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Saleh R, Abbey L, Ofoe R, Ampofo J, Gunupuru LR. Effects of preharvest factors on antidiabetic potential of some foods and herbal plants. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e269583. [PMID: 36722681 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.269583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder with no definite treatment, but it can be controlled by changing lifestyle and diet. Consumption of high-fiber and nutrient-rich foods including vegetables have been shown to reduce risks of obesity and Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Also, many herbal plants have been associated with reduced risks of T2DM because of their composition of secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activities of some secondary metabolites have potent inhibitory effects against inflammation linked with insulin resistance and oxidative stress. More than 800 known medicinal plants are used to control diabetes and its relevant complications. However, variations in preharvest factors including plant genotype, growing medium properties, climatic factors, and management practices can influence plant growth and their accumulation of phytochemicals with health-promoting properties. However, the effects of these preharvest factors on the antidiabetic properties of plant secondary metabolites are neither explicit nor easily accessible in the literature. Therefore, this review aims to document recent studies that reported on under-exploited medicinal plants with antidiabetic properties. We reviewed several important preharvest factors that can potentially affect the synthesis of phytoconstituents which possess antidiabetic properties. This review will help identify gaps for future research in phytomedicine and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saleh
- Dalhousie University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant, Food, Environmental Sciences, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - L Abbey
- Dalhousie University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant, Food, Environmental Sciences, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - R Ofoe
- Dalhousie University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant, Food, Environmental Sciences, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - J Ampofo
- McGill University, Department of Bioresource Engineering, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - L R Gunupuru
- Dalhousie University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant, Food, Environmental Sciences, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Saleh R, Gunupuru LR, Lada R, Nams V, Thomas RH, Abbey L. Growth and Biochemical Composition of Microgreens Grown in Different Formulated Soilless Media. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11243546. [PMID: 36559657 PMCID: PMC9784075 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microgreens are immature young plants grown for their health benefits. A study was performed to evaluate the different mixed growing media on growth, chemical composition, and antioxidant activities of four microgreen species: namely, kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala), Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla), arugula (Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa), and pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis). The growing media were T1.1 (30% vermicast + 30% sawdust + 10% perlite + 30% PittMoss (PM)); T2.1 (30% vermicast + 20% sawdust + 20% perlite + 30% PM); PM was replaced with mushroom compost in the respective media to form T1.2 and T2.2. Positive control (PC) was Pro-mix BX™ potting medium alone. Root length was the highest in T1.1 while the shoot length, root volume, and yield were highest in T2.2. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of Swiss chard grown in T1.1 was the highest, followed by T2.2 and T1.1. Pak choi and kale had the highest sugar and protein contents in T2.2, respectively. Consistently, total phenolics and flavonoids of the microgreens were increased by 1.5-fold in T1.1 and T2.2 compared to PC. Antioxidant enzyme activities were increased in all the four microgreens grown in T1.1 and T2.2. Overall, T2.2 was the most effective growing media to increase microgreens plant growth, yield, and biochemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Saleh
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, Bible Hill, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Lokanadha R. Gunupuru
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, Bible Hill, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Rajasekaran Lada
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, Bible Hill, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Vilis Nams
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, Bible Hill, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Raymond H. Thomas
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lord Abbey
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, Bible Hill, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
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Ofoe R, Qin D, Gunupuru LR, Thomas RH, Abbey L. Effect of Pyroligneous Acid on the Productivity and Nutritional Quality of Greenhouse Tomato. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:1650. [PMID: 35807602 PMCID: PMC9268773 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyroligneous acid (PA) is a reddish-brown liquid obtained through the condensation of smoke formed during biochar production. PA contains bioactive compounds that can be utilized in agriculture to improve plant productivity and quality of edible parts. In this study, we investigated the biostimulatory effect of varying concentrations of PA (i.e., 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% PA/ddH2O (v/v)) application on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Scotia’) plant growth and fruit quality under greenhouse conditions. Plants treated with 0.25% PA exhibited a significantly (p < 0.001) higher sub-stomatal CO2 concentration and a comparable leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. The total number of fruits was significantly (p < 0.005) increased by approximately 65.6% and 34.4% following the application of 0.5% and 0.25% PA, respectively, compared to the control. The 0.5% PA enhanced the total weight of fruits by approximately 25.5%, while the 0.25% PA increased the elemental composition of the fruits. However, the highest PA concentration of 2% significantly (p > 0.05) reduced plant growth and yield, but significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced tomato fruit juice Brix, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and titratable acidity. Additionally, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were significantly (p < 0.001) increased by the 2% PA. However, the highest carotenoid content was obtained with the 0.5% and 1% PA treatments. Additionally, PA treatment of the tomato plants resulted in a significantly (p < 0.001) high total ascorbate content, but reduced fruit peroxidase activity compared to the control. These indicate that PA can potentially be used as a biostimulant for a higher yield and nutritional quality of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ofoe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; (R.O.); (D.Q.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Dengge Qin
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; (R.O.); (D.Q.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Lokanadha R. Gunupuru
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; (R.O.); (D.Q.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Raymond H. Thomas
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada;
| | - Lord Abbey
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; (R.O.); (D.Q.); (L.R.G.)
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Gunupuru LR, Perochon A, Ali SS, Scofield SR, Doohan FM. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) for Functional Characterization of Disease Resistance Genes in Barley Seedlings. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1900:95-114. [PMID: 30460561 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8944-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With the recent advances in sequencing technologies, many studies are generating lists of candidate genes associated with specific traits. The major bottleneck in functional genomics is the validation of gene function. This is achieved by analyzing the effect of either gene silencing or overexpression on a specific phenotypic or biochemical trait. This usually requires the generation of stable transgenic plants and this can take considerable time. Therefore any technique that expedites the validation of gene function is of particular benefit in cereals, including barley. One such technique is Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS), which evokes a natural antiviral defense mechanism in plants. VIGS can be used to downregulate gene expression in a transient manner, but long enough to determine its effects on a specific phenotype. It is particularly useful for screening candidate genes and selecting those with potential for disease control. VIGS based on Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus (BSMV) is a powerful and efficient tool for the analysis of gene function in cereals. Here we present a BSMV VIGS protocol for simple and robust gene silencing in barley and describe it to evaluate the role of the hormone receptor BRI1 (Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1) in barley leaf resistance to Fusarium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokanadha R Gunupuru
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Alexandre Perochon
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, College of Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shahin S Ali
- SPCL, USDA/ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Steven R Scofield
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Fiona M Doohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, College of Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Gunupuru LR, Arunachalam C, Malla KB, Kahla A, Perochon A, Jia J, Thapa G, Doohan FM. A wheat cytochrome P450 enhances both resistance to deoxynivalenol and grain yield. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204992. [PMID: 30312356 PMCID: PMC6185721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) serves as a plant disease virulence factor for the fungi Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum during the development of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease on wheat. A wheat cytochrome P450 gene from the subfamily CYP72A, TaCYP72A, was cloned from wheat cultivar CM82036. TaCYP72A was located on chromosome 3A with homeologs present on 3B and 3D of the wheat genome. Using gene expression studies, we showed that TaCYP72A variants were activated in wheat spikelets as an early response to F. graminearum, and this activation was in response to the mycotoxic Fusarium virulence factor deoxynivalenol (DON). Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) studies in wheat heads revealed that this gene family contributes to DON resistance. VIGS resulted in more DON-induced discoloration of spikelets, as compared to mock VIGS treatment. In addition to positively affecting DON resistance, TaCYP72A also had a positive effect on grain number. VIGS of TaCYP72A genes reduced grain number by more than 59%. Thus, we provide evidence that TaCYP72A contributes to host resistance to DON and conclude that this gene family warrants further assessment as positive contributors to both biotic stress resistance and grain development in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokanadha R. Gunupuru
- School of Biology & Environment Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Science Centre East, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Chanemougasoundharam Arunachalam
- School of Biology & Environment Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Science Centre East, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Keshav B. Malla
- School of Biology & Environment Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Science Centre East, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Amal Kahla
- School of Biology & Environment Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Science Centre East, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alexandre Perochon
- School of Biology & Environment Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Science Centre East, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jianguang Jia
- School of Biology & Environment Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Science Centre East, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ganesh Thapa
- School of Biology & Environment Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Science Centre East, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- School of Biology & Environment Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Science Centre East, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Thapa G, Gunupuru LR, Hehir JG, Kahla A, Mullins E, Doohan FM. A Pathogen-Responsive Leucine Rich Receptor Like Kinase Contributes to Fusarium Resistance in Cereals. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:867. [PMID: 29997638 PMCID: PMC6029142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases form the largest family of receptors in plants and play an important role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and modulating the plant immune responses to invasive fungi, including cereal defenses against fungal diseases. But hitherto, none have been shown to modulate the wheat response to the economically important Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease of small-grain cereals. Homologous genes were identified on barley chromosome 6H (HvLRRK-6H) and wheat chromosome 6DL (TaLRRK-6D), which encode the characteristic domains of surface-localized receptor like kinases. Gene expression studies validated that the wheat TaLRRK-6D is highly induced in heads as an early response to both the causal pathogen of FHB disease, Fusarium graminearum, and its' mycotoxic virulence factor deoxynivalenol. The transcription of other wheat homeologs of this gene, located on chromosomes 6A and 6B, was also up-regulated in response to F. graminearum. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the barley HvLRRK-6H compromised leaf defense against F. graminearum. VIGS of TaLRRK-6D in two wheat cultivars, CM82036 (resistant to FHB disease) and cv. Remus (susceptible to FHB), confirmed that TaLRRK-6D contributes to basal resistance to FHB disease in both genotypes. Although the effect of VIGS did not generally reduce grain losses due to FHB, this experiment did reveal that TaLRRK-6D positively contributes to grain development. Further gene expression studies in wheat cv. Remus indicated that VIGS of TaLRRK-6D suppressed the expression of genes involved in salicylic acid signaling, which is a key hormonal pathway involved in defense. Thus, this study provides the first evidence of receptor like kinases as an important component of cereal defense against Fusarium and highlights this gene as a target for enhancing cereal resistance to FHB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Thapa
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Lokanadha R. Gunupuru
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - James G. Hehir
- Crop Science Department, Oak Park Crops Research Centre, Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Amal Kahla
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Crop Science Department, Oak Park Crops Research Centre, Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Fiona M. Doohan,
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Thapa G, Das D, Gunupuru LR. Expression of Echmr gene from Eichhornia offers multiple stress tolerance to Cd sensitive Escherichia coli Δgsh mutants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:101-109. [PMID: 27457806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The detoxification of heavy metals frequently involves conjugation to glutathione prior to compartmentalization and eflux in higher plants. We have expressed a heavy metal stress responsive (Echmr) gene from water hyacinth, which conferred tolerance to Cd sensitive Escherichia coli Δgsh mutants against heavy metals and abiotic stresses. The recombinant E. coli Δgsh mutant cells showed better growth recovery and survival than control cells under Cd (200 μM), Pb(200 μM), heat shock (50 °C), cold stress at 4 °C for 4 h, and UV-B (20 min) exposure. The enhanced expression of Echmr gene revealed by northern analysis during above stresses further advocates its role in multi-stress tolerance. Heterologous expression of EcHMR from Eichhornia rescued Cd(2+) sensitive E. coli mutants from Cd(2+) toxicity and induced better recovery post abiotic stresses. This may suggests a possible role of Echmr in Cd(II) and desiccation tolerance in plants for enhanced stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thapa
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; Earth Institute, Molecular Plant Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - D Das
- Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - L R Gunupuru
- Earth Institute, Molecular Plant Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Ali SS, Gunupuru LR, Kumar GBS, Khan M, Scofield S, Nicholson P, Doohan FM. Plant disease resistance is augmented in uzu barley lines modified in the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:227. [PMID: 25135116 PMCID: PMC4158134 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brassinosteroid hormones regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. The membrane receptor BRI1 is a central player in the brassinosteroid signaling cascade. Semi-dwarf 'uzu' barley carries a mutation in a conserved domain of the kinase tail of BRI1 and this mutant allele is recognised for its positive contribution to both yield and lodging resistance. RESULTS Here we show that uzu barley exhibits enhanced resistance to a range of pathogens. It was due to a combination of preformed, inducible and constitutive defence responses, as determined by a combination of transcriptomic and biochemical studies. Gene expression studies were used to determine that the uzu derivatives are attenuated in downstream brassinosteroid signaling. The reduction of BRI1 RNA levels via virus-induced gene silencing compromised uzu disease resistance. CONCLUSIONS The pathogen resistance of uzu derivatives may be due to pleiotropic effects of BRI1 or the cascade effects of their repressed BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin S Ali
- />Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- />SPCL, USDA/ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Lokanadha R Gunupuru
- />Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G B Sunil Kumar
- />Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mojibur Khan
- />Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- />Present address: Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati -35, India
| | - Steve Scofield
- />Department of Agronomy, USDA-ARS, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit and Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Paul Nicholson
- />Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Fiona M Doohan
- />Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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