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Gopal M, Shil S, Gupta A, Hebbar KB, Arivalagan M. Metagenomic Investigation Uncovers Presence of Probiotic-Type Microbiome in Kalparasa ® (Fresh Unfermented Coconut Inflorescence Sap). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:662783. [PMID: 34484136 PMCID: PMC8415118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The phloem sap tapped from unopened inflorescence (spadix) of coconut palm using a novel collecting device, “coco-sap chiller,” has been branded Kalparasa® (henceforth as Kalparasa in the text) to distinguish its properties not found in sap harvested by traditional methods. To know its hitherto unidentified microbiome profile, we employed high-throughput sequencing to uncover the bacteriome and mycobiome in fresh and 12-h fermented samples. Fresh Kalparasa had a pH of 7.2, which dropped to 4.5 after 12 h, signifying fermentation of the sap. Diversity analysis indicated fresh Kalparasa having higher bacterial species than the fermented one. Contrary to this, fresh sap had lower fungal/yeast diversity than the fermented sample. Fresh Kalparasa had relatively higher abundance of probiotic-type Leuconostoc genus followed by equal proportions of Gluconobacter, Acetobacter, and Fructobacillus. The 12-h fermented Kalparasa showed a significant increase in Gluconobacter with a sharp decrease in Leuconostoc. Mycobiome data revealed fresh Kalparasa to be preponderant in Saccharomyces and Hanseniaspora genera of yeasts while the fermented sap had higher representation of Hanseniaspora and Cortinarius and lesser Saccharomyces. This suggested that the fermentation of Kalparasa was probably driven by symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY), particularly acetic acid bacteria and non-Saccharomyces yeasts. The bacteriome-function predictions highlighted the enrichment of glycerophospholipid, ABC transporters, purine, and pyrimidine metabolisms. Based on our findings, Kalparasa containing large population of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Fructobacillus fructosus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii can be promoted as a healthy “unfermented” plant edible food containing live probiotic-type microbiome during its consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Gopal
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, India
| | - Sandip Shil
- Research Centre, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Mohitnagar, India
| | - Alka Gupta
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, India
| | - K B Hebbar
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, India
| | - M Arivalagan
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, India
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Arivalagan M, Karunakaran G, Roy TK, Dinsha M, Sindhu BC, Shilpashree VM, Satisha GC, Shivashankara KS. Biochemical and nutritional characterization of dragon fruit (Hylocereus species). Food Chem 2021; 353:129426. [PMID: 33774520 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional and biochemical composition of dragon fruit (Hylocereus) species H. undatus (fruits with white pulp and pink skin), and H. polyrhizus (fruits with red pulp and pink skin) were investigated to develop the nutritional composition data for dragon fruit and compare the difference between H. undatus and H. polyrhizus. The pH, TSS, total sugar, moisture, ash, protein, and dietary fibre content varied between 4.8 and 5.4, 8-12%, 5.13-7.06%, 82-85%, 0.7-0.85%, 0.90-1.1% and 0.8-1.0%, respectively. Total phenolics and flavonoids content varied between 25 and 55 mg GAE and 15-35 mg CE per 100 g, respectively. H. polyrhizus have a significantly high quantum of phenolics and antioxidant potential than H. undatus. 100 g fruit contained about 120-200 mg K, 30-45 mg Mg, 20-45 mg Ca, 20-35 mg P, 0.70-1.5 mg Fe, and 0.20-0.40 mg Zn. Vitamin C was found maximum (6 mg/100 g), followed by vitamin E (150 µg), pantothenic acid (50 µg), and vitamin K1 (25 µg). It is an ideal fruit for maintaining good health as it has low calories.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arivalagan
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 089, India.
| | - G Karunakaran
- Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 089, India.
| | - T K Roy
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 089, India
| | - M Dinsha
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 089, India
| | - B C Sindhu
- Division of Natural Resources, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 089, India
| | - V M Shilpashree
- Division of Natural Resources, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 089, India
| | - G C Satisha
- Division of Natural Resources, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 089, India
| | - K S Shivashankara
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 089, India
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Lavanya M, Kannan PM, Arivalagan M. Lung cancer diagnosis and staging using firefly algorithm fuzzy C-means segmentation and support vector machine classification of lung nodules. IJBET 2021. [DOI: 10.1504/ijbet.2021.119504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Arivalagan M, Lavanya M, Muthu Kannan P. Lung cancer diagnosis and staging using firefly algorithm fuzzy C-means segmentation and support vector machine classification of lung nodules. IJBET 2021. [DOI: 10.1504/ijbet.2021.10043169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hebbar KB, Arivalagan M, Pavithra KC, Roy TK, Gopal M, Shivashankara KS, Chowdappa P. Nutritional profiling of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) inflorescence sap collected using novel coco-sap chiller method and its value added products. Food Measure 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Arivalagan M, Roy T, Yasmeen A, Pavithra K, Jwala P, Shivasankara K, Manikantan M, Hebbar K, Kanade S. Extraction of phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) testa and identification of phenolic acids and flavonoids using UPLC coupled with TQD-MS/MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hebbar KB, Arivalagan M, Manikantan MR, Mathew AC, Thamban C, Thomas GV, Chowdappa P. Coconut Inflorescence Sap and its Value Addition as Sugar - Collection Techniques, Yield, Properties and Market Perspective. CURR SCI INDIA 2015. [DOI: 10.18520/v109/i8/1411-1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hebbar KB, Arivalagan M, Manikantan MR, Mathew AC, Thamban C, Thomas GV, Chowdappa P. Coconut Inflorescence Sap and its Value Addition as Sugar - Collection Techniques, Yield, Properties and Market Perspective. CURR SCI INDIA 2015. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v109/i8/1411-1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Arivalagan M, Gangopadhyay KK, Kumar G. Determination of Steroidal Saponins and Fixed Oil Content in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Genotypes. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 75:110-3. [PMID: 23901171 PMCID: PMC3719140 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.113542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly called fenugreek, is a leguminous plant native to many Asian, Middle Eastern and European countries. Fenugreek oil is very effective in digestion. Identification of fenugreek genotype rich in saponins and fixed oil will be useful for pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, steroidal saponin and fixed oil content was analysed in 46 diverse fenugreek genotypes on dry weight basis. Significant differences were observed in the total saponin and fixed oil content among the genotypes. Saponin and fixed oil content ranged from 0.92 g to 1.68 g and 3.25 to 6.88 g with corresponding mean value of 1.34 g and 5.19 g/100 g dw, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arivalagan
- Germplasm Evaluation Division, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110 012, India
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