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Lainšček D, Fink T, Forstnerič V, Hafner-Bratkovič I, Orehek S, Strmšek Ž, Manček-Keber M, Pečan P, Esih H, Malenšek Š, Aupič J, Dekleva P, Plaper T, Vidmar S, Kadunc L, Benčina M, Omersa N, Anderluh G, Pojer F, Lau K, Hacker D, Correia BE, Peterhoff D, Wagner R, Bergant V, Herrmann A, Pichlmair A, Jerala R. A Nanoscaffolded Spike-RBD Vaccine Provides Protection against SARS-CoV-2 with Minimal Anti-Scaffold Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050431. [PMID: 33925446 PMCID: PMC8146944 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of the adaptive immune system is augmented by multimeric presentation of a specific antigen, resembling viral particles. Several vaccines have been designed based on natural or designed protein scaffolds, which exhibited a potent adaptive immune response to antigens; however, antibodies are also generated against the scaffold, which may impair subsequent vaccination. In order to compare polypeptide scaffolds of different size and oligomerization state with respect to their efficiency, including anti-scaffold immunity, we compared several strategies of presentation of the RBD domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, an antigen aiming to generate neutralizing antibodies. A comparison of several genetic fusions of RBD to different nanoscaffolding domains (foldon, ferritin, lumazine synthase, and β-annulus peptide) delivered as DNA plasmids demonstrated a strongly augmented immune response, with high titers of neutralizing antibodies and a robust T-cell response in mice. Antibody titers and virus neutralization were most potently enhanced by fusion to the small β-annulus peptide scaffold, which itself triggered a minimal response in contrast to larger scaffolds. The β-annulus fused RBD protein increased residence in lymph nodes and triggered the most potent viral neutralization in immunization by a recombinant protein. Results of the study support the use of a nanoscaffolding platform using the β-annulus peptide for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duško Lainšček
- EN-FIST, Centre of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.L.); (I.H.-B.); (M.M.-K.); (M.B.)
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Tina Fink
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Vida Forstnerič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- EN-FIST, Centre of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.L.); (I.H.-B.); (M.M.-K.); (M.B.)
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Sara Orehek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Strmšek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Manček-Keber
- EN-FIST, Centre of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.L.); (I.H.-B.); (M.M.-K.); (M.B.)
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Peter Pečan
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hana Esih
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Malenšek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Aupič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Petra Dekleva
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Plaper
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Vidmar
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Kadunc
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Mojca Benčina
- EN-FIST, Centre of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.L.); (I.H.-B.); (M.M.-K.); (M.B.)
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Neža Omersa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.O.); (G.A.)
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.O.); (G.A.)
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility PTPSP- EPFL SV PTECH PTPSP, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.P.); (K.L.); (D.H.); (B.E.C.)
| | - Kelvin Lau
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility PTPSP- EPFL SV PTECH PTPSP, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.P.); (K.L.); (D.H.); (B.E.C.)
| | - David Hacker
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility PTPSP- EPFL SV PTECH PTPSP, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.P.); (K.L.); (D.H.); (B.E.C.)
| | - Bruno E. Correia
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility PTPSP- EPFL SV PTECH PTPSP, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.P.); (K.L.); (D.H.); (B.E.C.)
| | - David Peterhoff
- Molecular Microbiology (Virology), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (D.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Molecular Microbiology (Virology), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (D.P.); (R.W.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valter Bergant
- Immunopathology of Virus Infections Laboratory, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (V.B.); (A.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexander Herrmann
- Immunopathology of Virus Infections Laboratory, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (V.B.); (A.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Immunopathology of Virus Infections Laboratory, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (V.B.); (A.H.); (A.P.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roman Jerala
- EN-FIST, Centre of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.L.); (I.H.-B.); (M.M.-K.); (M.B.)
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (V.F.); (S.O.); (Ž.S.); (P.P.); (H.E.); (Š.M.); (J.A.); (P.D.); (T.P.); (S.V.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Kadunc L, Svetličič M, Forstnerič V, Hafner Bratkovič I, Jerala R. Increased gene translation stringency in mammalian cells by nonsense suppression at multiple permissive sites with a single noncanonical amino acid. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2452-2461. [PMID: 32401336 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The considerable potential of engineered cells compels the development of strategies for the stringent control of gene expression. A promising approach is the introduction of a premature stop codon (PTC) into a selected gene that is expressed only in the presence of noncanonical amino acids through nonsense suppression. Here, different strategies of amber PTC readthrough in mammalian cells were tested. The use of a tRNA synthetase together with a TAG codon-specific tRNA achieved PTC readthrough depending on the addition of a noncanonical amino acid (4-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine; Bpa). While single TAG codon incorporation exhibited detectable expression of the reporter protein even in the absence of Bpa, the use of a double PTC enabled virtually leakage-free functional gene translation. The introduction of an additional 5'-PTC, therefore, represents a generally applicable strategy to increase stringency in gene translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Kadunc
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Svetličič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vida Forstnerič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Lainšček D, Kadunc L, Keber MM, Bratkovič IH, Romih R, Jerala R. Delivery of an Artificial Transcription Regulator dCas9-VPR by Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Gene Activation. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2715-2725. [PMID: 30513193 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas system has been developed as a potent tool for genome engineering and transcription regulation. However, the efficiency of the delivery of the system into cells, particularly for therapeutic in vivo applications, remains a major bottleneck. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by eukaryotic cells, can mediate the transfer of various molecules, including nucleic acids and proteins. We show the packaging and delivery of the CRISPR/Cas system via EVs to the target cells, combining the advantages of both technological platforms. A genome editing with designed extracellular vesicles (GEDEX) system generated by the producer cells can transfer the designed transcriptional regulator dCas9-VPR complexed with appropriate targeting gRNAs enabling activation of gene transcription. We show functional delivery in mammalian cells as well in the animals. The therapeutic efficiency of in vivo delivery of dCas9-VPR/sgRNA GEDEX is demonstrated in a mouse model of liver damage counteracted by upregulation of the endogenous hepatocyte growth factor, demonstrating the potential for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duško Lainšček
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Kadunc
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Manček Keber
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Rok Romih
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Hafner-Bratkovič I, Sušjan P, Lainšček D, Tapia-Abellán A, Cerović K, Kadunc L, Angosto-Bazarra D, Pelegrin P, Jerala R. NLRP3 lacking the leucine-rich repeat domain can be fully activated via the canonical inflammasome pathway. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5182. [PMID: 30518920 PMCID: PMC6281599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 is a cytosolic sensor triggered by different pathogen- and self-derived signals that plays a central role in a variety of pathological conditions, including sterile inflammation. The leucine-rich repeat domain is present in several innate immune receptors, where it is frequently responsible for sensing danger signals and regulation of activation. Here we show by reconstitution of truncated and chimeric variants into Nlrp3−/− macrophages that the leucine-rich repeat domain is dispensable for activation and self-regulation of NLRP3 by several different triggers. The pyrin domain on the other hand is required to maintain NLRP3 in the inactive conformation. A fully responsive minimal NLRP3 truncation variant reconstitutes peritonitis in Nlrp3−/− mice. We demonstrate that in contrast to pathogen-activated NLRC4, the constitutively active NLRP3 molecule cannot engage wild-type NLRP3 molecules in a self-catalytic oligomerization. This lack of signal amplification is likely a protective mechanism to decrease sensitivity to endogenous triggers to impede autoinflammation. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with various diseases but its activation mechanism is not fully understood. Here, the authors determine the impact of different NLRP3 domains on sensing NLRP3 triggers, inflammasome assembly and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Petra Sušjan
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Tapia-Abellán
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kosta Cerović
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Kadunc
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Diego Angosto-Bazarra
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Lebar T, Bezeljak U, Golob A, Jerala M, Kadunc L, Pirš B, Stražar M, Vučko D, Zupančič U, Benčina M, Forstnerič V, Gaber R, Lonzarić J, Majerle A, Oblak A, Smole A, Jerala R. A bistable genetic switch based on designable DNA-binding domains. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5007. [PMID: 25264186 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bistable switches are fundamental regulatory elements of complex systems, ranging from electronics to living cells. Designed genetic toggle switches have been constructed from pairs of natural transcriptional repressors wired to inhibit one another. The complexity of the engineered regulatory circuits can be increased using orthogonal transcriptional regulators based on designed DNA-binding domains. However, a mutual repressor-based toggle switch comprising DNA-binding domains of transcription-activator-like effectors (TALEs) did not support bistability in mammalian cells. Here, the challenge of engineering a bistable switch based on monomeric DNA-binding domains is solved via the introduction of a positive feedback loop composed of activators based on the same TALE domains as their opposing repressors and competition for the same DNA operator site. This design introduces nonlinearity and results in epigenetic bistability. This principle could be used to employ other monomeric DNA-binding domains such as CRISPR for applications ranging from reprogramming cells to building digital biological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lebar
- 1] Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia [2] EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Urban Bezeljak
- Slovenian iGEM Team 2012, National Institute of Chemistry and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Anja Golob
- 1] Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia [2] Slovenian iGEM Team 2012, National Institute of Chemistry and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Miha Jerala
- Slovenian iGEM Team 2012, National Institute of Chemistry and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Kadunc
- 1] Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia [2] Slovenian iGEM Team 2012, National Institute of Chemistry and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Pirš
- Slovenian iGEM Team 2012, National Institute of Chemistry and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Martin Stražar
- 1] Slovenian iGEM Team 2012, National Institute of Chemistry and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia [2] Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Vučko
- Slovenian iGEM Team 2012, National Institute of Chemistry and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Zupančič
- Slovenian iGEM Team 2012, National Institute of Chemistry and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- 1] Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia [2] EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Vida Forstnerič
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Rok Gaber
- 1] Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia [2] EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jan Lonzarić
- 1] Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia [2] EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Majerle
- 1] Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia [2] EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Alja Oblak
- 1] Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia [2] EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Anže Smole
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- 1] Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia [2] EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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