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Eteng WEO, Lilay A, Tekeste S, Mankoula W, Collard E, Waya C, Rosenfeld E, Wilton CM, Muita M, McGinley L, Kawe Y, Abdullah A, Halm A, Li J, Lokossou VL, Kanoute Y, Sonko I, Aragaw M, Ouma AO. Strengthening COVID-19 pandemic response coordination through public health emergency operations centres (PHEOC) in Africa: Review of a multi-faceted knowledge management and sharing approach, 2020-2021. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0001386. [PMID: 37347769 PMCID: PMC10286958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted health security program implementation and incremental gains achieved after the West African Ebola outbreak in 2016 across Africa. Following cancellation of in-person events, a multi-faceted intervention program was established in May 2020 by Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), the World Health Organisation, and partners to strengthen national COVID-19 response coordination through public health emergency operations centres (PHEOC) utilizing continuous learning, mentorship, and networking. We present the lessons learned and reflection points. A multi-partner program coordination group was established to facilitate interventions' delivery including webinars and virtual community of practice (COP). We retrieved data from Africa CDC's program repository, synthesised major findings and describe these per thematic area. The virtual COP recorded 1,968 members and approximately 300 engagements in its initial three months. Fifty-six webinar sessions were held, providing 97 cumulative learning hours to 12,715 unique participants. Zoom data showed a return rate of 85%; 67% of webinar attendees were from Africa, and about 26 interactions occurred between participants and facilitators per session. Of 4,084 (44%) participants responding to post-session surveys, over 95% rated the topics as being relevant to their work and contributing to improving their understanding of PHEOC operationalisation. In addition, 95% agreed that the simplicity of the training delivery encouraged a greater number of public health staff to participate and spread lessons from it to their own networks. This just-in-time, progressively adaptive multi-faceted learning and knowledge management approach in Africa, with a consequential global audience at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, served its intended audience, had a high number of participants from Africa and received greatly satisfactory feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abrham Lilay
- World Health Organisation Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Senait Tekeste
- World Health Organisation Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Wessam Mankoula
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emily Collard
- Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chimwemwe Waya
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emily Rosenfeld
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chuck Menchion Wilton
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Martin Muita
- Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liz McGinley
- Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Kawe
- World Health Organisation Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Ali Abdullah
- World Health Organisation Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ariane Halm
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Robert Koch Institute, Crisis Management Unit, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jian Li
- World Health Organisation, Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Virgil L. Lokossou
- ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Ibrahima Sonko
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Merawi Aragaw
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Ogwell Ouma
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Fekadu ST, Gebrewahid AL, Mankoula W, Eteng W, Lokossou V, Kawe Y, Abdullah A, Jian L, Kol MTM, Wilton MC, Rosenfeld E, Bemo VN, Collard E, McGinley L, Halm A, Aragaw M, Conteh IN, Braka F, Gueye AS. Public health emergency operations centres in Africa: a cross-sectional study assessing the implementation status of core components and areas for improvement, December 2021. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068934. [PMID: 37339838 PMCID: PMC10314583 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess implementation status of public health emergency operations centres (PHEOCs) in all countries in Africa. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Fifty-four national PHEOC focal points in Africa responded to an online survey between May and November 2021. Included variables aimed to assess capacities for each of the four PHEOC core components. To assess the PHEOCs' functionality, criteria were defined from among the collected variables by expert consensus based on PHEOC operations' prioritisation. We report results of the descriptive analysis, including frequencies of proportions. RESULTS A total of 51 (93%) African countries responded to the survey. Among these, 41 (80%) have established a PHEOC. Twelve (29%) of these met 80% or more of the minimum requirements and were classified as fully functional. Twelve (29%) and 17 (41%) PHEOCs that met 60%-79% and below 60% the minimum requirements were classified as functional and partially functional, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Countries in Africa made considerable progress in setting up and improving functioning of PHEOCs. One-third of the responding countries with a PHEOC have one fulfilling at least 80% of the minimum requirements to operate the critical emergency functions. There are still several African countries that either do not have a PHEOC or whose PHEOCs only partially meet these minimal requirements. This calls for significant collaboration across all stakeholders to establish functional PHEOCs in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senait Tekeste Fekadu
- Emergency Preparedness and Response cluster, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Abrham Lilay Gebrewahid
- Emergency Preparedness and Response cluster, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Wessam Mankoula
- Division of Emergency Preparedness and Response, African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Womi Eteng
- Division of Emergency Preparedness and Response, African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Virgil Lokossou
- ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, West African Health Organisation, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Yan Kawe
- Emergency Preparedness and Response cluster, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Ali Abdullah
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organisation Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - L Jian
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathew Tut M Kol
- Division of Emergency Preparedness and Response, African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Emily Rosenfeld
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Emily Collard
- Global Public Health Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Liz McGinley
- Global Public Health Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Ariane Halm
- Department of infectious disease epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Merawi Aragaw
- Division of Emergency Preparedness and Response, African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ishata Nannie Conteh
- Emergency Preparedness and Response cluster, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Fiona Braka
- Emergency Preparedness and Response cluster, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Abdou Salam Gueye
- Emergency Preparedness and Response cluster, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
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Hansford KM, Gandy SL, Gillingham EL, McGinley L, Cull B, Johnston C, Catton M, Medlock JM. Mapping and monitoring tick (Acari, Ixodida) distribution, seasonality, and host associations in the United Kingdom between 2017 and 2020. Med Vet Entomol 2023; 37:152-163. [PMID: 36309852 PMCID: PMC10092223 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne disease risk is intrinsically linked to the distribution of tick vector species. To assess risk and anticipate disease emergence, an understanding of tick distribution, host associations, and seasonality is needed. This can be achieved, to some extent, using passive surveillance supported by engagement with the public, animal health, and public health experts. The Tick Surveillance Scheme (TSS) collects data and maps tick distribution across the United Kingdom (UK). Between 2017 and 2020, 3720 tick records were received and 39 tick species were detected. Most records were acquired in the UK, with a subset associated with recent overseas travel. The dominant UK acquired species was Ixodes ricinus (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Linnaeus), the main vector of Lyme borreliosis. Records peaked during May and June, highlighting a key risk period for tick bites. Other key UK species were detected, including Dermacentor reticulatus (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Fabricius) and Haemaphysalis punctata (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Canestrini & Fanzago) as well as several rarer species that may present novel tick-borne disease risk to humans and other animals. Updated tick distribution maps highlight areas in the UK where tick exposure has occurred. There is evidence of increasing human tick exposure over time, including during the COVID-19 pandemic, but seasonal patterns remain unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara L. Gandy
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses EcologyUK Health Security AgencyPorton DownUK
| | - Emma L. Gillingham
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses EcologyUK Health Security AgencyPorton DownUK
| | - Liz McGinley
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses EcologyUK Health Security AgencyPorton DownUK
| | - Benjamin Cull
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses EcologyUK Health Security AgencyPorton DownUK
| | - Colin Johnston
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses EcologyUK Health Security AgencyPorton DownUK
| | - Matthew Catton
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses EcologyUK Health Security AgencyPorton DownUK
| | - Jolyon M. Medlock
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses EcologyUK Health Security AgencyPorton DownUK
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Hansford KM, Gillingham EL, Vaux AGC, Cull B, McGinley L, Catton M, Wheeler BW, Tschirren B, Medlock JM. Impact of green space connectivity on urban tick presence, density and Borrelia infected ticks in different habitats and seasons in three cities in southern England. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102103. [PMID: 36525762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of local habitat and wider landscape connectivity factors on tick presence, nymph density and Borrelia species (spp.) prevalence in the tick population is important for identifying the public health risk from Lyme borreliosis. This multi-city study collected data in three southern England cities (Bath, Bristol, and Southampton) during spring, summer, and autumn in 2017. Focusing specifically on urban green space used for recreation which were clearly in urbanised areas, 72 locations were sampled. Additionally, geospatial datasets on urban green space coverage within 250 m and 1 km of sampling points, as well as distance to woodland were incorporated into statistical models. Distance to woodland was negatively associated with tick presence and nymph density, particularly during spring and summer. Furthermore, we observed an interaction effect between habitat and season for tick presence and nymph density, with woodland habitat having greater tick presence and nymph density during spring. Borrelia spp. infected Ixodes ricinus were found in woodland, woodland edge and under canopy habitats in Bath and Southampton. Overall Borrelia spp. prevalence in nymphs was 2.8%, similar to wider UK studies assessing prevalence in Ixodes ricinus in rural areas. Bird-related Borrelia genospecies dominated across sites, suggesting bird reservoir hosts may be important in urban green space settings for feeding and infecting ticks. Whilst overall density of infected nymphs across the three cities was low (0.03 per 100 m2), risk should be further investigated by incorporating data on tick bites acquired in urban settings, and subsequent Lyme borreliosis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh M Hansford
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK; European Centre for Environment & Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK; Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change & Health, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK.
| | - Emma L Gillingham
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK; Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change & Health, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Alexander G C Vaux
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Benjamin Cull
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Liz McGinley
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Matthew Catton
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Benedict W Wheeler
- European Centre for Environment & Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK; Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change & Health, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK; Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change & Health, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK; Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging & Zoonotic Infections, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
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Hansford KM, McGinley L, Wheeler BW, Tschirren B, Medlock JM. Ixodes ricinus density, Borrelia prevalence and the density of infected nymphs along an urban-rural gradient in southern England. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:304-314. [PMID: 36660965 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are found across a range of habitats, with woodland being particularly important for high densities and prevalence of Borrelia infection. Assessments of risk in urban woodland can be difficult if there are low densities and small sample sizes for Borrelia prevalence estimates. This study targeted six urban woodlands with established tick populations, as well as six woodlands in peri-urban zones and six woodlands in rural zones in and around the cities of Bath and Southampton, in the South of England. Nymph densities were estimated, and 100 nymphs were tested from each of the 18 woodlands studied. Ixodes ricinus ticks were found in all woodlands surveyed, and overall density of nymphs (DON) per 100 m2 was 18.17 in urban woodlands, 26.0 in peri-urban woodlands and 17.67 in rural woodlands. Out of 600 nymphs tested across urban woodlands, 10.3% were infected with Borrelia. The same proportion of nymphs collected in rural woodlands were positive for Borrelia. In peri-urban woodlands, 10.8% of nymphs tested positive. Across both cities combined, density of infected nymphs (DIN) was 2.73 per 100 m2 in peri-urban woodland, 1.87 per 100 m2 in urban woodland and 1.82 per 100 m2 in rural woodland. Overall, DON, Borrelia prevalence and DIN did not differ significantly along an urban-rural gradient. This suggests the risk of Lyme borreliosis transmission could be similar, or perhaps even elevated in urban woodland if there is higher public footfall, subsequent contact with ticks and less awareness of the risks. This is particularly important from a public health perspective, as Borrelia garinii dominated across the gradient and this genospecies is linked to neuroborreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh M Hansford
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK.,European Centre for Environment & Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change & Health, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Liz McGinley
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Benedict W Wheeler
- European Centre for Environment & Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change & Health, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change & Health, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging & Zoonotic Infections, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
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6
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Medlock JM, Vaux AGC, Gandy S, Cull B, McGinley L, Gillingham E, Catton M, Pullan ST, Hansford KM. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the density of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected Ixodes ricinus ticks across a landscape: A 5-year study in southern England. Med Vet Entomol 2022; 36:356-370. [PMID: 35521893 PMCID: PMC9545817 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The density of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected Ixodes ricinus nymphs (DIN) was investigated during 2013-2017 across a Lyme disease-endemic landscape in southern England. The density of nymphs (DON), nymph infection prevalence (NIP), and DIN varied across five different natural habitats, with the highest DIN in woodland edge and high biodiversity woodlands. DIN was significantly lower in scrub grassland compared to the woodland edge, with low DON and no evidence of infection in ticks in non-scrub grassland. Over the 5 years, DON, NIP and DIN were comparable within habitats, except in 2014, with NIP varying three-fold and DIN significantly lower compared to 2015-2017. Borrelia garinii was most common, with bird-associated Borrelia (B. garinii/valaisiana) accounting for ~70% of all typed sequences. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto was more common than B. afzelii. Borrelia afzelii was more common in scrub grassland than woodland and absent in some years. The possible impact of scrub on grazed grassland, management of ecotonal woodland margins with public access, and the possible role of birds/gamebirds impacting NIP are discussed. Mean NIP was 7.6%, highlighting the potential risk posed by B. burgdorferi in this endemic area. There is a need for continued research to understand its complex ecology and identify strategies for minimizing risk to public health, through habitat/game management and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyon M. Medlock
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology GroupUK Health Security AgencySalisburyWiltshireUK
| | - Alexander G. C. Vaux
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology GroupUK Health Security AgencySalisburyWiltshireUK
| | - Sara Gandy
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology GroupUK Health Security AgencySalisburyWiltshireUK
| | - Benjamin Cull
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology GroupUK Health Security AgencySalisburyWiltshireUK
| | - Liz McGinley
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology GroupUK Health Security AgencySalisburyWiltshireUK
| | - Emma Gillingham
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology GroupUK Health Security AgencySalisburyWiltshireUK
| | - Matthew Catton
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology GroupUK Health Security AgencySalisburyWiltshireUK
| | - Steven T. Pullan
- Diagnostic & Genomic TechnologiesUK Health Security AgencySalisburyWiltshireUK
| | - Kayleigh M. Hansford
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology GroupUK Health Security AgencySalisburyWiltshireUK
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7
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Gandy S, Hansford K, McGinley L, Cull B, Smith R, Semper A, Brooks T, Fonville M, Sprong H, Phipps P, Johnson N, Medlock JM. Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing Ixodes ricinus nymphs across twenty recreational areas in England and Wales. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Cull B, Hansford KM, McGinley L, Gillingham EL, Vaux AGC, Smith R, Medlock JM. A nationwide study on Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection rates in questing Ixodes ricinus: a six-year snapshot study in protected recreational areas in England and Wales. Med Vet Entomol 2021; 35:352-360. [PMID: 33415732 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the variation in Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection rates in Ixodes ricinus ticks is important for assessing the potential for Lyme borreliosis transmission. This study aimed to investigate infection rates of B. burgdorferi s.l. bacteria in I. ricinus across 24 field sites in England and Wales, focussing on protected recreational areas in National Parks (NPs) and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), to provide comparable data across multiple years to assess spatio-temporal changes in B. burgdorferi s.l. infection. Working with park rangers, questing ticks were collected each spring from 2014 to 2019. A subset of ticks, 4104 nymphs, were analysed using a pan-Borrelia qPCR assay, as well as a Borrelia miyamotoi-specific qPCR, and sequenced to determine Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. genospecies. Site-specific B. burgdorferi s.l. infection rates in I. ricinus nymphs varied from 0% to 24%, with overall infection rates ranging from 2.5% to 5.1% across the years. Genospecies composition of sequenced samples was 62.5% B. garinii, 20.3% B. valaisiana and 17.2% B. afzelii. Borrelia miyamotoi was detected in 0.2% of ticks. This study increases our knowledge on B. burgdorferi s.l.. infection in areas used by the public for outdoor activity across England and Wales, highlighting the spatial and temporal variability which can impact the changing risk to humans from infected tick bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cull
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, U.K
| | - K M Hansford
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, U.K
- Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, Public Health England, Porton Down, U.K
| | - L McGinley
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, U.K
| | - E L Gillingham
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, U.K
- Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, Public Health England, Porton Down, U.K
| | - A G C Vaux
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, U.K
| | - R Smith
- Health Protection Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, U.K
| | - J M Medlock
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, U.K
- Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, Public Health England, Porton Down, U.K
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Public Health England, Porton Down, U.K
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Hansford KM, McGinley L, Wilkinson S, Gillingham EL, Cull B, Gandy S, Carter DP, Vaux AGC, Richards S, Hayes A, Medlock JM. Ixodes ricinus and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the Royal Parks of London, UK. Exp Appl Acarol 2021; 84:593-606. [PMID: 34125334 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the risk of tick-borne disease in areas with high visitor numbers is important from a public health perspective. Evidence suggests that tick presence, density, infection prevalence and the density of infected ticks can vary between habitats within urban green space, suggesting that the risk of Lyme borreliosis transmission can also vary. This study assessed nymph density, Borrelia prevalence and the density of infected nymphs across a range of habitat types in nine parks in London which receive millions of visitors each year. Ixodes ricinus were found in only two of the nine locations sampled, and here they were found in all types of habitat surveyed. Established I. ricinus populations were identified in the two largest parks, both of which had resident free-roaming deer populations. Highest densities of nymphs (15.68 per 100 m2) and infected nymphs (1.22 per 100 m2) were associated with woodland and under canopy habitats in Richmond Park, but ticks infected with Borrelia were found across all habitat types surveyed. Nymphs infected with Borrelia (7.9%) were only reported from Richmond Park, where Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia afzelii were identified as the dominant genospecies. Areas with short grass appeared to be less suitable for ticks and maintaining short grass in high footfall areas could be a good strategy for reducing the risk of Lyme borreliosis transmission to humans in such settings. In areas where this would create conflict with existing practices which aim to improve and/or meet historic landscape, biodiversity and public access goals, promoting public health awareness of tick-borne disease risks could also be utilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh M Hansford
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK.
| | - Liz McGinley
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Emma L Gillingham
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Ben Cull
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Sara Gandy
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Daniel P Carter
- Genomics of Rare and Emerging Human Pathogens, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Alexander G C Vaux
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Simon Richards
- The Royal Parks, The Old Police House, Hyde Park, London, W2 2UH, UK
| | - Alister Hayes
- The Royal Parks, The Old Police House, Hyde Park, London, W2 2UH, UK
| | - Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
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10
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nick Pile
- Cliffe Veterinary Group, Radstock House, Lewes, East Sussex BN7 2AH
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Macrelli M, Phipps P, McGinley L, Medlock J, Johnson N. First report of fatal tick pyaemia caused by heavy infestation with the red sheep tick,
Haemaphysalis punctata
and co‐infection with
Babesia
and
Theileria
species. Vet rec case rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Macrelli
- Animal and Plant Health AgencyVeterinary Investigation Centre Bury Saint EdmundsBury Saint EdmundsUK
| | - Paul Phipps
- Animal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
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12
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Holding M, Dowall SD, Medlock JM, Carter DP, McGinley L, Curran-French M, Pullan ST, Chamberlain J, Hansford KM, Baylis M, Vipond R, Hewson R. Detection of new endemic focus of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Hampshire/Dorset border, England, September 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31771701 PMCID: PMC6885748 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.47.1900658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was detected in a questing tick pool in southern England in September 2019. Hitherto, TBEV had only been detected in a limited area in eastern England. This southern English viral genome sequence is distinct from TBEV-UK, being most similar to TBEV-NL. The new location of TBEV presence highlights that the diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis should be considered in encephalitic patients in areas of the United Kingdom outside eastern England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Holding
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom.,Virology and Pathogenesis Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Dowall
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P Carter
- Genomics, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Liz McGinley
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mollie Curran-French
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Steven T Pullan
- Genomics, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - John Chamberlain
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Kayleigh M Hansford
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Vipond
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hewson
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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13
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Vaux AGC, Johnston C, Dallimore T, McGinley L, Strode C, Murchie AK, Iyanger N, Pudney R, Chow Y, Brand M, Rea I, Medlock JM. Working towards a Co-Ordinated Approach to Invasive Mosquito Detection, Response and Control in the UK. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17145166. [PMID: 32708948 PMCID: PMC7400339 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The United Kingdom (UK) has reported a single detection of the eggs of the invasive mosquito vector Aedes albopictus in each of the three years from 2016 to 2018, all in southeast England. Here, we report the detection of mosquito eggs on three occasions at two sites in London and southeast England in September 2019. Mosquito traps were deployed at 56 sites, in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, as part of a coordinated surveillance programme with local authorities, Edge Hill University, and government departments. Response to each detection was coordinated by Public Health England’s (PHE) local health protection teams, with technical support from PHE’s Medical Entomology group, and control conducted by the respective local authority. Control, including source reduction and larviciding, was conducted within a 300 metre radius of the positive site. The response followed a National Contingency Plan for Invasive Mosquitoes: Detection of Incursions. Although the response to these incidents was rapid and well co-ordinated, recommendations are made to further develop mosquito surveillance and control capability for the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. C. Vaux
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (C.J.); (L.M.); (J.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Colin Johnston
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (C.J.); (L.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Thom Dallimore
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK; (T.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Liz McGinley
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (C.J.); (L.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Clare Strode
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK; (T.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Archie K. Murchie
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK; (A.K.M.); (I.R.)
| | - Nalini Iyanger
- North West London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (N.I.); (Y.C.)
| | - Rachel Pudney
- Public Health England Centre South East, Health Protection—Kent Surrey & Sussex, Civic Centre, Ashford, Kent TN23 1PL, UK;
| | - Yimmy Chow
- North West London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (N.I.); (Y.C.)
| | - Martin Brand
- Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Ian Rea
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK; (A.K.M.); (I.R.)
| | - Jolyon M. Medlock
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (C.J.); (L.M.); (J.M.M.)
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14
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Cull B, Pietzsch ME, Gillingham EL, McGinley L, Medlock JM, Hansford KM. Seasonality and anatomical location of human tick bites in the United Kingdom. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:112-121. [PMID: 31705595 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tick bites on humans can occur in a variety of habitats and may result in the transmission of tick-borne pathogens, such as the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis (LB), Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. As the risk of transmission of this pathogen to the host increases with the duration of tick feeding, the recognition and removal of ticks as soon as possible following attachment is important for reducing the risk of infection. Performing a thorough body examination for ticks following potential exposure is recommended by tick awareness campaigns. Knowledge of where on the body feeding ticks are frequently found, and at which times of year peak tick exposure occurs, provides important information for public health messaging and may aid those bitten by ticks to engage more effectively with tick-checking behaviour. This paper summarizes human tick bites in the United Kingdom (UK) during 2013-2018 reported to Public Health England's passive Tick Surveillance Scheme and further examines the anatomical location and seasonality of bites from the most commonly encountered tick and LB vector Ixodes ricinus. A total of 1,328 tick records from humans were received of which 93% were I. ricinus. Humans were most commonly bitten by I. ricinus nymphs (70% bites). Tick bites were recorded on all parts of the body, but there were significant differences in their anatomical location on adults and children. Most tick bites on adults occurred on the legs (50%), whereas on children tick bites were mostly on the head and neck (43%). Bites from I. ricinus were recorded throughout the year but were most numerous during May to August. This study adds to the body of research on the seasonality and anatomical location of human tick bites in temperate Europe and highlights the importance of data collected through passive surveillance in addition to research and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cull
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Maaike E Pietzsch
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Emma L Gillingham
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, London, UK
| | - Liz McGinley
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, London, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kayleigh M Hansford
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, London, UK
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh M Hansford
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG
| | - Emma L Gillingham
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG
| | - Ben Cull
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG
| | - Liz McGinley
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG
| | - Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG
| | - L Paul Phipps
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - Martin Peaty
- The Barn Equine Surgery, Ringwood Road, Three Legged Cross, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 6RE
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16
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Hansford KM, Carter D, Gillingham EL, Hernandez-Triana LM, Chamberlain J, Cull B, McGinley L, Paul Phipps L, Medlock JM. Hyalomma rufipes on an untraveled horse: Is this the first evidence of Hyalomma nymphs successfully moulting in the United Kingdom? Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:704-708. [PMID: 30876825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During September 2018, a tick was submitted to Public Health England's Tick Surveillance Scheme for identification. The tick was sent from a veterinarian who removed it from a horse in Dorset, England, with no history of overseas travel. The tick was identified as a male Hyalomma rufipes using morphological and molecular methods and then tested for a range of tick-borne pathogens including; Alkhurma virus, Anaplasma, Babesia, Bhanja virus, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever virus, Rickettsia and Theileria. The tick tested positive for Rickettsia aeschlimannii, a spotted fever group rickettsia linked to a number of human cases in Africa and Europe. This is the first time H. rufipes has been reported in the United Kingdom (UK), and the lack of travel by the horse (or any in-contact horses) suggests that this could also be the first evidence of successful moulting of a Hyalomma nymph in the UK. It is postulated that the tick was imported into the UK on a migratory bird as an engorged nymph which was able to complete its moult to the adult stage and find a host. This highlights that passive tick surveillance remains an important method for the detection of unusual species that may present a threat to public health in the UK. Horses are important hosts of Hyalomma sp. adults in their native range, therefore, further surveillance studies should be conducted to check horses for ticks in the months following spring bird migration; when imported nymphs may have had time to drop off their avian host and moult to adults. The potential human and animal health risks of such events occurring more regularly are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh M Hansford
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, UK.
| | - Daniel Carter
- Diagnostic and Genomic Technologies, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, UK
| | - Emma L Gillingham
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, UK
| | - Luis M Hernandez-Triana
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - John Chamberlain
- Virology & Pathogenesis, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Benjamin Cull
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Liz McGinley
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - L Paul Phipps
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, UK; Virology & Pathogenesis, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
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17
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Sánchez-Vizcaíno F, Wardeh M, Heayns B, Singleton DA, Tulloch JSP, McGinley L, Newman J, Noble PJ, Day MJ, Jones PH, Radford AD. Canine babesiosis and tick activity monitored using companion animal electronic health records in the UK. Vet Rec 2016; 179:358. [PMID: 27484328 PMCID: PMC5099196 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent publications highlighting autochthonous Babesia canis infection in dogs from Essex that have not travelled outside the UK are a powerful reminder of the potential for pathogen emergence in new populations. Here the authors use electronic health data collected from two diagnostic laboratories and a network of 392 veterinary premises to describe canine Babesia cases and levels of Babesia concern from January 2015 to March 2016, and the activity of ticks during December 2015–March 2016. In most areas of the UK, Babesia diagnosis in this population was rare and sporadic. In addition, there was a clear focus of Babesia cases in the affected area in Essex. Until February 2016, analysis of health records indicated only sporadic interest in Babesia largely in animals coming from overseas. Following media coverage in March 2016, there was a spike in owner concern that was geographically dispersed beyond the at-risk area. Tick activity (identified as ticks being removed from animals in veterinary consultations) was consistent but low during the period preceding the infections (<5 ticks/10,000 consultations), but increased in March. This highlights the use of electronic health data to describe rapidly evolving risk and concern that follows the emergence of a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - M Wardeh
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - B Heayns
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - D A Singleton
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J S P Tulloch
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - L McGinley
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Newman
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - P J Noble
- Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - M J Day
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - P H Jones
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - A D Radford
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
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18
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Stocca A, O'Toole D, Hynes N, Hynes SO, Mashayekhi K, McGinley L, O'Connell E, Coleman C, Sultan S, Duffy A, Tunev S, O'Brien T. A role for MRP8 in in stent restenosis in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2012; 221:325-32. [PMID: 22381691 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The most common cause of death in diabetes mellitus is cardiovascular disease. Patients frequently undergo vascular intervention such as stenting. The occurrence of in stent restenosis (ISR) has been reduced by the use of drug eluting stents in non-diabetic patients but the incidence of restenosis and stent thrombosis remains higher in diabetic patients. We investigated the pathogenesis of in stent restenosis in an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS AND RESULTS Stents were placed in Zucker Fatty rat (ZFR) and wild type rat carotid arteries, and tissues were harvested 14 days post surgery for morphometric analysis. Unstented carotid arteries from both groups were harvested for microarray analysis. In vitro apoptosis, proliferation and migration assays were performed on rat and human aortic endothelial cells (EC). ZFRs developed an exaggerated intimal response to stent placement compared to wild type controls 14 days post stent placement. MRP8 and MRP14 were up-regulated in unstented ZFR carotid arteries in comparison to controls. Expression of MRP8/14 was also elevated in EC exposed to high glucose conditions. EC function was impaired by high glucose concentrations, and this effect could be mimicked by MRP8 over-expression. MRP8 knockdown by shRNA significantly restored EC function after exposure to high glucose concentrations. MRP8 expression in glucose exposed cells was also inhibited using pharmacological blockade of glucose-induced pathways. CONCLUSIONS EC dysfunction caused by elevated glucose levels could be mimicked by MRP8/14 over-expression and reversed/prevented by MRP8 knockdown. Thus, MRP8/14 likely plays a role in exaggerated ISR in diabetes mellitus, and MRP8 inhibition may be useful in improving outcome after stent placement in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stocca
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, REMEDI, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
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