1
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Viegas R, Silva F, Nørgaard LS, Duarte-Ramos F, Mendes R, Alves da Costa F. Physical activity promotion in the community pharmacy: An opportunity for an expanded role? Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:345-352. [PMID: 38129220 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for the development of chronic diseases, and it is increasingly prevalent in the Portuguese population. Pharmacists' role in promoting physical activity (PA) is still not well established, although health promotion is foreseen by law in Portugal. Competing tasks and location where the pharmacy is embedded can hinder this promotion in their daily practice. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the main barriers and facilitators of physical activity promotion (PAP) in Portuguese community pharmacies and explore possible pathways for future implementation of physical activity promotion. METHODS In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively enrolled community pharmacists. Participant recruitment was aligned with data saturation. Data analysis comprised a mixed model of a deductive theme mapping strategy using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) for the behaviour of promoting physical activity and an inductive approach for any other relevant themes and which might influence PA promotion. RESULTS Data saturation was reached at eleven interviews. Barriers and facilitators for the behaviour of promoting PA were identified from 11 out of the 14 TDF domains. Following an inductive approach, other emerging codes were clustered in additional seven major themes. Highlighted barriers focused on domains #1 - Knowledge, #10 - Memory, Attention and Decision Processes and #13 - Environmental Context and Resources. Community mapping, establishment of remuneration models and the use of digital technologies were suggested as additional potential contributors to scale up PAP. CONCLUSION Community pharmacists are well placed inside their communities to serve as a focal point for signposting, engagement with other healthcare professionals and community resources and activities organized by the pharmacy itself. Pharmacists should be supported in being knowledgeable, aware, and available when promoting PA in their daily counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Viegas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon - imed, Research Institute for Medicines, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Silva
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filipa Duarte-Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon - imed, Research Institute for Medicines, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Romeu Mendes
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal; ACES Douro I - Marão e Douro Norte, Administração Regional de Saúde do Norte, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipa Alves da Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon - imed, Research Institute for Medicines, Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Cantarero-Arevalo L, Kaae S, Jacobsen R, Nielsen A, Slyngborg L, Smistrup N, Kastrup LM, Hämeen-Anttila K, Strömberg A, Stig Nørgaard L. Empowering patients as co-researchers in social pharmacy: Lessons learned and practical tips for meaningful partnership and impact. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:372-376. [PMID: 38158303 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Engaging patients as co-researchers in health service research, involving them in the design, planning, and implementation rather than treating them as mere participants, can yield positive outcomes and generate value for patients' health. It also increases patients' health literacy and empowerment, leading to more meaningful studies and substantial research impact. However, deeper levels of engagement as partners throughout the research lifecycle come with ethical and methodological challenges. This commentary provides actionable advice for Patient Engagement and Involvement (PEI) in social pharmacy research through a rapid review of models, frameworks, and guidelines and by gathering lessons from four recent social pharmacy research initiatives conducted in Nordic settings. It also identifies and discusses ethical and methodological challenges to conducting authentic and sustained patient-driven research. Deeper levels of engagement where patients take the lead in shaping the social pharmacy research question(s) are rare due to the intensity of resources required. With these 24 tips and the lessons learned, we aim to make this approach more accessible to social pharmacy researchers interested in PEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Cantarero-Arevalo
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in the Patient Perspective on Medicine Use, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Susanne Kaae
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in the Patient Perspective on Medicine Use, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in the Patient Perspective on Medicine Use, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in the Patient Perspective on Medicine Use, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Hansen RN, Nørgaard LS, Rossing CV. Danish community pharmacies supporting self-care for patients. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm 2023; 12:100343. [PMID: 37860225 PMCID: PMC10582730 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In Denmark, self-care has been a part of the health care professional and health political discourse since the middle of the 1970s particularly in relation to prevention. However, the concept has become more visible in connection with the Danish government's public health programme "Healthy throughout life" from 2002 to 2010, where patients' self-care was highlighted as an important element in preventing disease progression and complications. Self-care in Denmark is seen as a partnership between the patient and the health care professional. Some self-care activities in Danish community pharmacies are mentioned in national and municipal guidelines for better prevention and self-care regarding obesity, sexual health, smoking cessation, teaching patients/relatives and vaccination. This paper describes self-care activities and services delivered by Danish community pharmacies gathered from survey results at 33 community pharmacies, oral communication with the Association of Danish Pharmacies and published papers on Danish community pharmacy services. Self-care activities in Danish community pharmacies include counselling (about health, self-care, prescription medication, and OTC medication), health campaigns, collaborations with other health care professionals and patient associations and community pharmacy services, all with the purpose to support correct medication use, medication safety and to contribute to health promotion and prevention. These cover activities on prevention, detection, minor ailments, and chronic disease. Six of ten future community pharmacy contributions to medication safety and prevention in future health care, described by the Association of Danish Pharmacies, are related to community pharmacies' support of patients towards better self-care. In the future, Danish community pharmacies should consider offering self-care activities by expanding existing counselling, community pharmacy services and collaborations. Remuneration also needs to be aligned for the activities to succeed and become an integrated part of prevention packages and national initiatives that support patient self-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Nørgaard Hansen
- Pharmakon, The Danish College of Pharmacy Practice, Milnersvej 42, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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4
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Fernandez-Llimos F, Desselle S, Stewart D, Garcia-Cardenas V, Babar ZUD, Bond C, Dago A, Jacobsen R, Nørgaard LS, Polidori C, Sanchez-Polo M, Santos-Ramos B, Shcherbakova N, Tonin F. Improving the quality of publications in and advancing the paradigms of clinical and social pharmacy practice research: The Granada statements. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:830-835. [PMID: 36804321 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as "the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care". Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other health care areas (i.e., medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors' selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Revista Brasileira de Farmacia Hospitalar e Serviços de Saude, Professor, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Shane Desselle
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA.
| | - Derek Stewart
- International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Victoria Garcia-Cardenas
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Senior Lecturer, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Christine Bond
- International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Ana Dago
- Pharmaceutical Care España, Pressident, Pharmaceutical Care España Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Associate Professor at the Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carlo Polidori
- European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Associate Professor, Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Polo
- Ars Pharmaceutica; Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Bernardo Santos-Ramos
- Farmacia Hospitalaria, Pharmacy, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Associated researcher, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain.
| | - Natalia Shcherbakova
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, United States.
| | - Fernanda Tonin
- Researcher, Pharmacy Practice. Health & Technology Research Center (H&TRC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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5
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Fernandez-Llimos F, Desselle S, Stewart D, Garcia-Cardenas V, Babar ZUD, Bond C, Dago A, Jacobsen R, Nørgaard LS, Polidori C, Sanchez-Polo M, Santos-Ramos B, Shcherbakova N, Tonin FS. Improving the quality of publications in and advancing the paradigms of clinical and social pharmacy practice research: The Granada Statements. Farm Hosp 2023; 47:133-138. [PMID: 36963994 DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as "the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care". Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other health care areas (i.e., medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors' selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Revista Brasileira de Farmacia Hospitalar e Serviços de Saúde; Profesor, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Shane Desselle
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy; Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy; Vicedecano para Investigación y Asuntos profesionales, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, Estados Unidos.
| | - Derek Stewart
- International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy; Profesor de Farmacia Clínica y Practica, Facultad de Farmacia, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Victoria Garcia-Cardenas
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy; Senior Lecturer, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice; Profesor de Medicamentos y Atención Sanitaria, Departmento de Farmacia, Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, Reino Unido.
| | - Christine Bond
- International Journal of Pharmacy Practice; Profesor Emerito (Atención Primaria), Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas de la Salud, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Escocia, Reino Unido.
| | - Ana Dago
- Pharmaceutical Care España; Presidente, Fundación Pharmaceutical Care España, Barcelona, España.
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy; Profesor Asociado, Departmento de Farmacia, University of Copenhagen, Dinamarca.
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy; Professor Asociado, Departmento de Farmacia, University of Copenhagen, Copenague, Dinamarca.
| | - Carlo Polidori
- European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy: Profesor Asociado, Departmento de Medicina Experimental e Salud Pública, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italia.
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Polo
- Ars Pharmaceutica; Profesor, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España.
| | - Bernardo Santos-Ramos
- Farmacia Hospitalaria; Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío; Investigador Asociado, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, España.
| | - Natalia Shcherbakova
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy; Profesor Asociado, Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencias de la Salud, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, Estados Unidos.
| | - Fernanda S Tonin
- Pharmacy Practice; Investigador, Health & Technology Research Center (H&TRC), Escuela Superior de Tecnologia de la Salud (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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6
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Fernandez-Llimos F, Desselle S, Stewart D, Garcia-Cardenas V, Babar ZUD, Bond C, Dago A, Jacobsen R, Nørgaard LS, Polidori C, Sanchez-Polo M, Santos-Ramos B, Shcherbakova N, Tonin FS. Improving the quality of publications in and advancing the paradigms of clinical and social Pharmacy Practice Research: The Granada statements. Farm Hosp 2023; 47:T133-T138. [PMID: 37198084 DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as "the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care". Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other health care areas (i.e., medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors' selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work. © 2023 The Author(s) Published by Elsevier Inc, Springer Nature, Brazilian Society of Hospital Pharmacy and Health Services, Elsevier Inc, Royal Pharmaceutical Society, Biomedcentral, Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (S.E.F.H), Pharmaceutical Care España Foundation, European Association of Hospital Pharmacists, Faculty of Pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Revista Brasileira de Farmacia Hospitalar e Serviços de Saúde; Profesor, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Shane Desselle
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy; Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy; Vicedecano para Investigación y Asuntos profesionales, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, Estados Unidos.
| | - Derek Stewart
- International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy; Profesor de Farmacia Clínica y Practica, Facultad de Farmacia, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Victoria Garcia-Cardenas
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy; Senior Lecturer, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice; Profesor de Medicamentos y Atención Sanitaria, Departmento de Farmacia, Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, Reino Unido.
| | - Christine Bond
- International Journal of Pharmacy Practice; Profesor Emerito (Atención Primaria), Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas de la Salud, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Escocia, Reino Unido.
| | - Ana Dago
- Pharmaceutical Care España; Presidente, Fundación Pharmaceutical Care España, Barcelona, España.
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy; Profesor Asociado, Departmento de Farmacia, University of Copenhagen, Dinamarca.
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy; Professor Asociado, Departmento de Farmacia, University of Copenhagen, Copenague, Dinamarca.
| | - Carlo Polidori
- European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy: Profesor Asociado, Departmento de Medicina Experimental e Salud Pública, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italia.
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Polo
- Ars Pharmaceutica; Profesor, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España.
| | - Bernardo Santos-Ramos
- Farmacia Hospitalaria; Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío; Investigador Asociado, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, España.
| | - Natalia Shcherbakova
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy; Profesor Asociado, Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencias de la Salud, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, Estados Unidos.
| | - Fernanda S Tonin
- Pharmacy Practice; Investigador, Health & Technology Research Center (H&TRC), Escuela Superior de Tecnologia de la Salud (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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7
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Fernandez-Llimos F, Desselle S, Stewart D, Garcia-Cardenas V, Babar ZUD, Bond C, Dago A, Jacobsen R, Nørgaard LS, Polidori C, Sanchez-Polo M, Santos-Ramos B, Shcherbakova N, Tonin FS. Improving the quality of publications in and advancing the paradigms of clinical and social pharmacy practice research: the Granada Statements. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:285-292. [PMID: 36920737 PMCID: PMC10147809 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as "the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care". Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other health care areas (i.e., medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors' selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Revista Brasileira de Farmacia Hospitalar e Serviços de Saude, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shane Desselle
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Research and Professional Affairs, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Derek Stewart
- International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Victoria Garcia-Cardenas
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, Medicines and Healthcare, Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Christine Bond
- International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Ana Dago
- Pharmaceutical Care España, Pharmaceutical Care España Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlo Polidori
- European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Polo
- Ars Pharmaceutica, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Bernardo Santos-Ramos
- Farmacia Hospitalaria, Pharmacy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Natalia Shcherbakova
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Fernanda S Tonin
- Pharmacy Practice, Health & Technology Research Center (H&TRC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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8
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Fernandez-Llimos F, Desselle S, Stewart D, Garcia-Cardenas V, Babar ZUD, Bond C, Dago A, Jacobsen R, Nørgaard LS, Polidori C, Sanchez-Polo M, Santos-Ramos B, Shcherbakova N, Tonin FS. Improving the quality of publications in and advancing the paradigms of clinical and social pharmacy practice research: the Granada statements. Int J Pharm Pract 2023; 31:119-125. [PMID: 36933233 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as 'the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care'. Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other healthcare areas (i.e. medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into 6 topics, namely the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics and authors' selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derek Stewart
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Christine Bond
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ana Dago
- Pharmaceutical Care España Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlo Polidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Bernardo Santos-Ramos
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - Natalia Shcherbakova
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Fernanda S Tonin
- Health & Technology Research Center (H&TRC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Fernandez-Llimos F, Desselle S, Stewart D, Garcia-Cardenas V, Babar ZUD, Bond C, Dago A, Jacobsen R, Nørgaard LS, Polidori C, Sanchez-Polo M, Santos-Ramos B, Shcherbakova NG, Tonin FS. Improving the quality of publications in and advancing the paradigms of clinical and social pharmacy practice research: the Granada Statements. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2023:ejhpharm-2023-003748. [PMID: 36914239 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2023-003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as 'the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on healthcare systems, medicine use, and patient care'. Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other healthcare areas (ie, medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors' selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane Desselle
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Derek Stewart
- International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, Qatar University College of Pharmacy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Victoria Garcia-Cardenas
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Christine Bond
- International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ana Dago
- Pharmaceutical Care España, Pharmaceutical Care España Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Carlo Polidori
- Experimental medicine and Public health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Natalia G Shcherbakova
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernanda S Tonin
- Pharmacy Practice, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Fernandez-Llimos F, Desselle S, Stewart D, Garcia-Cardenas V, Babar ZUD, Bond C, Dago A, Jacobsen R, Nørgaard LS, Polidori C, Sanchez-Polo M, Santos-Ramos B, Shcherbakova N, Tonin F. Improving the quality of publications in and advancing the paradigms of clinical and social pharmacy practice research: The Granada statements. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:43. [PMID: 36899408 PMCID: PMC9999617 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as "the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care". Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other health care areas (i.e., medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors' selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Revista Brasileira de Farmacia Hospitalar e Serviços de Saude, Professor, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shane Desselle
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Research and Professional Affairs, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Derek Stewart
- International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Victoria Garcia-Cardenas
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Senior Lecturer, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, Professor in Medicines and Healthcare, Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.
| | - Christine Bond
- International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Ana Dago
- Pharmaceutical Care España, Pharmaceutical Care España Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlo Polidori
- European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Associate Professor, Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Polo
- Ars Pharmaceutica, Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Bernardo Santos-Ramos
- Farmacia Hospitalaria, Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - Natalia Shcherbakova
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Fernanda Tonin
- Researcher, Pharmacy Practice. Health and Technology Research Center (H&TRC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Buhl C, Olsen NL, Nørgaard LS, Thomsen LA, Jacobsen R. Community Pharmacy Staff's Knowledge, Educational Needs, and Barriers Related to Counseling Cancer Patients and Cancer Survivors in Denmark. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2287. [PMID: 36767653 PMCID: PMC9916331 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to determine Danish community pharmacy staff's knowledge, educational needs, and barriers when communicating with cancer patients/survivors. Furthermore, the study investigated whether pharmacy staff was interested in participating in education about cancer. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among community pharmacy staff (pharmacists and pharmaconomists) in Denmark. Descriptive and bivariate (t-test and chi-square) statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS In total, 134 staff members responded to the questionnaire. Their self-reported knowledge of cancer-related topics was between 'very little knowledge' and 'some knowledge'. The most well-known topics concerned risk factors for cancer and side effects from cancer treatments. The importance of learning more about the same topics was rated between 'important' and 'very important'. The largest barriers identified in counseling cancer patients/survivors were a lack of knowledge about cancer, a focus on healthcare problems other than cancer, and a traditional view of community pharmacies as a place to pick up medication. Pharmacy staff expressed interest in participating in educational programs about cancer treatment (91.0%), communication with cancer patients (88.1%), and late effects of cancer (93.3%). CONCLUSION Community pharmacy staff show interest in participating in education regarding cancer, but need more knowledge to properly counsel cancer patients and survivors at the community pharmacies. This important barrier should be addressed in future educational programs for community pharmacy staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Buhl
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadia Lund Olsen
- Science to Society, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fernandez-Llimos F, Desselle S, Stewart D, Garcia-Cardenas V, Babar ZUD, Bond C, Dago A, Jacobsen R, Nørgaard LS, Polidori C, Sanchez-Polo M, Santos-Ramos B, Shcherbakova N, Tonin FS. Improving the quality of publications in and advancing the paradigms of clinical and social pharmacy practice research: The Granada Statements. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm 2023; 9:100229. [PMID: 36866074 PMCID: PMC9971279 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as "the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care". Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other health care areas (i.e., medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors' selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Revista Brasileira de Farmacia Hospitalar e Serviços de Saude, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shane Desselle
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Research and Professional Affairs, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Derek Stewart
- International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Victoria Garcia-Cardenas
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, Medicines and Healthcare, Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Bond
- International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Emeritus Professor (Primary Care), Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Dago
- Pharmaceutical Care España, Pharmaceutical Care España Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlo Polidori
- European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Polo
- Ars Pharmaceutica, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Bernardo Santos-Ramos
- Farmacia Hospitalaria, Pharmacy, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - Natalia Shcherbakova
- Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, United States
| | - Fernanda S. Tonin
- Pharmacy Practice, Health & Technology Research Center (H&TRC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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13
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Lech LVJ, Rossing C, Andersen TRH, Nørgaard LS, Almarsdóttir AB. Developing a pharmacist-led intervention to provide transitional pharmaceutical care for hospital discharged patients: A collaboration between hospital and community pharmacists. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy 2022; 7:100177. [PMID: 36131887 PMCID: PMC9483769 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients who transfer from the hospital back to the community are at risk of experiencing problems related to their medications. Hospital pharmacists (HPs) and community pharmacists (CPs) may play an important role and provide transitional pharmaceutical care in transition of care interventions. Objective To describe how a pharmacist-led intervention to provide transitional pharmaceutical care for hospital discharged patients was developed, utilizing already existing pharmacist interventions in the hospital and community pharmacy. Methods A mixed-method approach to intervention development was applied. Existing evidence was identified through a literature review of effective transitional care interventions and existing services in the hospital and community pharmacy. Focus group interviews and a workshop were carried out with HPs and CPs to identify their perceived facilitators and uncertainties in relation to intervention development. The final intervention and the expected outcomes were developed in an expert group workshop. Finally, the hospital part of the intervention was tested in a small-scale feasibility study to assess what type of information the HP would transfer to the CP for follow up. Results Five components were identified through the 209 systematic reviews: pharmacist-led medication reconciliation, pharmacist-led medication review, collaboration with general practitioners (GPs), post discharge pharmacist follow up and patient counseling or education. HPs and CPs identified uncertainties related to the relevance of the information sent from the HP to the CP, identification of patients at the community pharmacy and communication. The expected outcomes for the patients receiving the intervention were an experience of increased safety and satisfaction and less use of healthcare resources. The feasibility study led to optimization of language and structure of the pharmacist referrals that were used to transfer information from the HP to the CP. Conclusion A patient centered intervention to provide transitional pharmaceutical care for hospital discharged patients was developed using existing evidence in transition of care, HPs and CPs, an expert group, and a small-scale feasibility study. A full-scale feasibility test of the intervention should be carried out for it to be further refined.
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14
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Cavaco AM, Ribeiro J, Nørgaard LS. Exploring the use of cognitive enhancement substances among Portuguese university students. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy 2022; 5:100097. [PMID: 35478516 PMCID: PMC9032074 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prescription drug use and the consumption of substances to enhance college students' cognitive performance, described as pharmacological cognitive enhancement (PCE), is a known phenomenon potentially impacting individuals' health. University and college students are two specific subpopulations noted to use PCE (up to 17%, on average). To our knowledge, no data have been published on the use of PCE drugs among university students at a national level in Portugal and the factors that might be associated with this usage. Objective The main objective was to estimate the prevalence of PCE use by Portuguese university students and to identify the PCE substances commonly used by university students, i.e., those classified as prescription drugs and other legal and nonprescribed substances, including food supplements. Methods The study followed a cross-sectional exploratory, descriptive design and pursued a convenience sample of students from Portuguese public and private universities (22 higher education institutions). Results From a sample of 745 university students, 32% indicated the use of prescribed and nonprescribed substances. The most consumed substances were food supplements with CNS stimulants being the most frequent prescription-only drugs but not necessarily accessed through a medical prescription. A significant statistical association was found between substance consumption and the field of study. Health science students reported more food supplements and drug intake, allegedly under prescribed regimens, compared to humanities and exact sciences students. The study discusses the need to better understand the competitive societies that produce and support young students' outputs and the perceived ‘need’ for performance-enhancing substances. Conclusions One-third of the university students aimed to improve their performance by pharmacological cognitive enhancement, with a preference for food supplements dispensed in pharmacies. PCE substance consumption in higher education is thus non-negligible. The study suggests the need to improve regulations on potential inequalities in academic rankings and success and an observant attitude concerning implications that negatively affect health in the long run.
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Petersen MA, Petersen IL, Poulsen C, Nørgaard LS. #studydrugs–Persuasive posting on Instagram. International Journal of Drug Policy 2021; 95:103100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Burghle A, Hansen RN, Nørgaard LS, Hedegaard U, Bendixen S, Søndergaard L, Servilieri K, Hansen J, Rossing C. The Danish Network for Community Pharmacy Practice Research and Development. Pharmacy (Basel) 2021; 9:114. [PMID: 34204275 PMCID: PMC8293441 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The community pharmacy has a number of attributes that makes it an excellent setting for research and development projects, as it is a highly accessible part of the healthcare system and is staffed by highly trained health care professionals. The big turnover in patients in the community pharmacy makes it possible to reach a great number of patients and collect a lot of data in a relatively short time. However, conducting nation-wide research and development projects can be a rather time-consuming process for the individual community pharmacy, and can thus require collaboration with other community pharmacies and researchers. This will help ensure strong results and better implementation. Thus, the Danish Network for Community Pharmacy Practice for Research and Development (NUAP) was established in Denmark by a number of highly committed community pharmacies and researchers. NUAP consists of 102 member pharmacy owners in addition to a number of researchers. The aim of the network is to strengthen pharmacy practice and pharmacy practice research in Denmark by providing a forum where community pharmacy practitioners and researchers meet and work together. The network is led by a steering committee elected by the members in the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Burghle
- Hospital Pharmacy Funen, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Rikke Nørgaard Hansen
- Department of Research and Development, Pharmakon, Danish College of Pharmacy Practice, 3400 Hilleroed, Denmark; (R.N.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Ulla Hedegaard
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Susanne Bendixen
- København Sønderbro Pharmacy, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.); (J.H.)
| | | | | | - Julianne Hansen
- København Sønderbro Pharmacy, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Charlotte Rossing
- Department of Research and Development, Pharmakon, Danish College of Pharmacy Practice, 3400 Hilleroed, Denmark; (R.N.H.); (C.R.)
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17
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Poulsen JH, Dieckmann P, Clemmensen MH, Nørgaard LS. Drug shortages in hospitals: Actors' perspectives. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 18:2615-2624. [PMID: 34020898 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite an increasing focus on drug shortages, no standardized global definition of a drug shortage seems to exist. This raises the question of whether healthcare actors are discussing the same phenomenon, which may influence their actions when managing, solving and preventing drug shortages. Further, the literature reports a lack of national contingency plans for managing drug shortages in hospitals. OBJECTIVE To explore national-level communication, decision-making and collaboration on drug shortage management carried out in Denmark by secondary healthcare actors. METHODS Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with actor representatives from Amgros, the procurement department of the hospital pharmacy in the Capital Region of Denmark, two medicine suppliers, two pharmaceutical wholesalers and distributors, and the Danish Medicines Agency. Data was analyzed using a social constructivist approach. RESULTS No common definition of a drug shortage exists among the actors, but referential definitions related to "contract" and delivered "as expected" were identified. Additionally, actors initiate drug shortage procedures differently, and, as efforts are minimally coordinated, the work procedures are often needlessly duplicated. Further, discrepancies in available drug shortage information arise, as information is distributed through different electronic systems, unavailable to all actors. Besides, Amgros (a national organization responsible for tendering and procuring medicines in hospitals) and the procurement department of the hospital pharmacy in the Capital Region of Denmark make joint decisions regarding the choice of alternative drugs. However, the study found that actors had diverse collaborative relationships, especially those with the Danish Medicines Agency, and that these were limited to contact regarding medicine regulations and unlicensed medicine. CONCLUSION The study provided insight into national-level communication, decision-making and collaboration on drug shortage management by different actors in hospitals. This knowledge is useful in the development of a national contingency plan for drug shortage management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hanne Poulsen
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Peter Dieckmann
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for Human Resources, Capital Region of Denmark, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Quality and Health Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Hald Clemmensen
- Medicines Information Center, The Hospital Pharmacy, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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18
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Poulsen JH, Nørgaard LS, Dieckmann P, Clemmensen MH. Time spent by hospital personnel on drug changes: A time and motion study from an in-and outpatient hospital setting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247499. [PMID: 33630933 PMCID: PMC7906352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medicines used at Danish public hospitals are purchased through tendering. Together with drug shortage, tendering result in drug changes, known to compromise patient safety, increase medicine errors and to be resource demanding for healthcare personnel. Details on actual resources required in the clinic setting to manage drug changes are unknown. The aim of the study is to explore time spend by hospital personnel in a drug change situation when dispensing medicine to in- and outpatients in a hospital setting in the Capital Region of Denmark. METHOD A time and motion study, using direct observation combined with time-registration tools, such as eye-tracking, video recording and manual time tracking. Data were obtained from observing nurses and social and health care assistants with dispensing authority while dispensing or extraditing medicine before and after the implementation of drug changes in two clinical setting; a cardiology ward and a rheumatology outpatient clinic. RESULTS Hospital personnel at the cardiology inpatient ward spent 20.5 seconds on dispensing a drug, which was increased up to 28.4 seconds by drug changes. At the rheumatology outpatient clinic, time to extradite medicine increased from 8 minutes and 6 seconds to 15 minutes and 36 seconds by drug changes due to tender. Similarly, drug changes due to drug shortage prolonged the extradition time to 16 minutes and 54 seconds. Statistical analysis reveal that drug changes impose a significant increase in time to dispense a drug for both in- and outpatients. CONCLUSION Clinical hospital personnel spent significantly longer time on drug change situations in the dispensing of medicine to in- and outpatients in a hospitals. This study emphasizes that implementing drug changes do require extra time, thus, the hospital management should encounter this and ensure that additional time is available for the hospital personnel to ensure a safe drug dispensing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hanne Poulsen
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Dieckmann
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for Human Resources, Capital Region of Denmark, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Quality and Health Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Hald Clemmensen
- Medicines Information Center, The Hospital Pharmacy, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
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Kälvemark Sporrong S, Kaae S, Nørgaard LS, Møllebæk M, Waaseth M, Cantarero Arevalo L, Ljungberg Persson C, Bekker CL, Falby Lindell J, Druedahl L. Challenges in qualitative social pharmacy research: Reflections based on a conference workshop. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 18:2254-2258. [PMID: 33622614 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A methodological debate within social pharmacy is ongoing regarding how to apply a qualitative approach. This paper emanates from a workshop at the Nordic Social Pharmacy Conference in 2019, named 'How do we know it's good? A workshop on quality criteria in qualitative social and clinical pharmacy research', that addressed this debate. The aim of this paper is twofold (1) to present the main key points raised during the workshop and (2) based on these inputs to contribute to the ongoing discussion on qualitative methodology within social pharmacy research. This paper starts with what was discussed at the workshop and further elaborated are some of the challenges with conducting qualitative research within social pharmacy. These include methodological and disciplinary competence and insecurity, reflections on the consequences of that many social pharmacy researchers come from a natural science background and how this (possibly) shapes the practice of qualitative research within the field. For example, how concepts like transparency and saturation, together with checklists and quality criteria are understood and used. Finally, we make suggestions for the next step for qualitative research in social pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kälvemark Sporrong
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - S Kaae
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - L S Nørgaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Møllebæk
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Waaseth
- Department of Pharmacy, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - L Cantarero Arevalo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - C Ljungberg Persson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Avid Wallgrens Backe, Hus 7, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - C L Bekker
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - J Falby Lindell
- Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics and University of Copenhagen Research Centre for Control of Antibiotic Resistance (UC-CARE), University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - L Druedahl
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Jowkar N, Fjeldsø N, Nørgaard LS, Sporrong SK, Jacobsen R, Kaae S. A Presentation of Central Communication Aspects in the Patient-Provider Relationship-Potential Learnings for Community Pharmacists. Pharmacy (Basel) 2020; 8:pharmacy8040241. [PMID: 33352836 PMCID: PMC7768490 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that communication between patients and HCPs is still not optimal in integrating patients’ perspectives on how best to manage their diseases and their medication. One such area where encounters between patients and professionals still needs to develop to better incorporate the patient’s perspective is pharmacy practice. The aim of this study was therefore to explore and present new typologies and communication aspects of HCP-patient relationships since a comprehensive literature search in 1997 conducted by Sondell and Söderfeldt, and relate the findings to pharmacy practice. In total, 11 articles were identified by applying the techniques of a purposeful literature search. The articles covered aspects of: shifting and adapting roles during the encounter, techniques to ensure individualizing in the encounter, avoiding inappropriate routines, coping with internet-informed patients, achieving mutual goals, dealing with uncertainty including avoiding rigid preconceptions, using social conversation, incorporating patients’ prior experiences, aligning language, adapting greetings and exploring the cultures and communication patterns of patients from other ethnic backgrounds. The variety of these communication aspects points to the immense complexity of communication as a practice discipline. This article has presented some of the literature that pharmacists can consult, in the endeavor of improving their communication practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Jowkar
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark; (N.J.); (N.F.); (L.S.N.); or (S.K.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Nina Fjeldsø
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark; (N.J.); (N.F.); (L.S.N.); or (S.K.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark; (N.J.); (N.F.); (L.S.N.); or (S.K.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Sofia Kälvemark Sporrong
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark; (N.J.); (N.F.); (L.S.N.); or (S.K.S.); (R.J.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark; (N.J.); (N.F.); (L.S.N.); or (S.K.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Susanne Kaae
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark; (N.J.); (N.F.); (L.S.N.); or (S.K.S.); (R.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-3533-6273
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Hansen MB, Nørgaard LS, Hallgreen CE. How and Why to Involve Patients in Drug Development: Perspectives From the Pharmaceutical Industry, Regulatory Authorities, and Patient Organizations. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020; 54:577-585. [PMID: 33301145 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-019-00090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing interest and focus on patient-centric approaches to drug development, there might still be divergent views between key stakeholders in how to perceive patient involvement and how possibly divergent views influence the role of patients in the drug development process. The objective of this study is to explore how the perception of patient organizations, pharmaceutical companies, and regulatory agencies influence the role of patients in drug development. METHOD A qualitative interview study based on 12 semi-structured interviews with representatives from the 3 stakeholders. Interviews were transcribed, and data were analyzed using a social constructivist approach in the form of systematic text condensation. RESULTS Three main perceptions of patient involvement were identified: "a way to improve quality of life," "a way to avoid business failure," and "a way to foster a faster drug approval process." Transparency, trust, and clarification of expectations and roles were factors perceived as prerequisites for a valuable collaboration. Furthermore, a required cultural mindset change in the pharmaceutical industry, the lack of a common framework, patient organizations having limited resources available, and concerns about what to do with patient responsibility were perceived as the most important barriers for patient involvement. CONCLUSION Based on the findings, the pharmaceutical industry, patient organizations, and regulatory authorities were labeled as "pioneer/dominant," "unaware/quiet," and "hesitant," respectively. The 3 behavioural descriptors reflect a limited negotiation of the role patients have in drug development. Thus, the pharmaceutical industry appears to be the largest influencer with regard to patients' role in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Botoft Hansen
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Erikstrup Hallgreen
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100, Denmark.
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Baines D, Nørgaard LS, Babar ZUD, Rossing C. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Will it change pharmacy practice? Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16:1279-1281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Amin MEK, Nørgaard LS, Cavaco AM, Witry MJ, Hillman L, Cernasev A, Desselle SP. Establishing trustworthiness and authenticity in qualitative pharmacy research. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16:1472-1482. [PMID: 32067887 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spurred by the value it can add, the use of qualitative research methods has been steadily growing by social pharmacy researchers around the globe, either separately or as part of mixed methods research projects. Given this increase, it is important to provide guidance to assist researchers in ensuring quality when employing such methods. This commentary addresses both theoretical fundamentals as well as practical aspects of establishing quality in qualitative social pharmacy research. More specifically, it provides an explanation of each of the criteria of trustworthiness proposed by Lincoln and Guba (credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability) and different techniques used in establishing them. It also provides a brief overview of authenticity, a more recent and less widely used set of criteria that involve demonstrating fairness, ontological authenticity, educative authenticity, catalytic authenticity, and tactical authenticity. For each of these terms, the commentary provides a definition, how it applies to social pharmacy research, and guidance on when and how to use them. These are accompanied by examples from the pharmacy literature where the criteria have been used. The commentary ends by providing a summary of competing viewpoints of establishing quality in the published literature while inviting the reader to reflect on how the presented criteria would apply to different qualitative research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Building: 17-5-504, 2100, København Ø, Denmark.
| | - Afonso M Cavaco
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Matthew J Witry
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S. Grand Avenue, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Lisa Hillman
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 7-159 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308, Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Alina Cernasev
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy, 301 S Perimeter Park Drive, Suite 220, Nashville, TN, 37211, USA.
| | - Shane P Desselle
- Touro University, California College of Pharmacy, Applied Pharmacy Solutions, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA.
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Hansen MB, Nørgaard LS, Hallgreen CE. How and Why to Involve Patients in Drug Development: Perspectives From the Pharmaceutical Industry, Regulatory Authorities, and Patient Organizations. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2019:2168479019864294. [PMID: 31390896 DOI: 10.1177/2168479019864294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing interest and focus on patient-centric approaches to drug development, there might still be divergent views between key stakeholders in how to perceive patient involvement and how possibly divergent views influence the role of patients in the drug development process. The objective of this study is to explore how the perception of patient organizations, pharmaceutical companies, and regulatory agencies influence the role of patients in drug development. METHOD A qualitative interview study based on 12 semi-structured interviews with representatives from the 3 stakeholders. Interviews were transcribed, and data were analyzed using a social constructivist approach in the form of systematic text condensation. RESULTS Three main perceptions of patient involvement were identified: "a way to improve quality of life," "a way to avoid business failure," and "a way to foster a faster drug approval process." Transparency, trust, and clarification of expectations and roles were factors perceived as prerequisites for a valuable collaboration. Furthermore, a required cultural mindset change in the pharmaceutical industry, the lack of a common framework, patient organizations having limited resources available, and concerns about what to do with patient responsibility were perceived as the most important barriers for patient involvement. CONCLUSION Based on the findings, the pharmaceutical industry, patient organizations, and regulatory authorities were labeled as "pioneer/dominant," "unaware/quiet," and "hesitant," respectively. The 3 behavioural descriptors reflect a limited negotiation of the role patients have in drug development. Thus, the pharmaceutical industry appears to be the largest influencer with regard to patients' role in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Botoft Hansen
- 1 Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- 2 Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Erikstrup Hallgreen
- 1 Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Poulsen JH, Rishøj RM, Fischer H, Kart T, Nørgaard LS, Sevel C, Dieckmann P, Clemmensen MH. Drug change: 'a hassle like no other'. An in-depth investigation using the Danish patient safety database and focus group interviews with Danish hospital personnel. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2019; 10:2042098619859995. [PMID: 31321023 PMCID: PMC6628512 DOI: 10.1177/2042098619859995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Drug change (DC) is a common challenge in Danish hospitals. It affects the
work of hospital personnel and has potentially serious patient safety
consequences. Focus on medication safety is becoming increasingly important
in the prevention of adverse events. The aim of this study is to identify
and describe patient safety challenges related to DCs, and to explore
potential facilitators to improve patient safety in the medication process
in Danish hospital setting. Method: Two qualitative methods were combined. Data were obtained from the Danish
Patient Safety Database (DPSD) containing incidents reports of adverse
events related to DCs. Additionally, five semi-structured focus group
interviews with hospital personnel (doctors, nurses, pharmacists and
pharmacy technicians) from the five regions of Denmark were held. Results: The DPSD search identified 88 incidents related to DCs due to tender or drug
shortage. The incidents were linked to prescribing errors, incorrect dose
being dispensed/administered, and delayed/omitted treatment. Four themes
from the interviews emerged: (1) challenges related to the drug itself; (2)
situational challenges; (3) challenges related to the organization/IT
systems/personnel; (4) facilitators/measures to ensure patient safety. Conclusion: DC is as a complex challenge, especially related to drug shortage. The
results allow for a deeper understanding of the challenges and possible
facilitators of DCs on the individual and organizational level. Pharmacy
personnel were identified to play a key role in ensuring patient safety of
DCs in hospitals. Indeed, this emphasizes that pharmacy personnel should be
engaged in developing patient safety strategies and support hospital
personnel around drug changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hanne Poulsen
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Rikke Mie Rishøj
- The Danish Research Unit for Hospital Pharmacy, Amgros I/S, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Hanne Fischer
- The Danish Research Unit for Hospital Pharmacy, Amgros I/S, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Trine Kart
- The Danish Research Unit for Hospital Pharmacy, Amgros I/S, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian Sevel
- The Danish Research Unit for Hospital Pharmacy, Amgros I/S, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Dieckmann
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for Human Resources, Capital Region of Denmark, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Kaae S, Ghazaryan L, Pagava K, Korinteli I, Makalkina L, Zhetimkarinova G, Ikhambayeva A, Tentiuc E, Ratchina S, Zakharenkova P, Yusufi S, Maqsudova N, Druedahl L, Sporrong SK, Cantarero LA, Nørgaard LS. The antibiotic knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of patients, doctors and pharmacists in the WHO Eastern European region - a qualitative, comparative analysis of the culture of antibiotic use in Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia and Tajikistan. Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 16:238-248. [PMID: 31142446 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR), initiatives such as surveillance activities and activities to increase knowledge about how and why antibiotics (ABs) are (mis)used are needed. More surveillance systems are in place in the WHO Western European region than in the Eastern region, and only sparse knowledge exists about the current culture of AB use in the Eastern European countries. OBJECTIVE To investigate AB knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in countries in the WHO Eastern European region in order to identify overall similarities and differences across the region and how AB knowledge, attitudes and behavior patterns may be influenced by the national health care system. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia and Tajikistan with patients, doctors and pharmacists. In total, 80 interviews were carried out. A directed content analysis was applied, followed by a comparative analysis, identifying the similarities and differences in AB attitudes, knowledge and behaviors between the countries and discussing how the national health care systems might influence these patterns. RESULTS Cross-national patterns were identified regarding patients seeking ABs over-the-counter (OTC), patient variations in their requests for ABs when consulting doctors, and, finally, doctors and pharmacists appearing knowledgeable about ABs and their uses, with doctors displaying careful attitudes towards AMR. Indications of national differences between the countries included the ability of patients to afford ABs, prescribing practices of doctors and pharmacist attitudes towards selling ABs without prescriptions. Multiple aspects involved in patient and pharmacist AB decision making were detected, such as various rationales involved in buying/selling ABs OTC, implying that these processes are more complex than previously reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS Similarities across the Eastern European region could be seen in patient needs and uses of antibiotics obtained OTC at community pharmacies, whereas doctors appeared more influenced by specific structures of the national healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kaae
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Kbh. Ø, Denmark.
| | - Lilit Ghazaryan
- The Scientific Centre of Drug and Medical Technology Expertise Under the Ministry of Health, 49/4 Komitas ave, Yerevan, 0051, Armenia.
| | - Karaman Pagava
- Department of Pediatrics, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Irma Korinteli
- Department of Pediatrics, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | | | - Gaukhar Zhetimkarinova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, National Research Center for Maternal and Child Health, Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | | | - Elizaveta Tentiuc
- Pharmacovigilance Department, Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, 2/1 Korolenko str, Chisinau, 2028, Republic of Moldova.
| | - Svetlana Ratchina
- Internal Medicine with Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics Course named after V.S. Moiseev, Russian Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Polina Zakharenkova
- Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk, Russia.
| | - Salomudin Yusufi
- Department of Science, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
| | | | - Louise Druedahl
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Kbh. Ø, Denmark.
| | - Sofia Kälvemark Sporrong
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Kbh. Ø, Denmark.
| | - Lourdes Arevalo Cantarero
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Kbh. Ø, Denmark.
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Kbh. Ø, Denmark.
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Petersen MA, Lyngsø-Dahl Ølgaard LJ, Nørgaard LS. Contextualizing study drugs - An exploratory study of perceptions and practices among study counselors, general practitioners, psychiatrists and from student polls. Res Social Adm Pharm 2018; 15:1204-1211. [PMID: 30448283 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent decades have revealed a growing use of medicines for non-disease conditions, especially among university students. The prevalence rates for the use of study drugs (SDs), i.e. prescription stimulants and β-blockers, range from 2 to 20% among students worldwide. However, SD use does not take place in a vacuum. Like any other health-related behavior, medicine use takes place in specific social and cultural contexts, and there is very little scholarly work on these contextual aspects of SD use. OBJECTIVE This article aims to explore university students' use of SDs through the perceptions and practices of university counselors, general practitioners (GPs), psychiatrists, and from student polls in Denmark, in order to advocate for a contextual approach to SD use. METHODS The article relies on data from three different data sets involving a total of 18 semi-structured interviews, seven study counselors, nine GPs, and two psychiatrists, as well as votes from eight in-class polls conducted among approximately 300 university students in total. Data were collected between 2012 and 2017 and analyzed through meaning condensation and categorization. RESULTS The study shows that a great variety of perceptions and practices concerning SDs exists. While study counselors generally do not hear much about SDs from students, except for those seeking help with regard to β-blockers, they link the pressure, competition and perfectionism among students to a more general explanation of why some students may feel the need to use SDs. GPs meet students seeking SDs, but differ significantly in how they align their perceptions with their prescribing practices. The psychiatrists who participated in the study expressed widely different perceptions and practices regarding SDs. Finally, student polls indicate that students' opinions on SDs are also highly divided. CONCLUSION The lack of consensus on SDs among professionals in health and education may contribute to students' divided opinions about SDs, just as it provides students with an opportunity to legitimize their use of SDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Anne Petersen
- Copenhagen University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lars Jesper Lyngsø-Dahl Ølgaard
- Copenhagen University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Copenhagen University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Over the past years, there has been an increase in the use of qualitative methods in health services research, including pharmacy research. Pharmacy practice researchers can use these methods to understand, explain, discover, and explore both patients' and health care practitioners' thoughts, perceptions, and feelings. Qualitative research can also be used for the "democratisation" of research methods through research that is inclusive, collaborative, and involves partnerships and co-production. There is a wide spectrum of qualitative research methods that might be used in pharmacy research. This Special Issue showcases five articles in different settings and countries with diverse participants that seek to develop, explore, describe, and identify. These articles provide further insights into important pharmacy questions with the ultimate goal of helping improve health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle Gallego
- School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
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Kaae S, Almarsdottir AB, Sporrongm SK, Nørgaard LS. How community pharmacy customers and staff perceive prescription encounters at the pharmacy counter. Res Social Adm Pharm 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bech CF, Frederiksen T, Villesen CT, Højsted J, Nielsen PR, Kjeldsen LJ, Nørgaard LS, Christrup LL. Healthcare professionals’ agreement on clinical relevance of drug-related problems among elderly patients. Int J Clin Pharm 2017; 40:119-125. [PMID: 29248987 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-017-0572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Flagstad Bech
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Frederiksen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Tilsted Villesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, 9. Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Højsted
- Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, 9. Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Rotbøll Nielsen
- Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, 9. Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lona Louring Christrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Costa FA, Scullin C, Al-Taani G, Hawwa AF, Anderson C, Bezverhni Z, Binakaj Z, Cordina M, Foulon V, Garcia de Bikuña B, de Gier H, Granås AG, Grinstova O, Griese-Mammen N, Grincevicius J, Grinceviciene S, Kaae S, Kubiliene L, Mariño EL, Martins S, Modamio P, Nadin G, Nørgaard LS, Obarcanin E, Tadic I, Tasic L, McElnay JC, Hersberger KE, Westerlund T. Provision of pharmaceutical care by community pharmacists across Europe: Is it developing and spreading? J Eval Clin Pract 2017; 23:1336-1347. [PMID: 28762651 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES Pharmaceutical care involves patient-centred pharmacist activity to improve medicines management by patients. The implementation of this service in a comprehensive manner, however, requires considerable organisation and effort, and indeed, it is often not fully implemented in care settings. The main objective was to assess how pharmaceutical care provision within community pharmacy has evolved over time in Europe. METHOD A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of community pharmacies, using a modified version of the Behavioural Pharmaceutical Care Scale (BPCS) was conducted in late 2012/early 2013 within 16 European countries and compared with an earlier assessment conducted in 2006. RESULTS The provision of comprehensive pharmaceutical care has slightly improved in all European countries that participated in both editions of this survey (n = 8) with progress being made particularly in Denmark and Switzerland. Moreover, there was a wider country uptake, indicating spread of the concept. However, due to a number of limitations, the results should be interpreted with caution. Using combined data from participating countries, the provision of pharmaceutical care was positively correlated with the participation of the community pharmacists in patient-centred activities, routine use of pharmacy software with access to clinical data, participation in multidisciplinary team meetings, and having specialized education. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated a slight evolution in self-reported provision of pharmaceutical care by community pharmacists across Europe, as measured by the BPCS. The slow progress suggests a range of barriers, which are preventing pharmacists moving beyond traditional roles. Support from professional bodies and more patient-centred community pharmacy contracts, including remuneration for pharmaceutical care services, are likely to be required if quicker progress is to be made in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa A Costa
- Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society (PPS), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde (ISCSEM), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Claire Scullin
- Clinical and Practice Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ghaith Al-Taani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmed F Hawwa
- Clinical and Practice Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Claire Anderson
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Zinaida Bezverhni
- Department of Social Pharmacy, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Nicolae Testemitanu", Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Zahida Binakaj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Univerzitetska 8, 75000, Tuzla, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Maria Cordina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Veerle Foulon
- Department Farmaceutische en Farmacologische Wetenschappen, Klinische Farmacologie en Farmacotherapie, O&N II, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Borja Garcia de Bikuña
- Foro de Atención Farmacéutica Farmacia Comunitaria, Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Han de Gier
- University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Olga Grinstova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, National University of Pharmacy, Сharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Nina Griese-Mammen
- Department of Medicine, ABDA-Federal Union of German Associations of Pharmacists, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Grincevicius
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Svitrigaile Grinceviciene
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Susanne Kaae
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Pharmacy, Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Loreta Kubiliene
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Eduardo L Mariño
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Modamio
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Nadin
- Centrimark-Dept. of Economic and Business Management Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Pharmacy, Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emina Obarcanin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmakotherapeutics, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivana Tadic
- Department for Social Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Legislation, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Tasic
- Department for Social Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Legislation, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James C McElnay
- Clinical and Practice Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Kurt E Hersberger
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tommy Westerlund
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Faculty of Health and Society, Dept of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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Petersen MA, Lyngsø-Dahl L, Nørgaard LS. Contextualizing study drugs: What general practitioners, psychiatrists and university counsellors say. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.02.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Vestergaard S, Nørgaard LS, Traulsen JM, Kaae S. Pharmacy Interns' Perception of Their Professional Role. Am J Pharm Educ 2017; 81:10. [PMID: 28289300 PMCID: PMC5339577 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe81110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To determine pharmacy interns' perceptions of the roles of the pharmacist and pharmacy prior to and during the pharmacy internship and to compare their perceptions with those of their supervisors and the pharmacy customers. Methods. Questionnaires were completed and submitted by 395 interns prior to and during their internships. Interns interviewed their supervisors and two to four local customers. Results. Ninety-six supervisors and 285 customers were interviewed. Interns' perceptions were aligned with those of their supervisors in that both groups indicated that a pharmacist's most important role is that of a clinical leader. Furthermore, interns' perception of customers' expectations regarding the pharmacy were well aligned with customers' actual expectations with regard to service. Conclusion. The study illustrates that interns became more aligned in their perceptions due to the pharmacy internship. The study findings imply that the pharmacy internship influences interns' perception of the pharmacy and pharmacist's roles in society through complex individual and social learning processes.
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Mygind A, Nørgaard LS, Traulsen JM, El-Souri M, Kristiansen M. Drawing on healthcare professionals’ ethnicity: lessons learned from a Danish community pharmacy intervention for ethnic minorities. Scand J Public Health 2016; 45:238-243. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494816683454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To present and discuss implementation experiences regarding the involvement of community pharmacists with ethnic minority backgrounds in a medication review intervention for ethnic minority poly-pharmacy patients in Denmark. Methods: Data sources include 1) reflection notes from an introductory seminar with pharmacists and the cross-disciplinary research team and 2) five individual interviews and one focus group interview with pharmacists. Data were thematically coded and synthesised to identify underlying rationales and challenges encountered when involving professionals with ethnic minority backgrounds in interventions for ethnic minorities. Results: Informants perceived the need for interventions targeted at ethnic minority poly-pharmacy patients, and highlighted the potential of involving professionals with diverse ethnic backgrounds in such interventions. However, implementation created challenges, because the professional identity of the pharmacists reduced their options for serving as peers with the same ethnic background. Furthermore, issues related to organisational difficulties and overcoming language barriers in the intervention impacted on the potential of involving professionals with ethnic minority backgrounds. Conclusions: Involving healthcare professionals with ethnic minority backgrounds in encounters with ethnic minorities holds potential for the adaptation of services to ethnically diverse populations, thus improving access to and quality of care. However, it is important to ensure sufficient personal and organisational support and to acknowledge the delicate balance between simultaneously serving as a peer and as a professional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mygind
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine M. Traulsen
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mira El-Souri
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Pharmakon, Danish College for Pharmacy Practice, Denmark
| | - Maria Kristiansen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kaae S, Sporrong SK, Traulsen JM, Wallach Kildemoes H, Nørgaard LS, Jakupi A, Raka D, Gürpinar EU, Alkan A, Hoxha I, Malaj A, Cantarero LA. Experiences from a pilot study on how to conduct a qualitative multi-country research project regarding use of antibiotics in Southeast Europe. J Pharm Policy Pract 2016; 9:20. [PMID: 27222721 PMCID: PMC4878000 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-016-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In 2014, a qualitative multi-country research project was launched to study the reasons behind the high use of antibiotics in regions of Southeast Europe by using previously untrained national interviewers (who were engaged in other antibiotic microbial resistance-related investigations) to conduct qualitative interviews with local patients, physicians and pharmacists. Little knowledge exists about how to implement qualitative multi-country research collaborations involving previously untrained local data collectors. The aim of this paper was therefore to contribute to the knowledge regarding how to conduct these types of research projects by evaluating a pilot study of the project. Methods Local data collectors conducted the study according to a developed protocol and evaluated the study with the responsible researcher-team from University of Copenhagen. The pilot study focused on ‘local ownership’, ‘research quality’ and ‘feasibility’ with regard to successful implementation and evaluation. The evaluation was achieved by interpreting ‘Skype’ and ‘face to face’ meetings and email correspondence by applying ‘critical common sense’. Results Local data collectors achieved a sense of joint ownership. Overall, the protocol worked well. Several minor challenges pertaining to research quality and feasibility were identified, in particular obtaining narratives when conducting interviews and recruiting patients for the study. Furthermore, local data collectors found it difficult to allocate sufficient time to the project. Solutions were discussed and added to the protocol. Conclusions Despite the challenges, it was possible to achieve an acceptable scientific level of research when conducting qualitative multi-country research collaboration under the given circumstances. Specific recommendations to achieve this are provided by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kaae
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Sofia Kälvemark Sporrong
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Janine Morgall Traulsen
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Helle Wallach Kildemoes
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Arianit Jakupi
- A2 Pharmaceutical Consulting, Mother Teresa boulevard, B1, No:19, Prishtinë, Republika e Kosovës
| | - Denis Raka
- Medical Faculty, Pharmacy Department, University of Prishtina, Bulevardi Dëshmorët e Kombit, p.n., 10000 Prishtinë, Republika e Kosovës
| | - Emre Umut Gürpinar
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Söğütözü Mahallesi 2176. Sokak, No:5 PK:06520, Çankaya/Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Alkan
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Söğütözü Mahallesi 2176. Sokak, No:5 PK:06520, Çankaya/Ankara, Turkey
| | - Iris Hoxha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine Tirana, Albania, Fakulteti Farmacise, Rr. Dibres 371, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Admir Malaj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine Tirana, Albania, Fakulteti Farmacise, Rr. Dibres 371, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Lourdes Arevalo Cantarero
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Petersen MA, Nørgaard LS, Traulsen JM. Pursuing Pleasures of Productivity: University Students' Use of Prescription Stimulants for Enhancement and the Moral Uncertainty of Making Work Fun. Cult Med Psychiatry 2015; 39:665-79. [PMID: 25956594 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-015-9457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article presents ethnographic data on the use of prescription stimulants for enhancement purposes by university students in New York City. The study shows that students find stimulants a helpful tool in preventing procrastination, particularly in relation to feeling disinterested, overloaded, or insecure. Using stimulants, students seek pleasure in the study situation, for example, to get rid of unpleasant states of mind or intensify an already existing excitement. The article illustrates the notion that enhancement strategies do not only concern productivity in the quantitative sense of bettering results, performances, and opportunities. Students also measure their own success in terms of the qualitative experience of working hard. The article further argues that taking an ethnographic approach facilitates the study of norms in the making, as students experience moral uncertainty-not because they improve study skills and results-but because they enhance the study experience, making work fun. The article thereby seeks to nuance simplistic neoliberal ideas of personhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Anne Petersen
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Janine M Traulsen
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Petersen MA, Nørgaard LS, Traulsen JM. Going to the doctor with enhancement in mind – An ethnographic study of university students’ use of prescription stimulants and their moral ambivalence. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2014.970517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Granas AG, Nørgaard LS, Sporrong SK. Lost in translation?: Comparing three Scandinavian translations of the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire. Patient Educ Couns 2014; 96:216-221. [PMID: 24908591 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The "Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire" (BMQ) assess balance of necessity and concern of medicines. The BMQ has been translated from English to many languages. However, the original meaning of statements, such as "My medicine is a mystery to me", may be lost in translation. The aim of this study is to compare three Scandinavian translations of the BMQ. (1) How reliable are the translations? (2) Are they still valid after translation? METHODS Translated Norwegian, Swedish and Danish versions of the BMQ were scrutinized by three native Scandinavian researchers. Linguistic differences and ambiguities in the 5-point Likert scale and the BMQ statements were compared. RESULTS In the Scandinavian translations, the Likert scale expanded beyond the original version at one endpoint (Swedish) or both endpoints (Danish). In the BMQ statements, discrepancies ranged from smaller inaccuracies toward completely different meaning. Some dissimilarities reflect different cultural beliefs about medicines. CONCLUSION When translating questionnaires, bilingual researchers should scrutinize translations across similar languages to address content validity across different countries and languages. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Our findings are of relevance to other BMQ translations in non-English countries, as direct comparisons between different translations might not be reliable or valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gerd Granas
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway.
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Molin KR, Mygind A, Nørgaard LS. Perceptions of disease aetiology and the effect of own behaviour on health among poly-pharmacy patients with non-Western backgrounds in Denmark. Int J Pharm Pract 2013; 21:386-92. [PMID: 23489599 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the perceptions of disease aetiology and the effect of own behaviour on health among poly-pharmacy patients with non-Western backgrounds in Denmark. METHODS The study was based on 26 extended medication reviews with patients of non-Western backgrounds aged 50+ who use at least four prescription drugs regularly. The reviews were conducted by 12 pharmacists with the same mother-tongue background as the participants. The reviews included patient interviews on which the data in this article are based. In total, four open-ended questions from the patient interviews were analysed by the means of Giorgi's phenomenological method. KEY FINDINGS The analysis shows that stress was most commonly perceived as the cause of the participants' diseases for reasons that included (1) having left their country of origin and family, (2) worry over the political situation in their country of origin and (3) the problems involved in living as an immigrant in Denmark. Most of the participants perceived their own efforts as having little impact on their own health status, although some participants considered them as having considerable influence. CONCLUSIONS To a great extent, the explanations of the participants about possible disease aetiology are focused on stress, immigration and psychological well-being. Although many participants perceived that their own efforts did not have much impact on their health status, our study revealed a large diversity in the responses of non-Western immigrants, particularly regarding the importance of their own efforts on their health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Rutkær Molin
- Section for Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mygind A, Kristiansen M, Wittrup I, Nørgaard LS. Patient perspectives on type 2 diabetes and medicine use during Ramadan among Pakistanis in Denmark. Int J Clin Pharm 2013; 35:281-8. [PMID: 23354808 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-012-9716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent among people of Pakistani background. Studies show that adherence to medicines is complicated for people with type 2 diabetes in general. Also, studies indicate that many people with type 2 diabetes and Muslim background fast during the month of Ramadan without adequate counselling on how to adjust their medicines. OBJECTIVE To explore patient perspectives on medicine use during Ramadan, reasons for fasting and experiences with counselling on medicine use during Ramadan among people of Pakistani background with type 2 diabetes and at least one other chronic condition. SETTING Greater Copenhagen, Denmark. METHOD The analysis is based on a study exploring lived experiences with counselling on medicines using semi-structured interviews and medication reviews. The analysis presented here builds on the subset of patients with Pakistani background (six interviewers). RESULTS All interviewees pointed out that Islam allows ill people to refrain from fasting during Ramadan. However, all had fasted during Ramadan despite being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. While fasting, they adapted their use of medicines in different ways, e.g. by changing the time of intake or by skipping morning medicines. Fasting during Ramadan meant a feeling of improvement in well-being for all interviewees. Reasons for this improvement included physiological, social and religious aspects. Healthcare professionals were rarely included in the decision-making process on whether or not to fast. Instead, friends and relatives, especially those with type 2 diabetes, were considered important to the decision-making process. CONCLUSION For people with Muslim background and a chronic condition, fasting during Ramadan may mean changes in medicine use that are not always discussed with healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals should acknowledge that Muslim patients may find fasting during Ramadan beneficial to their well-being and therefore choose to fast despite the Islamic rule of exemption. This patient-centred approach to counselling on medicines may facilitate better medicine use and thus better clinical health outcomes among patients that choose to fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mygind
- Section for Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Krabbe T, Sørensen EW, Kirkeby B, Nørgaard LS. [Successful collaboration between community pharmacies and general practitioners on reviews and comparisons of home medication]. Ugeskr Laeger 2013; 175:35-39. [PMID: 23305637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The study developed and tested collaboration models for home medication reviews (HMR) between community pharmacies and general practitioner (GP)s. Three pairs (each comprising one pharmacist and one GP) developed a collaboration agreement on the patient group, content and place for HMR, responsibilities, continuation etc. The collaboration models were evaluated by the pairs and by a project group. The models were very different - adjusted to the GP's and the pharmacist's individual wishes. The entering of collaboration agreements is a good platform for effective cooperation between the pharmacist and the GP and leads to successful HMRs. We recommend that others develop collaboration models too.
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Mygind A, Espersen S, Nørgaard LS, Traulsen JM. Encounters with immigrant customers: perspectives of Danish community pharmacy staff on challenges and solutions. Int J Pharm Pract 2012; 21:139-50. [PMID: 23418814 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2012.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the challenges that Danish community pharmacy staff encounter when serving non-Western immigrant customers. Special attention was paid to similarities and differences between the perceptions of pharmacists and pharmacy assistants. METHODS A questionnaire was distributed to one pharmacist and one pharmacy assistant employed at each of the 55 community pharmacies located in the five local councils in Denmark with the highest number of immigrant inhabitants. KEY FINDINGS The total response rate was 76% (84/110). Most respondents found that the needs of immigrant customers were not sufficiently assessed at the counter (n = 55, 65%), and that their latest encounter with an immigrant customer was less satisfactory than a similar encounter with an ethnic Danish customer (n = 48, 57%) (significantly more pharmacists than assistants: odds ratio, OR, 3.19; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.27-8.04). Forty-two per cent (n = 35) perceived that immigrant customers put pressure on pharmacy staff resources, while 27% (n = 23) found that the immigrant customer group make work more interesting. More pharmacists than assistants agreed on the latter (OR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.04-11.33). Within the past 14 days, 86% (n = 72) experienced that their advice and counselling were not understood by immigrant customers, whereas 49% (n = 41) experienced lack of understanding by ethnic Danes; and 30% (n = 25) had consciously refrained from counselling an immigrant, whereas 19% (n = 16) had done so with an ethnic Dane. Use of under-aged children as interpreters during the past month was reported by 79% of respondents. Regarding suggestions on how to improve encounters with immigrant customers, most respondents listed interventions aimed at patients, general practitioners and pharmaceutical companies. CONCLUSIONS Community pharmacy staff report poorer quality in their encounters with immigrant customers, including sub-optimal counselling and frequent use of under-aged children as interpreters. Our study also reveals certain differences across personnel groups, which may be explained by differences in level of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mygind
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have identified recruitment of customers at the pharmacy counter as a limiter to successful provision of cognitive services in community pharmacies especially that of experienced customers with refill prescriptions. The aim of the paper is to gain insight into current problems of recruiting. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted based on semi-structured interviews with 12 participants in a project in 2010 aimed at optimising recruitment of experienced asthma patients for the Inhaler Technique Assessment Service in Denmark. An ad hoc analysis was applied in order to interpret pharmacy staff perceptions of experienced asthma patients in comparison with newly diagnosed patients and to categorise the types of developed recruitment strategies as to whether they reflected a technical or everyday-life perspective on medicine. KEY FINDINGS Effective recruitment processes were found to follow a generic pattern which consisted of a special type of opening question followed by providing a justification for the service. The participants perceived that the main difference between experienced and newly diagnosed patients was their degree of knowledge about their condition or correct inhaler technique. Most questions, and especially those related to reasons for motivating the customer to accept the service, were dominated by a professional technical understanding of medicine. In particular, follow-up justification based on a life-world perspective needs to be developed further. The identified type of communication might prevent some customers from accepting the service as they are not motivated by technical arguments but rather by how their daily symptoms can be relieved. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy staff should focus both on adequate opening questions as well follow-up justification when trying to recruit customers for cognitive services. The study might inform future studies on how to create new and more adequate strategies for recruitment of customers for relevant cognitive services in community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kaae
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kaae S, Traulsen JM, Nørgaard LS. Challenges to counseling customers at the pharmacy counter--why do they exist? Res Social Adm Pharm 2011; 8:253-7. [PMID: 21955809 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Challenges to engage pharmacy customers in medicine dialogues at the counter have been identified comprising a new and extended clinical role for pharmacists in the health care system. This article seeks to expand understanding of factors involved in successful interaction at the pharmacy counter between customers and pharmacy staff to develop their relationship further. Practical challenges to customer encounters experienced by community pharmacists are discussed using theory from the field of mainly inter-relational communication and particular studies on pharmacy communication. Preconceived expectation of customers, the type of question asked by pharmacy staff, and differences in perception of illness and medicines between staff and customers are discussed. Both staff and customer influence the outcome of attempts by pharmacy staff to engage customers in dialogue about their medicine use through a complex mechanism of interaction. It is recommended that practitioners and researchers begin to distinguish, both theoretically and practically, between the content of a conversation and the underlying relationship when exploring and further developing the therapeutic relationship between pharmacy personnel and customers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kaae
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Section for Social Pharmacy, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Kaae S, Sørensen EW, Nørgaard LS. Exploring communications around medication review in community pharmacy. Int J Clin Pharm 2011; 33:529-36. [PMID: 21442285 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-011-9502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigation into aspects that influence outcomes of medication reviews have been called for. The aim of this study was to assess how pharmacy internship students in a Danish medication review and reconciliation model communicated with both diabetes patients and the patients' General Practitioners (GPs) when conveying the results of the review by writing letters to the different parties. Special attention was drawn to how differences in health care provider and patient perspectives of the disease as well as inclusion of the patient in the decision making process is influenced by the identified practices of communication. SETTING 18 Danish community pharmacies with The Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen. METHOD Number of identified drug related problems, life-world problems and solutions to these described in the letters sent to patients and their GPs were registered. Further a qualitative documentary analysis was conducted by analyzing the letters using the theory of transactional analysis, developed by Berne. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Identified and conveyed drug related and life-world related problems when comparing patients' letters with GPs' letters. Whether students assumed a superior, inferior or equal role in relation to the recipient of the letter and compared whether students assumed the same role in relation to patients and GPs. RESULTS 18 pairs of patient and GP letters were analyzed. The analysis showed that students conveyed more drug-related problems to GPs than to patients. Furthermore, students assumed an equal relationship to GPs, whereas they frequently took superior positions when writing to patients. Students reported lifestyle problems both to GPs and to patients. CONCLUSION Pharmacy students in a Danish medication review and reconciliation model managed to detect and address lifestyle problems of patients to their GPs, thereby facilitating the merger of their professional-technical perspective with the life-world perspective of patients. However, patients were not encouraged to become more involved in the disease management process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kaae
- The Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Section for Social Pharmacy, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
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Abstract
In recent decades, dramatic changes of the role of the Danish community pharmacist have contributed to widespread uncertainty among professionals about the future content of their job. This case study, which is based on qualitative research interviews and documentary material, describes how key actors belonging to 10 different relevant social groups who have been influential in shaping the role of Danish community pharmacists have different perceptions of the pharmacy profession. These perceptions include: the community pharmacist as a provider of technical, standardised advice, the pharmacist as a drug expert, the pharmacist as a leader, and the pharmacist as a provider of individualized advice. Five future scenarios for the community pharmacist ranging from a role as a pharmacist with no future to a role as the provider of individualized information and future role developer are also described and analysed in the paper. The case study is theoretically based on a specific social constructivist theory, the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT).
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