‐degrading glucosylceramide. Its deficiency causes Gaucher disease (GD), a common lysosomal storage disorder. Carrying a genetic abnormality in GBA constitutes at present the largest genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Conduritol B epoxide (CBE), a mechanism‐based irreversible inhibitor of GBA, is used to generate cell and animal models for investigations on GD and PD. However, CBE may have additional glycosidase targets besides GBA. Here, we present the first in vivo target engagement study for CBE, employing a suite of activity‐based probes to visualize catalytic pocket occupancy of candidate off‐target glycosidases. Only at significantly higher CBE concentrations, nonlysosomal glucosylceramidase (GBA2) and lysosomal α‐glucosidase were identified as major off‐targets in cells and zebrafish larvae. A tight, but acceptable window for selective inhibition of GBA in the brain of mice was observed. On the other hand, cyclophellitol, a closer glucose mimic, was found to inactivate with equal affinity GBA and GBA2 and therefore is not suitable to generate genuine GD‐like models. Enzymes Glucocerebrosidase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC3/2/1/45.html), nonlysosomal β‐glucocerebrosidase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC3/2/1/45.html); cytosolic β‐glucosidase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC3/2/1/21.html); α‐glucosidases (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC3/2/1/20.html); β‐glucuronidase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC3/2/1/31.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lin Kuo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsey T Lelieveld
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Zoutendijk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Ayelet Vardi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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