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Tubby K, Adamčikova K, Adamson K, Akiba M, Barnes I, Boroń P, Bragança H, Bulgakov T, Burgdorf N, Capretti P, Cech T, Cleary M, Davydenko K, Drenkhan R, Elvira-Recuenco M, Enderle R, Gardner J, Georgieva M, Ghelardini L, Husson C, Iturritxa E, Markovskaja S, Mesanza N, Ogris N, Oskay F, Piškur B, Queloz V, Raitelaitytė K, Raposo R, Soukainen M, Strasser L, Vahalík P, Vester M, Mullett M. The increasing threat to European forests from the invasive foliar pine pathogen, Lecanosticta acicola. For Ecol Manage 2023; 536:120847. [PMID: 37193248 PMCID: PMC10165473 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
European forests are threatened by increasing numbers of invasive pests and pathogens. Over the past century, Lecanosticta acicola, a foliar pathogen predominantly of Pinus spp., has expanded its range globally, and is increasing in impact. Lecanosticta acicola causes brown spot needle blight, resulting in premature defoliation, reduced growth, and mortality in some hosts. Originating from southern regions of North American, it devastated forests in the USA's southern states in the early twentieth century, and in 1942 was discovered in Spain. Derived from Euphresco project 'Brownspotrisk,' this study aimed to establish the current distribution of Lecanosticta species, and assess the risks of L. acicola to European forests. Pathogen reports from the literature, and new/ unpublished survey data were combined into an open-access geo-database (http://www.portalofforestpathology.com), and used to visualise the pathogen's range, infer its climatic tolerance, and update its host range. Lecanosticta species have now been recorded in 44 countries, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The type species, L. acicola, has increased its range in recent years, and is present in 24 out of the 26 European countries where data were available. Other species of Lecanosticta are largely restricted to Mexico and Central America, and recently Colombia. The geo-database records demonstrate that L. acicola tolerates a wide range of climates across the northern hemisphere, and indicate its potential to colonise Pinus spp. forests across large swathes of the Europe. Preliminary analyses suggest L. acicola could affect 62% of global Pinus species area by the end of this century, under climate change predictions. Although its host range appears slightly narrower than the similar Dothistroma species, Lecanosticta species were recorded on 70 host taxa, mostly Pinus spp., but including, Cedrus and Picea spp. Twenty-three, including species of critical ecological, environmental and economic significance in Europe, are highly susceptible to L. acicola, suffering heavy defoliation and sometimes mortality. Variation in apparent susceptibility between reports could reflect variation between regions in the hosts' genetic make-up, but could also reflect the significant variation in L. acicola populations and lineages found across Europe. This study served to highlight significant gaps in our understanding of the pathogen's behaviour. Lecanosticta acicola has recently been downgraded from an A1 quarantine pest to a regulated non quarantine pathogen, and is now widely distributed across Europe. With a need to consider disease management, this study also explored global BSNB strategies, and used Case Studies to summarise the tactics employed to date in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Tubby
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, United Kingdom
| | - K. Adamčikova
- Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, 94901 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - K. Adamson
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M. Akiba
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - I. Barnes
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - P. Boroń
- Department Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - H. Bragança
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária I. P. and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - T. Bulgakov
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yana Fabritsiusa Street 2/28, Sochi 354002, Krasnodar Region, Russia
| | - N. Burgdorf
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - P. Capretti
- University of Florence, DAGRI Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forest Sciences and Technologies, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - T. Cech
- Austrian Research Centre for Forests BFW, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Cleary
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Sundsvägen 3, 230 503 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - K. Davydenko
- Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry & Forest Melioration, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R. Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M. Elvira-Recuenco
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Enderle
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Urban Green, Julius Kuehn Institute, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J. Gardner
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - M. Georgieva
- Forest Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 132 “St. Kliment Ohridski” Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - L. Ghelardini
- University of Florence, DAGRI Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forest Sciences and Technologies, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - C. Husson
- Département de la santé des forêts, DGAL, SDQSPV, Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Paris, France
| | - E. Iturritxa
- Neiker BRTA, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - S. Markovskaja
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų St. 47, Lt-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - N. Mesanza
- Neiker BRTA, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - N. Ogris
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - F. Oskay
- Faculty of Forestry, Çankırı Karatekin University, 18200 Çankırı, Turkey
| | - B. Piškur
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - V. Queloz
- Centre of Forest Research, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), C. Coruna, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Raitelaitytė
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų St. 47, Lt-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - R. Raposo
- Forest Science Institute (ICIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Soukainen
- Laboratory and Research Division, Plant Analytics Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - L. Strasser
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - P. Vahalík
- Department of Forest Management and Applied Geoinformatics, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - M. Vester
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M. Mullett
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Laas M, Adamson K, Barnes I, Janoušek J, Mullett MS, Adamčíková K, Akiba M, Beenken L, Braganca H, Bulgakov TS, Capretti P, Cech T, Cleary M, Enderle R, Ghelardini L, Jankovský L, Markovskaja S, Matsiakh I, Meyer JB, Oskay F, Piškur B, Raitelaitytė K, Sadiković D, Drenkhan R. Diversity, migration routes, and worldwide population genetic structure of Lecanosticta acicola, the causal agent of brown spot needle blight. Mol Plant Pathol 2022; 23:1620-1639. [PMID: 35957598 PMCID: PMC9562577 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lecanosticta acicola is a pine needle pathogen causing brown spot needle blight that results in premature needle shedding with considerable damage described in North America, Europe, and Asia. Microsatellite and mating type markers were used to study the population genetics, migration history, and reproduction mode of the pathogen, based on a collection of 650 isolates from 27 countries and 26 hosts across the range of L. acicola. The presence of L. acicola in Georgia was confirmed in this study. Migration analyses indicate there have been several introduction events from North America into Europe. However, some of the source populations still appear to remain unknown. The populations in Croatia and western Asia appear to originate from genetically similar populations in North America. Intercontinental movement of the pathogen was reflected in an identical haplotype occurring on two continents, in North America (Canada) and Europe (Germany). Several shared haplotypes between European populations further suggests more local pathogen movement between countries. Moreover, migration analyses indicate that the populations in northern Europe originate from more established populations in central Europe. Overall, the highest genetic diversity was observed in south-eastern USA. In Europe, the highest diversity was observed in France, where the presence of both known pathogen lineages was recorded. Less than half of the observed populations contained mating types in equal proportions. Although there is evidence of some sexual reproduction taking place, the pathogen spreads predominantly asexually and through anthropogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marili Laas
- Institute of Forestry and EngineeringEstonian University of Life SciencesTartuEstonia
| | - Kalev Adamson
- Institute of Forestry and EngineeringEstonian University of Life SciencesTartuEstonia
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)University of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Josef Janoušek
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife ManagementMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Martin S. Mullett
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife ManagementMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Katarína Adamčíková
- Department of Plant Pathology and MycologyInstitute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovak Republic
| | - Mitsuteru Akiba
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteKumamotoJapan
| | - Ludwig Beenken
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Helena Braganca
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária IP.OeirasPortugal
- GREEN‐IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVAOeirasPortugal
| | - Timur S. Bulgakov
- Department of Plant ProtectionFederal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of SciencesKrasnodarRussia
| | - Paolo Capretti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forest Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Thomas Cech
- Austrian Research Centre for ForestsDepartment of Forest ProtectionViennaAustria
| | - Michelle Cleary
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Rasmus Enderle
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and ForestsJulius Kuehn InstituteBraunschweigGermany
| | - Luisa Ghelardini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forest Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Libor Jankovský
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife ManagementMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Iryna Matsiakh
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
- Institute of Forestry and Park GardeningUkrainian National Forestry UniversityLvivUkraine
- National Forestry Agency of GeorgiaTbilisiGeorgia
| | - Joana B. Meyer
- Forest Protection and Forest Health SectionFederal Office for the Environment FOENBernSwitzerland
| | - Funda Oskay
- Faculty of ForestryÇankırı Karatekin UniversityÇankırıTurkey
| | | | | | - Dušan Sadiković
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
- Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and EngineeringEstonian University of Life SciencesTartuEstonia
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Torre S, Sebastiani F, Burbui G, Pecori F, Pepori AL, Passeri I, Ghelardini L, Selvaggi A, Santini A. Novel Insights Into Refugia at the Southern Margin of the Distribution Range of the Endangered Species Ulmus laevis. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:826158. [PMID: 35242155 PMCID: PMC8886209 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.826158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Riparian ecosystems, in long-time developed regions, are among the most heavily impacted by human activities; therefore, the distribution of tree riparian species, such as Ulmus laevis, is highly affected. This phenomenon is particularly relevant at the margins of the natural habitat of the species, where populations are small and rare. In these cases, it is difficult to distinguish between relics or introductions, but it is relevant for the restoration of natural habitats and conservation strategies. The aim of this study was to study the phylogeography of the southern distribution of the species. We sequenced the entire chloroplast (cp) genomes of 54 individuals from five sampled populations across different European regions to highlight polymorphisms and analyze their distribution. Thirty-two haplotypes were identified. All the sampled populations showed private haplotypes that can be considered an indicator of long-term residency, given the low mutation rate of organellar DNA. The network of all haplotypes showed a star-like topology, and Serbian haplotypes were present in all branches. The Balkan population showed the highest level of nucleotide and genetic diversity. Low genetic differentiation between populations was observed but we found a significant differentiation among Serbia vs. other provenances. Our estimates of divergent time of U. laevis samples highlight the early split of above all Serbian individuals from other populations, emphasizing the reservoir role of white elm genetic diversity of Serbian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torre
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, IPSP-CNR, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, IPSP-CNR, Florence, Italy
| | - Guia Burbui
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, IPSP-CNR, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Pecori
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, IPSP-CNR, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia L. Pepori
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, IPSP-CNR, Florence, Italy
| | - Iacopo Passeri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, IPSP-CNR, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Ghelardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari Ambientali e Forestali (DAGRI), Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Selvaggi
- Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l’Ambiente - I.P.L.A. S.p.A., Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Santini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, IPSP-CNR, Florence, Italy
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Falsini S, Tani C, Sambuco G, Papini A, Faraoni P, Campigli S, Ghelardini L, Bleve G, Rizzo D, Ricciolini M, Scarpelli I, Drosera L, Gnerucci A, Hand FP, Marchi G, Schiff S. Anatomical and biochemical studies of Spartium junceum infected by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex ST 87. Protoplasma 2022; 259:103-115. [PMID: 33860374 PMCID: PMC8752565 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spartium junceum L. is a typical species of Mediterranean shrubland areas, also grown in gardens and parks as an ornamental. In recent years in Europe, S. junceum has been recurrently found to be infected by different subspecies and genotypes of the quarantine regulated bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf). This work presents for the first time the anatomy of S. junceum plants that we found, by means of genetic and immunochemistry analysis, to be naturally infected by Xf subsp. multiplex ST87 (XfmST87) in Monte Argentario (Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy), a new outbreak area within the EU. Our anatomical observations showed that bacteria colonized exclusively the xylem conductive elements and moved horizontally to adjacent vessels through pits. Interestingly, a pink/violet matrix was observed with Toluidine blue staining in infected conduits indicating a high content of acidic polysaccharides. In particular, when this pink-staining matrix was observed, bacterial cells were either absent or degenerated, suggesting that the matrix was produced by the host plant as a defense response against bacterial spread. In addition, a blue-staining phenolic material was found in the vessels and, at high concentration, in the pits and inter-vessels. SEM micrographs confirmed that polysaccharide and phenolic components showed different structures, which appear to be related to two different morphologies: fibrillary and granular, respectively. Moreover, our LM observations revealed bacterial infection in xylem conductive elements of green shoots and leaves only, and not in those of other plant organs such as roots and flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Falsini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 3, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - C Tani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - G Sambuco
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - A Papini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - P Faraoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - S Campigli
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50100, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Ghelardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50100, Firenze, Italy
| | - G Bleve
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lecce, Italy
| | - D Rizzo
- Regione Toscana, Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale e di Vigilanza e Controllo Agroforestale, Via A. Manzoni 16, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - M Ricciolini
- Regione Toscana, Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale e di Vigilanza e Controllo Agroforestale, Via A. Manzoni 16, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - I Scarpelli
- Regione Toscana, Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale e di Vigilanza e Controllo Agroforestale, Via A. Manzoni 16, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Drosera
- Regione Toscana, Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale e di Vigilanza e Controllo Agroforestale, Via A. Manzoni 16, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - A Gnerucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - F Peduto Hand
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43220, USA
| | - G Marchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50100, Firenze, Italy
| | - S Schiff
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 3, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
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Moricca S, Bracalini M, Benigno A, Ghelardini L, Furtado EL, Marino CL, Panzavolta T. Thousand cankers disease in Juglans: Optimizing sampling and identification procedures for the vector Pityophthorus juglandis, and the causal agent Geosmithia morbida. MethodsX 2020; 7:101174. [PMID: 33318964 PMCID: PMC7726713 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lindgren funnel traps were used to monitor Pityophthorus juglandis occurrence. Traps were placed directly on walnut trees, with the top tied to one of the lower branches (about 2m high). An 8-funnel model was used instead of a 4-funnel trap, with the specific pheromone bait positioned between the fourth and the fifth funnel. Traps were customized with a 5mm metal mesh which was placed inside the bottom funnel so that debris (mainly foliage) and larger non-target insects would not end up inside the collecting jar. Geosmithia morbida was isolated from beetle adults, larvae and necrotic woody tissue around beetle galleries. Contaminant-free colonies were subcultured in purity and identified by: a) colony phenotyping [morphology, texture and pigmentation; margin type (regular/irregular; lobed/non-lobed); mycelium compactness; surface bumpiness; growth/temperature relationships]; b) micromorphology: type, morphology and ontogeny of conidiophores, metulae and phialides; conidiogenesis; shape, dimension and pigmentation of conidia; c) DNA fingerprinting.•Our protocol was customized to prevent traps from swinging in the wind and to optimize beetle catches by transversely fixing the bottom of funnel traps to the tree trunk with wooden shafts for stability.•To enhance fungus isolation in purity, a semi-selective Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium, enriched with the antibiotics Ampicillin (Policillin-N) and Rifampicin (Rifamycin), was devised to prevent contamination by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and by mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Moricca
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology section, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Bracalini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology section, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Benigno
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology section, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Ghelardini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology section, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Edson Luiz Furtado
- Plant Protection Department, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso Luis Marino
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiziana Panzavolta
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology section, University of Florence, Italy
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Moricca S, Bracalini M, Benigno A, Ghelardini L, Furtado EL, Marino CL, Panzavolta T. Observations on the non-native thousand cankers disease of walnut in Europe’s southernmost outbreak. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ioos R, Aloi F, Piškur B, Guinet C, Mullett M, Berbegal M, Bragança H, Cacciola SO, Oskay F, Cornejo C, Adamson K, Douanla-Meli C, Kačergius A, Martínez-Álvarez P, Nowakowska JA, Luchi N, Vettraino AM, Ahumada R, Pasquali M, Fourie G, Kanetis L, Alves A, Ghelardini L, Dvořák M, Sanz-Ros A, Diez JJ, Baskarathevan J, Aguayo J. Transferability of PCR-based diagnostic protocols: An international collaborative case study assessing protocols targeting the quarantine pine pathogen Fusarium circinatum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8195. [PMID: 31160683 PMCID: PMC6546748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium circinatum is a harmful pathogenic fungus mostly attacking Pinus species and also Pseudotsuga menziesii, causing cankers in trees of all ages, damping-off in seedlings, and mortality in cuttings and mother plants for clonal production. This fungus is listed as a quarantine pest in several parts of the world and the trade of potentially contaminated pine material such as cuttings, seedlings or seeds is restricted in order to prevent its spread to disease-free areas. Inspection of plant material often relies on DNA testing and several conventional or real-time PCR based tests targeting F. circinatum are available in the literature. In this work, an international collaborative study joined 23 partners to assess the transferability and the performance of nine molecular protocols, using a wide panel of DNA from 71 representative strains of F. circinatum and related Fusarium species. Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the nine protocols all reached values >80%, and the diagnostic specificity was the only parameter differing significantly between protocols. The rates of false positives and of false negatives were computed and only the false positive rates differed significantly, ranging from 3.0% to 17.3%. The difference between protocols for some of the performance values were mainly due to cross-reactions with DNA from non-target species, which were either not tested or documented in the original articles. Considering that participating laboratories were free to use their own reagents and equipment, this study demonstrated that the diagnostic protocols for F. circinatum were not easily transferable to end-users. More generally, our results suggest that the use of protocols using conventional or real-time PCR outside their initial development and validation conditions should require careful characterization of the performance data prior to use under modified conditions (i.e. reagents and equipment). Suggestions to improve the transfer are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Ioos
- ANSES Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, Domaine de Pixérécourt Bât. E, 54220, Malzéville, France.
| | - Francesco Aloi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 100, Catania, 95123, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Piškur
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Department of Forest Protection, Večna pot 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cécile Guinet
- ANSES Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, Domaine de Pixérécourt Bât. E, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Martin Mullett
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, United Kingdom.,Phytophthora Research Center, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mónica Berbegal
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helena Bragança
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária I.P. (INIAV I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 100, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Funda Oskay
- Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Forestry, 18200, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Carolina Cornejo
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kalev Adamson
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Clovis Douanla-Meli
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Messeweg 11-12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Audrius Kačergius
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Vokė Branch, Zalioji Sq. 2, 02232, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Pablo Martínez-Álvarez
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid - INIA/Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 47011, Palencia, Spain
| | - Justyna Anna Nowakowska
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicola Luchi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Vettraino
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, via S. Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Ahumada
- Bioforest S.A. Camino a Coronel km 15S/N, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Gerda Fourie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0028 Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Loukas Kanetis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Artur Alves
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luisa Ghelardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente (DISPAA), University of Florence, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Miloň Dvořák
- Phytophthora Research Center, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Sanz-Ros
- Forest Health Center of Calabazanos, Regional Government of Castilla y León, JCyL, Poligono Industrial de Villamuriel, S/N, 30190, Villamuriel de Cerrato, Palencia, Spain
| | - Julio J Diez
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid - INIA/Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 47011, Palencia, Spain
| | - Jeyaseelan Baskarathevan
- Plant Health & Environment Laboratory, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 2095, Auckland, 1140, New Zealand
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- ANSES Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, Domaine de Pixérécourt Bât. E, 54220, Malzéville, France
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Pepori AL, Bettini PP, Comparini C, Sarrocco S, Bonini A, Frascella A, Ghelardini L, Scala A, Vannacci G, Santini A. Correction to: Geosmithia-Ophiostoma: a New Fungus-Fungus Association. Microb Ecol 2018; 76:298. [PMID: 29218373 PMCID: PMC6061474 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The article Geosmithia-Ophiostoma: a New Fungus-Fungus Association, written by Alessia L. Pepori, Priscilla P. Bettini, Cecilia Comparini, Sabrina Sarrocco, Anna Bonini, Arcangela Frascella, Luisa Ghelardini, & Aniello Scala, Giovanni Vannacci, Alberto Santini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia L Pepori
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Priscilla P Bettini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Cecilia Comparini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DiSPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Bonini
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DiSPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Arcangela Frascella
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Luisa Ghelardini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DiSPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Aniello Scala
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DiSPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vannacci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Santini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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9
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Pepori AL, Bettini PP, Comparini C, Sarrocco S, Bonini A, Frascella A, Ghelardini L, Scala A, Vannacci G, Santini A. Geosmithia-Ophiostoma: a New Fungus-Fungus Association. Microb Ecol 2018; 75:632-646. [PMID: 28875260 PMCID: PMC5856884 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Europe as in North America, elms are devastated by Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by the alien ascomycete Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Pathogen dispersal and transmission are ensured by local species of bark beetles, which established a novel association with the fungus. Elm bark beetles also transport the Geosmithia fungi genus that is found in scolytids' galleries colonized by O. novo-ulmi. Widespread horizontal gene transfer between O. novo-ulmi and Geosmithia was recently observed. In order to define the relation between these two fungi in the DED pathosystem, O. novo-ulmi and Geosmithia species from elm, including a GFP-tagged strain, were grown in dual culture and mycelial interactions were observed by light and fluorescence microscopy. Growth and sporulation of O. novo-ulmi in the absence or presence of Geosmithia were compared. The impact of Geosmithia on DED severity was tested in vivo by co-inoculating Geosmithia and O. novo-ulmi in elms. A close and stable relation was observed between the two fungi, which may be classified as mycoparasitism by Geosmithia on O. novo-ulmi. These results prove the existence of a new component in the complex of organisms involved in DED, which might be capable of reducing the disease impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia L Pepori
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Priscilla P Bettini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Cecilia Comparini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DiSPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Bonini
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DiSPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Arcangela Frascella
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Luisa Ghelardini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DiSPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Aniello Scala
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DiSPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vannacci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Santini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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Migliorini D, Ghelardini L, Tondini E, Luchi N, Santini A. The potential of symptomless potted plants for carrying invasive soilborne plant pathogens. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Duccio Migliorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente DiSPAA; Università di Firenze; Piazzale delle Cascine 28 50144 Firenze Italy
| | - Luisa Ghelardini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection IPSP; National Research Council C.N.R.; Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Elena Tondini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection IPSP; National Research Council C.N.R.; Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Nicola Luchi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection IPSP; National Research Council C.N.R.; Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Alberto Santini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection IPSP; National Research Council C.N.R.; Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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Ghelardini L, Berlin S, Weih M, Lagercrantz U, Gyllenstrand N, Rönnberg-Wästljung AC. Genetic architecture of spring and autumn phenology in Salix. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:31. [PMID: 24438179 PMCID: PMC3945485 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In woody plants from temperate regions, adaptation to the local climate results in annual cycles of growth and dormancy, and optimal regulation of these cycles are critical for growth, long-term survival, and competitive success. In this study we have investigated the genetic background to growth phenology in a Salix pedigree by assessing genetic and phenotypic variation in growth cessation, leaf senescence and bud burst in different years and environments. A previously constructed linkage map using the same pedigree and anchored to the annotated genome of P. trichocarpa was improved in target regions and used for QTL analysis of the traits. The major aims in this study were to map QTLs for phenology traits in Salix, and to identify candidate genes in QTL hot spots through comparative mapping with the closely related Populus trichocarpa. RESULTS All traits varied significantly among genotypes and the broad-sense heritabilities ranged between 0.5 and 0.9, with the highest for leaf senescence. In total across experiment and years, 80 QTLs were detected. For individual traits, the QTLs explained together from 21.5 to 56.5% of the variation. Generally each individual QTL explained a low amount of the variation but three QTLs explained above 15% of the variation with one QTL for leaf senescence explaining 34% of the variation. The majority of the QTLs were recurrently identified across traits, years and environments. Two hotspots were identified on linkage group (LG) II and X where narrow QTLs for all traits co-localized. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the most detailed analysis of QTL detection for phenology in Salix conducted so far. Several hotspot regions were found where QTLs for different traits and QTLs for the same trait but identified during different years co-localised. Many QTLs co-localised with QTLs found in poplar for similar traits that could indicate common pathways for these traits in Salicaceae. This study is an important first step in identifying QTLs and candidate genes for phenology traits in Salix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ghelardini
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Institute for Plant Protection, Italian National Research Council CNR, 50019 Sesto fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sofia Berlin
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Weih
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lagercrantz
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niclas Gyllenstrand
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Christin Rönnberg-Wästljung
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Luchi N, Ghelardini L, Belbahri L, Quartier M, Santini A. Rapid detection of Ceratocystis platani inoculum by quantitative real-time PCR assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5394-404. [PMID: 23811499 PMCID: PMC3753960 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01484-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceratocystis platani is the causal agent of canker stain of plane trees, a lethal disease able to kill mature trees in one or two successive growing seasons. The pathogen is a quarantine organism and has a negative impact on anthropogenic and natural populations of plane trees. Contaminated sawdust produced during pruning and sanitation fellings can contribute to disease spread. The goal of this study was to design a rapid, real-time quantitative PCR assay to detect a C. platani airborne inoculum. Airborne inoculum traps (AITs) were placed in an urban setting in the city of Florence, Italy, where the disease was present. Primers and TaqMan minor groove binder (MGB) probes were designed to target cerato-platanin (CP) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) genes. The detection limits of the assay were 0.05 pg/μl and 2 fg/μl of fungal DNA for CP and ITS, respectively. Pathogen detection directly from AITs demonstrated specificity and high sensitivity for C. platani, detecting DNA concentrations as low as 1.2 × 10(-2) to 1.4 × 10(-2) pg/μl, corresponding to ∼10 conidia per ml. Airborne inoculum traps were able to detect the C. platani inoculum within 200 m of the closest symptomatic infected plane tree. The combination of airborne trapping and real-time quantitative PCR assay provides a rapid and sensitive method for the specific detection of a C. platani inoculum. This technique may be used to identify the period of highest risk of pathogen spread in a site, thus helping disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luchi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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13
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Santini A, Ghelardini L, De Pace C, Desprez-Loustau ML, Capretti P, Chandelier A, Cech T, Chira D, Diamandis S, Gaitniekis T, Hantula J, Holdenrieder O, Jankovsky L, Jung T, Jurc D, Kirisits T, Kunca A, Lygis V, Malecka M, Marcais B, Schmitz S, Schumacher J, Solheim H, Solla A, Szabò I, Tsopelas P, Vannini A, Vettraino AM, Webber J, Woodward S, Stenlid J. Biogeographical patterns and determinants of invasion by forest pathogens in Europe. New Phytol 2013; 197:238-250. [PMID: 23057437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A large database of invasive forest pathogens (IFPs) was developed to investigate the patterns and determinants of invasion in Europe. Detailed taxonomic and biological information on the invasive species was combined with country-specific data on land use, climate, and the time since invasion to identify the determinants of invasiveness, and to differentiate the class of environments which share territorial and climate features associated with a susceptibility to invasion. IFPs increased exponentially in the last four decades. Until 1919, IFPs already present moved across Europe. Then, new IFPs were introduced mainly from North America, and recently from Asia. Hybrid pathogens also appeared. Countries with a wider range of environments, higher human impact or international trade hosted more IFPs. Rainfall influenced the diffusion rates. Environmental conditions of the new and original ranges and systematic and ecological attributes affected invasiveness. Further spread of established IFPs is expected in countries that have experienced commercial isolation in the recent past. Densely populated countries with high environmental diversity may be the weakest links in attempts to prevent new arrivals. Tight coordination of actions against new arrivals is needed. Eradication seems impossible, and prevention seems the only reliable measure, although this will be difficult in the face of global mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santini
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, C.N.R. Via Madonna del Piano, 10 50019, Sesto fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Ghelardini
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, C.N.R. Via Madonna del Piano, 10 50019, Sesto fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - C De Pace
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, San Camillo de Lellis snc-01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - M L Desprez-Loustau
- INRA Bordeaux, Domaine de l'Hermitage, Génétique et écologie des maladies en Forêt Pierroton, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33610, Cestas, France
| | - P Capretti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie agrarie, Università degli studi di Firenze, P.le Cascine, 28 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - A Chandelier
- Department Biocontrol and Plant Genetic Resources, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Rue de Liroux, 4, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - T Cech
- Department of Forest Protection, Unit of Phytopathology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Chira
- Institutul de Cercetari si Amenajari Silvice, Station of Brasov, Closca 13, 500040, Brasov, Romania
| | - S Diamandis
- National Agricultural Research Foundation, Forest Research Institute, 570 06, Vassilika, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - T Gaitniekis
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", 111 Rigas str, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia
| | - J Hantula
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Jokiniemenkuja 1, PO Box 18, 01301, Vantaa, Finland
| | - O Holdenrieder
- Institut f. Integrative Biologie - CHN G 66, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L Jankovsky
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University, Zemedelska 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T Jung
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, Thomastrasse 75, 83098, Brannenburg, Germany
| | - D Jurc
- Department for Forest Protection, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - T Kirisits
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology, and Forest Protection (IFFF), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Hasenauerstraße 38, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Kunca
- Forest Research Institute, T.G. Masaryka 22, 96092, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - V Lygis
- Laboratory of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms, Institute of Botany of Nature Research Centre, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - M Malecka
- Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, Sêkocin Stary, ul. Braci Leœnej 3, 05-090, Raszyn, Poland
| | - B Marcais
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Champenoux, France
| | - S Schmitz
- Department Biocontrol and Plant Genetic Resources, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Rue de Liroux, 4, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - J Schumacher
- Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg, Wonnhaldestrasse 4, D-79100, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Solheim
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, PO Box 115, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - A Solla
- Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600, Plasencia, Spain
| | - I Szabò
- Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of West-Hungary, Sopron, Hungary
| | - P Tsopelas
- NAGREF, Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Terma Alkmanos, 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - A Vannini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, San Camillo de Lellis snc-01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A M Vettraino
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, San Camillo de Lellis snc-01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - J Webber
- Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK
| | - S Woodward
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - J Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7026, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Weih M, Bonosi L, Ghelardini L, Rönnberg-Wästljung AC. Optimizing nitrogen economy under drought: increased leaf nitrogen is an acclimation to water stress in willow (Salix spp.). Ann Bot 2011; 108:1347-53. [PMID: 21896572 PMCID: PMC3197455 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The major objective was to identify plant traits functionally important for optimization of shoot growth and nitrogen (N) economy under drought. Although increased leaf N content (area basis) has been observed in dry environments and theory predicts increased leaf N to be an acclimation to drought, experimental evidence for the prediction is rare. METHODS A pedigree of 200 full-sibling hybrid willows was pot-grown in a glasshouse in three replicate blocks and exposed to two water regimes for 3 weeks. Drought conditions were simulated as repeated periods of water shortage. The total leaf mass and area, leaf area efficiency (shoot growth per unit leaf area, E(A)), area-based leaf N content (N(A)), total leaf N pool (N(L)) and leaf N efficiency (shoot growth per unit leaf N, E(N)) were assessed. KEY RESULTS In the water-stress treatment, shoot biomass growth was N limited in the genotypes with low N(L), but increasingly limited by other factors in the genotypes with greatest N(L). The N(A) was increased by drought, and drought-induced shift in N(A) varied between genotypes (significant G × E). Judged from the E(A)-N(A) relationship, optimal N(A) was 16 % higher in the water-stress compared with the well-watered treatment. Biomass allocation to leaves and shoots varied between treatments, but the treatment response of the leaf : shoot ratio was similar across all genotypes. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that N-uptake efficiency and leaf N efficiency are important traits to improve growth under drought. Increased leaf N content (area basis) is an acclimation to optimize N economy under drought. The leaf N content is an interesting trait for breeding of willow bioenergy crops in a climate change future. In contrast, leaf biomass allocation is a less interesting breeding target to improve yield under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weih
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, POB 7043, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
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Ghelardini L, Santini A, Black-Samuelsson S, Myking T, Falusi M. Bud dormancy release in elm (Ulmus spp.) clones--a case study of photoperiod and temperature responses. Tree Physiol 2010; 30:264-274. [PMID: 20022864 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy release as influenced by duration of outdoor winter chilling in Florence (Italy) was studied under different photoperiodic and temperature treatments in collected twigs of two European (Ulmus glabra Huds. and Ulmus minor Mill.) and four Asian (Ulmus pumila L., Ulmus parvifolia Jacq., Ulmus macrocarpa Hance and Ulmus villosa Brandis) elm clones. Photoperiod had no effect on dormancy release, and there was no evidence that photoperiod affected bud burst during quiescence in the studied elm clones. Thermal time (day degrees >0 degrees C) to bud burst decreased in all the clones with increasing outdoor chilling. Although all the clones exhibited a rather weak dormancy, they significantly differed from each other. Dormancy was released earlier in the Asian than in the European clones, and the clones could be ranked from the U. pumila clone (very weak and short dormancy) to the U. minor clone (relatively stronger and longer dormancy), the other clones being intermediate. In all the clones except U. minor, the observed decrement in thermal time to bud burst was efficiently explained as an inverse exponential function of the number of chill days < or =5 degrees C received outdoor in autumn and winter. Endodormancy, as measured by the single-node cuttings test, was weak and short in all the clones. The latter result suggests that correlative inhibitions were largely responsible for preventing bud burst during winter in these elm clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ghelardini
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7080, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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