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Francois Watkins LK, Luna S, Bruce BB, Medalla F, Reynolds JL, Ray LC, Wilson EL, Caidi H, Griffin PM. Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections by Isolate Resistance-Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 US Sites, 2004-2018. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:535-543. [PMID: 37823421 PMCID: PMC10954391 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nontyphoidal Salmonella causes an estimated 1.35 million US infections annually. Antimicrobial-resistant strains are a serious public health threat. We examined the association between resistance and the clinical outcomes of hospitalization, length-of-stay ≥3 days, and death. METHODS We linked epidemiologic data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network with antimicrobial resistance data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections from 2004 to 2018. We defined any resistance as resistance to ≥1 antimicrobial and clinical resistance as resistance to ampicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (for the subset of isolates tested for all 5 agents). We compared outcomes before and after adjusting for age, state, race/ethnicity, international travel, outbreak association, and isolate serotype and source. RESULTS Twenty percent of isolates (1105/5549) had any resistance, and 16% (469/2969) had clinical resistance. Persons whose isolates had any resistance were more likely to be hospitalized (31% vs 28%, P = .01) or have length-of-stay ≥3 days (20% vs 16%, P = .01). Deaths were rare but more common among those with any than no resistance (1.0% vs 0.4%, P = .01). Outcomes for patients whose isolates had clinical resistance did not differ significantly from those with no resistance. After adjustment, any resistance (adjusted odds ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.46) remained significantly associated with hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS We observed a significant association between nontyphoidal Salmonella infections caused by resistant pathogens and likelihood of hospitalization. Clinical resistance was not associated with poorer outcomes, suggesting that factors other than treatment failure (eg, strain virulence, strain source, host factors) may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise K Francois Watkins
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Luna
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Beau B Bruce
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Felicita Medalla
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jared L Reynolds
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Logan C Ray
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elisha L Wilson
- Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Hayat Caidi
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patricia M Griffin
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ford L, Healy JM, Cui Z, Ahart L, Medalla F, Ray LC, Reynolds J, Laughlin ME, Vugia DJ, Hanna S, Bennett C, Chen J, Rose EB, Bruce BB, Payne DC, Francois Watkins LK. Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Infections in the United States, 2005-2018. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad378. [PMID: 37559755 PMCID: PMC10407460 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the United States; resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones limits treatment options. We examined the epidemiology of US Campylobacter infections and changes in resistance over time. METHODS The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network receives information on laboratory-confirmed Campylobacter cases from 10 US sites, and the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System receives a subset of isolates from these cases for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We estimated trends in incidence of Campylobacter infection, adjusting for sex, age, and surveillance changes attributable to culture-independent diagnostic tests. We compared percentages of isolates resistant to erythromycin or ciprofloxacin during 2005-2016 with 2017-2018 and used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association of international travel with resistance. RESULTS Adjusted Campylobacter incidence remained stable or decreased for all groups analyzed since 2012. Among 2449 linked records in 2017-2018, the median patient age was 40.2 years (interquartile range, 21.6-57.8 years), 54.8% of patients were male, 17.2% were hospitalized, and 0.2% died. The percentage of resistant infections increased from 24.5% in 2005-2016 to 29.7% in 2017-2018 for ciprofloxacin (P < .001) and from 2.6% to 3.3% for erythromycin (P = .04). Persons with recent international travel had higher odds than nontravelers of having isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] varied from 1.7 to 10.6 by race/ethnicity) and erythromycin (aOR = 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.1). CONCLUSIONS Campylobacter incidence has remained stable or decreased, whereas resistance to antimicrobials recommended for treatment has increased. Recent international travel increased the risk of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ford
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica M Healy
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhaohui Cui
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren Ahart
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Felicita Medalla
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Logan C Ray
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jared Reynolds
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark E Laughlin
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Duc J Vugia
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Samir Hanna
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christy Bennett
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Chen
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Erica Billig Rose
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Beau B Bruce
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Louise K Francois Watkins
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Delahoy MJ, Shah HJ, Weller DL, Ray LC, Smith K, McGuire S, Trevejo RT, Scallan Walter E, Wymore K, Rissman T, McMillian M, Lathrop S, LaClair B, Boyle MM, Harris S, Zablotsky-Kufel J, Houck K, Devine CJ, Lau CE, Tauxe RV, Bruce BB, Griffin PM, Payne DC. Preliminary Incidence and Trends of Infections Caused by Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023; 72:701-706. [PMID: 37384552 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7226a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Each year, infections from major foodborne pathogens are responsible for an estimated 9.4 million illnesses, 56,000 hospitalizations, and 1,350 deaths in the United States (1). To evaluate progress toward prevention of enteric infections in the United States, the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) conducts surveillance for laboratory-diagnosed infections caused by eight pathogens transmitted commonly through food at 10 U.S. sites. During 2020-2021, FoodNet detected decreases in many infections that were due to behavioral modifications, public health interventions, and changes in health care-seeking and testing practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. This report presents preliminary estimates of pathogen-specific annual incidences during 2022, compared with average annual incidences during 2016-2018, the reference period for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2030 targets (2). Many pandemic interventions ended by 2022, resulting in a resumption of outbreaks, international travel, and other factors leading to enteric infections. During 2022, annual incidences of illnesses caused by the pathogens Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Listeria were similar to average annual incidences during 2016-2018; however, incidences of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Yersinia, Vibrio, and Cyclospora illnesses were higher. Increasing culture-independent diagnostic test (CIDT) usage likely contributed to increased detection by identifying infections that would have remained undetected before widespread CIDT usage. Reducing pathogen contamination during poultry slaughter and processing of leafy greens requires collaboration among food growers and processors, retail stores, restaurants, and regulators.
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Farrar JL, Lewis NM, Houck K, Canning M, Fothergill A, Payne AB, Cohen AL, Vance J, Brassil B, Youngkin E, Glenn B, Mangla A, Kupferman N, Saunders K, Meza C, Nims D, Soliva S, Blouse B, Henderson T, Banerjee E, White B, Birn R, Stadelman AM, Abrego M, McLafferty M, Eberhart MG, Pietrowski M, De León SM, Creegan E, Diedhiou A, Wiedeman C, Murray-Thompson J, McCarty E, Marcinkevage J, Kocharian A, Torrone EA, Ray LC, Payne DC. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox in Persons Who Had Previously Received 1 Dose of JYNNEOS Vaccine and in Unvaccinated Persons - 29 U.S. Jurisdictions, May 22-September 3, 2022. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:298-303. [PMID: 36695684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amy Fothergill
- CDC Mpox Emergency Response Team; Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC
| | | | | | - Joshua Vance
- California Department of Public Health; Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | | | - Erin Youngkin
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
| | - Bailey Glenn
- Connecticut Department of Public Health; Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | - Dawn Nims
- Illinois Department of Public Health
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rachael Birn
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, Georgia; Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Anna M Stadelman
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; New Mexico Department of Health
| | | | | | | | - Michael Pietrowski
- City of Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Farrar JL, Lewis NM, Houck K, Canning M, Fothergill A, Payne AB, Cohen AL, Vance J, Brassil B, Youngkin E, Glenn B, Mangla A, Kupferman N, Saunders K, Meza C, Nims D, Soliva S, Blouse B, Henderson T, Banerjee E, White B, Birn R, Stadelman AM, Abrego M, McLafferty M, Eberhart MG, Pietrowski M, De León SM, Creegan E, Diedhiou A, Wiedeman C, Murray-Thompson J, McCarty E, Marcinkevage J, Kocharian A, Torrone EA, Ray LC, Payne DC. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox in Persons Who Had Previously Received 1 Dose of JYNNEOS Vaccine and in Unvaccinated Persons - 29 U.S. Jurisdictions, May 22-September 3, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:1610-1615. [PMID: 36580416 PMCID: PMC9812445 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm715152a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As of November 14, 2022, monkeypox (mpox) cases had been reported from more than 110 countries, including 29,133 cases in the United States.* Among U.S. cases to date, 95% have occurred among males (1). After the first confirmed U.S. mpox case on May 17, 2022, limited supplies of JYNNEOS vaccine (Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine, Bavarian Nordic) were made available to jurisdictions for persons exposed to mpox. JYNNEOS vaccine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019 as a 2-dose series (0.5 mL per dose, administered subcutaneously) to prevent smallpox and mpox disease.† On August 9, 2022, FDA issued an emergency use authorization to allow administration of JYNNEOS vaccine by intradermal injection (0.1 mL per dose) (2). A previous report on U.S. mpox cases during July 31-September 3, 2022, suggested that 1 dose of vaccine offers some protection against mpox (3). This report describes demographic and clinical characteristics of cases occurring ≥14 days after receipt of 1 dose of JYNNEOS vaccine and compares them with characteristics of cases among unvaccinated persons with mpox and with the vaccine-eligible vaccinated population in participating jurisdictions. During May 22-September 3, 2022, among 14,504 mpox cases reported from 29 participating U.S. jurisdictions,§ 6,605 (45.5%) had available vaccination information and were included in the analysis. Among included cases, 276 (4.2%) were among persons who had received 1 dose of vaccine ≥14 days before illness onset. Mpox cases that occurred in these vaccinated persons were associated with lower percentage of hospitalization (2.1% versus 7.5%), fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, and chills, compared with cases in unvaccinated persons. Although 1 dose of JYNNEOS vaccine offers some protection from disease, mpox infection can occur after receipt of 1 dose, and the duration of protection conferred by 1 dose is unknown. Providers and public health officials should therefore encourage persons at risk for acquiring mpox to complete the 2-dose vaccination series and provide guidance and education regarding nonvaccine-related prevention strategies (4).
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Payne AB, Ray LC, Cole MM, Canning M, Houck K, Shah HJ, Farrar JL, Lewis NM, Fothergill A, White EB, Feldstein LR, Roper LE, Lee F, Kriss JL, Sims E, Spicknall IH, Nakazawa Y, Gundlapalli AV, Shimabukuro T, Cohen AL, Honein MA, Mermin J, Payne DC. Reduced Risk for Mpox After Receipt of 1 or 2 Doses of JYNNEOS Vaccine Compared with Risk Among Unvaccinated Persons - 43 U.S. Jurisdictions, July 31-October 1, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:1560-1564. [PMID: 36480479 PMCID: PMC9762900 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7149a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As of October 28, 2022, a total of 28,244* monkeypox (mpox) cases have been reported in the United States during an outbreak that has disproportionately affected gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) (1). JYNNEOS vaccine (Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine, Bavarian Nordic), administered subcutaneously as a 2-dose (0.5 mL per dose) series (with doses administered 4 weeks apart), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019 to prevent smallpox and mpox disease (2); an FDA Emergency Use Authorization issued on August 9, 2022, authorized intradermal administration of 0.1 mL per dose, increasing the number of persons who could be vaccinated with the available vaccine supply† (3). A previous comparison of mpox incidence during July 31-September 3, 2022, among unvaccinated, but vaccine-eligible men aged 18-49 years and those who had received ≥1 JYNNEOS vaccine dose in 32 U.S. jurisdictions, found that incidence among unvaccinated persons was 14 times that among vaccinated persons (95% CI = 5.0-41.0) (4). During September 4-October 1, 2022, a total of 205,504 persons received JYNNEOS vaccine dose 2 in the United States.§ To further examine mpox incidence among persons who were unvaccinated and those who had received either 1 or 2 JYNNEOS doses, investigators analyzed data on 9,544 reported mpox cases among men¶ aged 18-49 years during July 31-October 1, 2022, from 43 U.S. jurisdictions,** by vaccination status. During this study period, mpox incidence (cases per 100,000 population at risk) among unvaccinated persons was 7.4 (95% CI = 6.0-9.1) times that among persons who received only 1 dose of JYNNEOS vaccine ≥14 days earlier and 9.6 (95% CI = 6.9-13.2) times that among persons who received dose 2 ≥14 days earlier. The observed distribution of subcutaneous and intradermal routes of administration of dose 1 among vaccinated persons with mpox was not different from the expected distribution. This report provides additional data suggesting JYNNEOS vaccine provides protection against mpox, irrespective of whether the vaccine is administered intradermally or subcutaneously. The degree and durability of such protection remains unclear. Persons eligible for mpox vaccination should receive the complete 2-dose series to optimize strength of protection†† (5).
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Collins JP, Shah HJ, Weller DL, Ray LC, Smith K, McGuire S, Trevejo RT, Jervis RH, Vugia DJ, Rissman T, Garman KN, Lathrop S, LaClair B, Boyle MM, Harris S, Kufel JZ, Tauxe RV, Bruce BB, Rose EB, Griffin PM, Payne DC. Preliminary Incidence and Trends of Infections Caused by Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2016-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:1260-1264. [PMID: 36201372 PMCID: PMC9541031 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7140a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Payne AB, Ray LC, Kugeler KJ, Fothergill A, White EB, Canning M, Farrar JL, Feldstein LR, Gundlapalli AV, Houck K, Kriss JL, Lewis NM, Sims E, Smith DK, Spicknall IH, Nakazawa Y, Damon IK, Cohn AC, Payne DC. Incidence of Monkeypox Among Unvaccinated Persons Compared with Persons Receiving ≥1 JYNNEOS Vaccine Dose — 32 U.S. Jurisdictions, July 31–September 3, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:1278-1282. [PMID: 36201401 PMCID: PMC9541026 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7140e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ray LC, Griffin PM, Wymore K, Wilson E, Hurd S, LaClair B, Wozny S, Eikmeier D, Nicholson C, Burzlaff K, Hatch J, Fankhauser M, Kubota K, Huang JY, Geissler A, Payne DC, Tack DM. Changing Diagnostic Testing Practices for Foodborne Pathogens, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 2012-2019. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac344. [PMID: 35928506 PMCID: PMC9345410 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogen detection has changed with increased use of culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDTs). CIDTs do not yield isolates, which are necessary to detect outbreaks using whole-genome sequencing. The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) monitors clinical laboratory testing practices to improve interpretation of surveillance data and assess availability of isolates. We describe changes in practices over 8 years. METHODS During 2012-2019, 10 FoodNet sites collected standardized data about practices in clinical laboratories (range, 664-723 laboratories) for select enteric pathogens. We assessed changes in practices. RESULTS During 2012-2019, the percentage of laboratories that used only culture methods decreased, with the largest declines for Vibrio (99%-57%) and Yersinia (99%-60%). During 2019, the percentage of laboratories using only CIDTs was highest for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (43%), Campylobacter (34%), and Vibrio (34%). From 2015 to 2019, the percentage of laboratories that performed reflex culture after a positive CIDT decreased, with the largest declines for Shigella (75%-42%) and Salmonella (70%-38%). The percentage of laboratories that routinely submitted isolates to a public health laboratory decreased for all bacterial pathogens examined from 2015 to 2019. CONCLUSIONS By increasing use of CIDTs and decreasing reflex culture, clinical laboratories have transferred the burden of isolate recovery to public health laboratories. Until technologies allow for molecular subtyping directly from a patient specimen, state public health laboratories should consider updating enteric disease reporting requirements to include submission of isolates or specimens. Public health laboratories need resources for isolate recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan C Ray
- Correspondence: Logan C. Ray, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 ()
| | - Patricia M Griffin
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katie Wymore
- California Department of Public Health,Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Elisha Wilson
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sharon Hurd
- Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Sophia Wozny
- Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dana Eikmeier
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cyndy Nicholson
- New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Kari Burzlaff
- New York State Department of Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Kristy Kubota
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Huang
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aimee Geissler
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Danielle M Tack
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ray LC, Collins JP, Griffin PM, Shah HJ, Boyle MM, Cieslak PR, Dunn J, Lathrop S, McGuire S, Rissman T, Scallan Walter EJ, Smith K, Tobin-D’Angelo M, Wymore K, Kufel JZ, Wolpert BJ, Tauxe R, Payne DC. Decreased Incidence of Infections Caused by Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food During the COVID-19 Pandemic - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2017-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1332-1336. [PMID: 34555002 PMCID: PMC8459900 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7038a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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