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Wei C, Jiang W, Wang R, Zhong H, He H, Gao X, Zhong S, Yu F, Guo Q, Zhang L, Schiffelers LDJ, Zhou B, Trepel M, Schmidt FI, Luo M, Shao F. Brain endothelial GSDMD activation mediates inflammatory BBB breakdown. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07314-2. [PMID: 38632402 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system from infections or harmful substances1; its impairment can lead to or exacerbate various diseases of the central nervous system2-4. However, the mechanisms of BBB disruption during infection and inflammatory conditions5,6 remain poorly defined. Here we find that activation of the pore-forming protein GSDMD by the cytosolic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensor caspase-11 (refs. 7-9), but not by TLR4-induced cytokines, mediates BBB breakdown in response to circulating LPS or during LPS-induced sepsis. Mice deficient in the LBP-CD14 LPS transfer and internalization pathway10-12 resist BBB disruption. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis reveals that brain endothelial cells (bECs), which express high levels of GSDMD, have a prominent response to circulating LPS. LPS acting on bECs primes Casp11 and Cd14 expression and induces GSDMD-mediated plasma membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis in vitro and in mice. Electron microscopy shows that this features ultrastructural changes in the disrupted BBB, including pyroptotic endothelia, abnormal appearance of tight junctions and vasculature detachment from the basement membrane. Comprehensive mouse genetic analyses, combined with a bEC-targeting adeno-associated virus system, establish that GSDMD activation in bECs underlies BBB disruption by LPS. Delivery of active GSDMD into bECs bypasses LPS stimulation and opens the BBB. In CASP4-humanized mice, Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae infection disrupts the BBB; this is blocked by expression of a GSDMD-neutralizing nanobody in bECs. Our findings outline a mechanism for inflammatory BBB breakdown, and suggest potential therapies for diseases of the central nervous system associated with BBB impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wei
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyu Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Zhong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huabin He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Gao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shilin Zhong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fengting Yu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qingchun Guo
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lisa D J Schiffelers
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bin Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Martin Trepel
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Florian I Schmidt
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Minmin Luo
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, P. R. China.
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Kopp A, Hagelueken G, Jamitzky I, Moecking J, Schiffelers LDJ, Schmidt FI, Geyer M. Pyroptosis inhibiting nanobodies block Gasdermin D pore formation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7923. [PMID: 38040708 PMCID: PMC10692205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a key mediator of pyroptosis, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death occurring downstream of inflammasome activation as part of the innate immune defence. Upon cleavage by inflammatory caspases in the cytosol, the N-terminal domain of GSDMD forms pores in the plasma membrane resulting in cytokine release and eventually cell death. Targeting GSDMD is an attractive way to dampen inflammation. In this study, six GSDMD targeting nanobodies are characterized in terms of their binding affinity, stability, and effect on GSDMD pore formation. Three of the nanobodies inhibit GSDMD pore formation in a liposome leakage assay, although caspase cleavage was not perturbed. We determine the crystal structure of human GSDMD in complex with two nanobodies at 1.9 Å resolution, providing detailed insights into the GSDMD-nanobody interactions and epitope binding. The pore formation is sterically blocked by one of the nanobodies that binds to the oligomerization interface of the N-terminal domain in the multi-subunit pore assembly. Our biochemical and structural findings provide tools for studying inflammasome biology and build a framework for the design of GSDMD targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kopp
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Gregor Hagelueken
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabell Jamitzky
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Moecking
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa D J Schiffelers
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian I Schmidt
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Koenig PA, Das H, Liu H, Kümmerer BM, Gohr FN, Jenster LM, Schiffelers LDJ, Tesfamariam YM, Uchima M, Wuerth JD, Gatterdam K, Ruetalo N, Christensen MH, Fandrey CI, Normann S, Tödtmann JMP, Pritzl S, Hanke L, Boos J, Yuan M, Zhu X, Schmid-Burgk JL, Kato H, Schindler M, Wilson IA, Geyer M, Ludwig KU, Hällberg BM, Wu NC, Schmidt FI. Structure-guided multivalent nanobodies block SARS-CoV-2 infection and suppress mutational escape. Science 2021; 371:eabe6230. [PMID: 33436526 PMCID: PMC7932109 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe6230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread, with devastating consequences. For passive immunization efforts, nanobodies have size and cost advantages over conventional antibodies. In this study, we generated four neutralizing nanobodies that target the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We used x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy to define two distinct binding epitopes. On the basis of these structures, we engineered multivalent nanobodies with more than 100 times the neutralizing activity of monovalent nanobodies. Biparatopic nanobody fusions suppressed the emergence of escape mutants. Several nanobody constructs neutralized through receptor binding competition, whereas other monovalent and biparatopic nanobodies triggered aberrant activation of the spike fusion machinery. These premature conformational changes in the spike protein forestalled productive fusion and rendered the virions noninfectious.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- Cell Line
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Epitopes
- Humans
- Membrane Fusion
- Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/physiology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/metabolism
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Albert Koenig
- Core Facility Nanobodies, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hrishikesh Das
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beate M Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian N Gohr
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea-Marie Jenster
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa D J Schiffelers
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yonas M Tesfamariam
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Miki Uchima
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer D Wuerth
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Gatterdam
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, Section Molecular Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria H Christensen
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline I Fandrey
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Normann
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan M P Tödtmann
- Core Facility Nanobodies, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Steffen Pritzl
- Core Facility Nanobodies, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Leo Hanke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jannik Boos
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L Schmid-Burgk
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, Section Molecular Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - B Martin Hällberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) and Karolinska Institutet VR-RÅC, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Florian I Schmidt
- Core Facility Nanobodies, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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