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Schmidt K, Graeve M, Hoppe CJM, Torres-Valdes S, Welteke N, Whitmore LM, Anhaus P, Atkinson A, Belt ST, Brenneis T, Campbell RG, Castellani G, Copeman LA, Flores H, Fong AA, Hildebrandt N, Kohlbach D, Nielsen JM, Parrish CC, Rad-Menéndez C, Rokitta SD, Tippenhauer S, Zhuang Y. Essential omega-3 fatty acids are depleted in sea ice and pelagic algae of the Central Arctic Ocean. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17090. [PMID: 38273483 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae are the main source of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), essential for the healthy development of most marine and terrestrial fauna including humans. Inverse correlations of algal EPA and DHA proportions (% of total fatty acids) with temperature have led to suggestions of a warming-induced decline in the global production of these biomolecules and an enhanced importance of high latitude organisms for their provision. The cold Arctic Ocean is a potential hotspot of EPA and DHA production, but consequences of global warming are unknown. Here, we combine a full-seasonal EPA and DHA dataset from the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO), with results from 13 previous field studies and 32 cultured algal strains to examine five potential climate change effects; ice algae loss, community shifts, increase in light, nutrients, and temperature. The algal EPA and DHA proportions were lower in the ice-covered CAO than in warmer peripheral shelf seas, which indicates that the paradigm of an inverse correlation of EPA and DHA proportions with temperature may not hold in the Arctic. We found no systematic differences in the summed EPA and DHA proportions of sea ice versus pelagic algae, and in diatoms versus non-diatoms. Overall, the algal EPA and DHA proportions varied up to four-fold seasonally and 10-fold regionally, pointing to strong light and nutrient limitations in the CAO. Where these limitations ease in a warming Arctic, EPA and DHA proportions are likely to increase alongside increasing primary production, with nutritional benefits for a non-ice-associated food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schmidt
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Martin Graeve
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Clara J M Hoppe
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sinhué Torres-Valdes
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nahid Welteke
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Laura M Whitmore
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Philipp Anhaus
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Simon T Belt
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Tina Brenneis
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Robert G Campbell
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Giulia Castellani
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Louise A Copeman
- NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Hauke Flores
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Allison A Fong
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nicole Hildebrandt
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Doreen Kohlbach
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jens M Nielsen
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher C Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Cecilia Rad-Menéndez
- Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK
| | - Sebastian D Rokitta
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sandra Tippenhauer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Yanpei Zhuang
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
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Laurel BJ, Copeman LA, Iseri P, Spencer ML, Hutchinson G, Nordtug T, Donald CE, Meier S, Allan SE, Boyd DT, Ylitalo GM, Cameron JR, French BL, Linbo TL, Scholz NL, Incardona JP. Embryonic Crude Oil Exposure Impairs Growth and Lipid Allocation in a Keystone Arctic Forage Fish. iScience 2019; 19:1101-1113. [PMID: 31536959 PMCID: PMC6831839 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As Arctic ice recedes, future oil spills pose increasing risk to keystone species and the ecosystems they support. We show that Polar cod (Boreogadus saida), an energy-rich forage fish for marine mammals, seabirds, and other fish, are highly sensitive to developmental impacts of crude oil. Transient oil exposures ≥300 μg/L during mid-organogenesis disrupted the normal patterning of the jaw as well as the formation and function of the heart, in a manner expected to be lethal to post-hatch larvae. More importantly, we found that exposure to lower levels of oil caused a dysregulation of lipid metabolism and growth that persisted in morphologically normal juveniles. As lipid content is critical for overwinter survival and recruitment, we anticipate Polar cod losses following Arctic oil spills as a consequence of both near-term and delayed mortality. These losses will likely influence energy flow within Arctic food webs in ways that are as-yet poorly understood. Polar cod eggs are buoyant and accumulate crude oil droplets on the chorion Crude oil disrupts embryonic cardiac function and larval lipid metabolism Juvenile growth and lipid content are reduced following brief embryonic oil exposure Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are toxic to cod in parts per trillion concentrations
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Laurel
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA.
| | - Louise A Copeman
- Oregon State University Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Paul Iseri
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Mara L Spencer
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah E Allan
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Daryle T Boyd
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James R Cameron
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara L French
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
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Hurst TP, Copeman LA, Haines SA, Meredith SD, Daniels K, Hubbard KM. Elevated CO 2 alters behavior, growth, and lipid composition of Pacific cod larvae. Mar Environ Res 2019; 145:52-65. [PMID: 30808579 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High-latitude seas, which support a number of commercially important fisheries, are predicted to be most immediately impacted by ongoing ocean acidification (OA). Elevated CO2 levels have been shown to induce a range of impacts on the physiology and behavior of marine fish larvae. However, these responses have yet to be characterized for most fishery species, including Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Based on laboratory experiments, we present a multi-faceted analysis of the sensitivity of Pacific cod larvae to elevated CO2. Fish behavior in a horizontal light gradient was used to evaluate the sensitivity of behavioral phototaxis in 4-5 week old cod larvae. Fish at elevated CO2 levels (∼1500 and 2250 μatm) exhibited a stronger phototaxis (moved more quickly to regions of higher light levels) than fish at ambient CO2 levels (∼600 μatm). In an independent experiment, we examined the effects of elevated CO2 levels on growth of larval Pacific cod over the first 5 weeks of life under two different feeding treatments. Fish exposed to elevated CO2 levels (∼1700 μatm) were smaller and had lower lipid levels at 2 weeks of age than fish at low (ambient) CO2 levels (∼500 μatm). However, by 5 weeks of age, this effect had reversed: fish reared at elevated CO2 levels were slightly (but not significantly) larger and had higher total lipid levels and storage lipids than fish reared at low CO2. Fatty acid composition differed significantly between fish reared at high and low CO2 levels (p < 0.01) after 2 weeks of feeding, but this effect diminished by week 5. Effects of CO2 on FA composition of the larvae differed between the two diets, an effect possibly related more to dietary equilibrium and differential lipid class storage than a fundamental effect of CO2 on fatty acid metabolism. These experiments point to a stage-specific sensitivity of Pacific cod to the effects of OA. Further understanding of these effects will be required to predict the impacts on production of Pacific cod fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Hurst
- Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA.
| | - Louise A Copeman
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA; Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Scott A Haines
- Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Summer D Meredith
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | | | - Kalyn M Hubbard
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
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Copeman LA, Parrish CC. Lipid [corrected] classes, fatty acids, and sterols in seafood from Gilbert Bay, southern labrador. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52:4872-4881. [PMID: 15264928 DOI: 10.1021/jf034820h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Seafood from Gilbert Bay, southern Labrador, was sampled for lipid classes, fatty acid, and sterol composition. Gilbert Bay is a proposed Marine Protected Area, and the composition of seafood from this region is interesting from both human health and ecological perspectives. Analyses included four species of bivalves and flesh and liver samples from four fish species. Lipids from a locally isolated population of northern cod (Gadus morhua) were also compared to lipids from other cod populations. Lipid classes were analyzed by Chromarod/Iatroscan TLC-FID, fatty acids by GC, and sterols by GC-MS. Three cod populations had similar levels of total lipid per wet weight (0.6%) with triacylglycerols (TAG), sterols, and phospholipids comprising on average 13, 11, and 51%, respectively, of their total lipids. Fatty fish such as capelin and herring contained on average 8.4% lipid with 86% present as TAG. Fish livers from cod and herring showed opposite trends, with cod having elevated lipid (27%) and TAG (63%) and herring containing only 3.8% lipid and 20% TAG. Shellfish averaged 0.6% lipid; however, significant lipid class differences existed among species. Fatty acid analysis showed few significant differences in cod populations with on average 57% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 18% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and 24% saturated fatty acids (SFA). Cod livers had lower PUFA (34%) and elevated MUFA (44%) relative to flesh. Bivalves averaged 25% SFA, 18% MUFA, and 57% PUFA, whereas scallop adductor muscle had the highest PUFA levels (63%). Bivalves contained 20 different sterols with cholesterol present as the major sterol (19-39%). trans-22-Dehydrocholesterol, brassicasterol, 24-methylenecholesterol, and campesterol individually accounted for >10% in at least one species. High levels of PUFA and non-cholesterol sterols observed in Gilbert Bay seafood demonstrate their positive attributes for human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Copeman
- Ocean Sciences Centre and Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada.
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