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Macêdo-Sales PA, Souza LOP, Della-Terra PP, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Machado RLD, Rocha EMDSD, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Guimarães AJ, Rodrigues AM, Mora-Montes HM, Santos ALSD, Baptista ARDS. Coinfection of domestic felines by distinct Sporothrix brasiliensis in the Brazilian sporotrichosis hyperendemic area. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 140:103397. [PMID: 32325170 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbial interactions may impact patient's diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Sporotrichosis is a hyperendemic neglected zoonosis in Brazil, caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis. Four pairs of clinical isolates of Sporothrix were recovered from four diseased cats (CIM01-CIM04, two isolates per animal) raising the possibility of coinfection in a sporotrichosis hyperendemic area, Brazil. Each isolate of the pair had distinct pigmentation in mycological culture, and was designated as "Light" or "Dark", for low and high pigmentation, respectively. Dark isolates reacted strongly with monoclonal antibodies to melanin (p ≤ 0.05) by both ELISA and FACS quantitation, and displayed a ring pattern with some regions exhibiting higher punctuated labeling at cell wall by immunofluorescence. In turn, Light isolates reacted less intensely, with few and discrete punctuated labeling at the cell wall. PCR identified all isolates as S. brasiliensis, MAT1-2 idiomorph. Sequencing of β-tubulin and calmodulin genes followed by phylogenetic analysis placed all eight isolates within the same cluster as others from the Brazilian hyperendemic area. The ability of these strains to stimulate cytokine production by human PBMCs (Peripheral blood mononuclear cells) was also analyzed. CIM01 and CIM03 Light and Dark isolates showed similar cytokine profiles to the control strain, while CIM02 and CIM04 behaved differently (p < 0.001), suggesting that differences in the surface of the isolates can influence host-fungus interaction. MICs for amphotericin B, terbinafine, caspofungin, micafungin, itraconazole, fluconazole, and voriconazole were obtained (CLSI M38-A2/M27-A3). Pairwise comparisons showed distinct MICs between Sporothrix Light and Dark isolates, higher than at least two-fold dilutions, to at least one of the antifungals tested. Isolates from the same pair displayed discrepancies in relation to fungistatic or fungicidal drug activity, notably after itraconazole exposure. Since S. brasiliensis Light and Dark isolates show disparate phenotypic parameters it is quite possible that coinfection represents a common occurrence in the hyperendemic area, with potential clinical implications on feline sporotrichosis dynamics. Alternatively, future studies will address if this specie may have, as reported for other fungi, broad phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucieri Olegario Pereira Souza
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Portella Della-Terra
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nancy Edith Lozoya-Pérez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Allan Jefferson Guimarães
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Héctor Manuel Mora-Montes
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Parra LE, Borja-Cabrera GP, Santos FN, Souza LOP, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Menz I. Safety trial using the Leishmune vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Vaccine 2006; 25:2180-6. [PMID: 17239495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A group of 600 healthy and asymptomatic dogs from Brazilian canine visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas was vaccinated with three sc doses of Leishmune which is the industrialized formulation of the FML-saponin, recently licensed for commercialization in Brazil, which previously showed 76-80% vaccine efficacy against canine visceral leishmaniasis. Safety evaluation was performed for 14 days after each vaccine injection and disclosed transient reactions of local pain (40.87%), anorexia (20.48%), apathy (24.17%), local swelling reactions (15.90%), vomit (2.4%) and diarrhoea (1.5%). All effects showed significantly correlating declines, from the first to the third dose (p<0.0001). Most of the noticed reactions of pain (73%), anorexia (79%) and local swelling (84.7%) were mild. No significant differences between puppies and adults dogs were found in the number of adverse reactions. Adult dogs developed however, 94.5% of the small swelling reactions (<3 cm), and indicating that they are more resistant to the inflammatory response promoted by the saponins. No dead by anaphylaxis occurred, and only two dogs (0.1%) showed allergic reactions (facial oedema and itching) after the third dose. Transient alopecia on injection site occurred in only five poodles (0.28%) with total recovery and no need of treatment. All the mild adverse events in response to Leishmune injection were transient and disappeared before the injection of the following vaccine dose, confirming the tolerability of the vaccine. The Leishmune preparation was less haemolytic (HD(50)=180 microg/ml) than expected for a QS21 saponin-containing vaccine, indicating that its formulation with the FML antigen diminished the potential in vitro toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Parra
- Fort Dodge Saúde Animal Ltda., Rua Luiz Fernando Rodriguez 1701, CEP 13064-798, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Oliveira-Freitas E, Casas CP, Borja-Cabrera GP, Santos FN, Nico D, Souza LOP, Tinoco LW, da Silva BP, Palatnik M, Parente JP, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Acylated and deacylated saponins of Quillaja saponaria mixture as adjuvants for the FML-vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2006; 24:3909-20. [PMID: 16556475 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The adjuvant of the FML-vaccine against murine and canine visceral leishmaniasis, the Riedel de Haen saponin mixture, was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose to afford one TLC homogeneous Quillaja saponaria Molina QS21 saponin fraction (18.0%), a mixture of two deacylsaponins (19.4%), sucrose (39.9%), sucrose and glucose (19.7%), rutin (0.8%) and quercetin (2.2%), that were identified by comparison of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The QS21 shows the typical aldehyde group in C-23 (65% equatorial) and a normonoterpene moiety acylated in C-28. The deacylsaponins show the aldehyde group but do not have the normonoterpene moiety. Balb/c mice were vaccinated with 150 microg of FML antigen of Leishmania donovani and 100 microg of each obtained fraction and further challenged by infection with 10(8) amastigotes of Leishmania chagasi. The safety analysis and the effect on humoral and cellular immune responses and in clinical signs showed that the QS21 saponin and the deacylsaponins are the most active adjuvant compounds of the Riedel the Haen saponin mixture. Both induced the highest and non-significantly different increases in DTH, CD4+ T lymphocytes in spleen, IFN-gamma in vitro, body weight gain and the most pronounced reduction of parasite burden in liver (95% for QS21 and 86% for deacylsaponins; p>0.05). While the QS21 showed mild toxicity, significant adjuvant effect on the anti-FML humoral response before and after infection, and decrease in liver relative weight, the deacylsaponins showed no toxicity, less haemolysis and antibody and DTH responses increased mainly after infection, still inducing a stronger Leishmania-specific in vitro splenocyte proliferation. Our results confirm in the Riedel de Haen saponin extract the presence of deacylsaponins normonoterpene-deprivated which are non-toxic and capable of inducing a specific and strong immunoprotective response in vaccination against murine visceral leishmaniasis.
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MESH Headings
- Acylation
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Hemolysis
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lectins/administration & dosage
- Lectins/immunology
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Liver/parasitology
- Liver/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Structure
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/immunology
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Quillaja/chemistry
- Saponins/administration & dosage
- Saponins/chemistry
- Saponins/immunology
- Saponins/toxicity
- Spleen/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- E Oliveira-Freitas
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68040, CEP 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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