Influence of environmental parameters on polyphosphate accumulation in Acinetobacter sp

The regulation of and the optimum conditions for polyphosphate accumulation in Acinetobacter sp. were determined. Acinetobacter strain 210A accumulated polyphosphate in the presence of an intra- or extracellular energy source. The accumulation of polyphosphate during endogenous respiration was stimulated by streptomycin and inhibited by KCN. The highest amount of polyphosphate was found in cells in which energy supply was not limited, namely at low growth rates under sulphur limitation, and in the stationary phase of growth when either the nitrogen or the sulphur source was depleted. The phosphorus accumulation was not affected by the pH between 6.5 and 9. There was a pronounced effect of the temperature on phosphorus accumulation but is varied from strain to strain. Acinetobacter strain 210A accumulated more phosphate at low temperatures, strain B8 showed an optimum accumulation at 27.5 degrees C, while strain P accumulated phosphorus independently of the temperature. The optimum temperature for growth of Acinetobacter strains tested ranged from 25 to 33 degrees C, and the optimum pH was between 6 and 9.

Polyphosphate-degrading enzymes in Acinetobacter spp. and activated sludge

Polyphosphate-degrading enzymes were studied in Acinetobacter spp. and activated sludge. Polyphosphate: AMP phosphotransferase activity in Acinetobacter strain 210A decreased with increasing growth rates. The activity of this enzyme in cell extracts of Acinetobacter strain 210A was maximal at a pH of 8.5 and a temperature of 40 degrees C and was stimulated by (NH4)2SO4. The Km for AMP was 0.6 mM, and the Vmax was 60 nmol/min per mg of protein. Cell extracts of this strain also contained polyphosphatase, which was able to degrade native polyphosphate and synthetic magnesium polyphosphate and was strongly stimulated by 300 to 400 mM NH4Cl. A positive correlation was found between polyphosphate:AMP phosphotransferase activity, adenylate kinase activity, and phosphorus accumulation in six Acinetobacter strains. Significant activities of polyphosphate kinase were detected only in strain P, which contained no polyphosphate:AMP phosphotransferase. In samples of activated sludge from different plants, the activity of adenylate kinase correlated well with the ability of the sludge to remove phosphate biologically from wastewater.

Role of Cations in Accumulation and Release of Phosphate by Acinetobacter Strain 210A

Cells of the strictly aerobic Acinetobacter strain 210A, containing aerobically large amounts of polyphosphate (100 mg of phosphorus per g [dry weight] of biomass), released in the absence of oxygen 1.49 mmol of P i , 0.77 meq of Mg 2+ , 0.48 meq of K + , 0.02 meq of Ca 2+ , and 0.14 meq of NH 4 + per g (dry weight) of biomass. The drop in pH during this anaerobic phase was caused by the release of 1.8 protons per PO 4 3− molecule. Cells of Acinetobacter strain 132, which do not accumulate polyphosphate aerobically, released only 0.33 mmol of P i and 0.13 meq of Mg 2+ per g (dry weight) of biomass but released K + in amounts comparable to those released by strain 210A. Stationary-phase cultures of Acinetobacter strain 210A, in which polyphosphate could not be detected by Neisser staining, aerobically took up phosphate simultaneously with Mg 2+ , the most important counterion in polyphosphate. In the absence of dissolved phosphate in the medium, no Mg 2+ was taken up. Cells containing polyphosphate granules were able to grow in a Mg-free medium, whereas cells without these granules were not. Mg 2+ was not essential as a counterion because it could be replaced by Ca 2+ . The presence of small amounts of K + was essential for polyphosphate formation in cells of strain 210A. During continuous cultivation under K + limitation, cells of Acinetobacter strain 210A contained only 14 mg of phosphorus per g (dry weight) of biomass, whereas this element was accumulated in amounts of 59 mg/g under substrate limitation and 41 mg/g under Mg 2+ limitation. For phosphate uptake in activated sludge, the presence of K + seemed to be crucial.

Studies on bacterial activities in aerobic and anaerobic waste water purification

Some aspects of the bacteriology of aerobic and anaerobic waste water purification are discussed in view of current opinions and recent developments in the technology of waste water treatment. Various contributions of scientific workers attached to the Department of Microbiology of the Agricultural University, Wageningen, during the past 65 years are summarized. Besides, present investigations are described and research activities in future indicated.

The Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix group of bacteria

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Structural and physiological characteristics of some sheathed bacteria

The fine structure and growth of two gram-negative and two gram-positive strains of sheathed bacteria, isolated from activated sludge, have been studied. Their anatomy is quite different from Sphaerotilus natans. The cells are rectangular, tightly joined together, non-motile and enclosed by a sheath which is thin in the gram-negative strains and rather electron-dense in the two larger gram positive strains. The four strains grow slowly and form pink filamentous flocs in liquid media.

Morphological characteristics of a spirochete present in activated sludge

A free-living spirochete has been found in the activated sludge of purification plants in Amsterdam. A partial enrichment of the spirochete could be obtained with a passage through a thin layer of water agar. The morphology of this spirochetal strain does not fit into one of the described genera in Bergey's Manual. The cells have many regular primary coils on which broad secondary coils are superimposed and the protoplasmic cylinder is tightly wound around an axistyle,

Bacterial flocculation and production of poly- -hydroxybutyrate

Experiments with a number of bacteria isolated from activated sludge have shown that flocculation is independent of the presence of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in the cells. Several strains gave flocculent growth without any PHB detectable. Other strains, producing PHB in varying amounts, utilized this compound as an endogenous substrate, and after its disappearance the floc structure remained unchanged. The PHB content of various samples of activated sludge was found to be negligible.

Cellular and extracellular structures in Cryptococcus laurentii and Rhodotorula species

A comparative study was made of yeast cells by microchemical reactions carried out under the light microscope and with the aid of electron microscopy.Two of the yeast species chosen (Cryptococcus laurentii and Rhodotorula glutinis) formed extracellular lipid and slime, whereas the third species (R. gracilis) was a non-lipid excreting strain of R. glutinis. A fourth yeast strain (R. graminis) lost the property of extracellular lipid formation during cultivation under laboratory conditions. The yeast cultures used were 1 and 2 days old.To preserve the original contact of the external products with the yeast cell proper, preparation techniques for electron microscopy without centrifugation were used. Special attention was paid to the formation of internal and external lipids, the age of the cells being taken into account. The differences in the fine structure of the cells, whether or not excreting lipid and slime, are described also. On the basis of these data and those from the literature, the process of the lipid production and the formation of the cell wall is discussed.

A new hydroxy fatty acid sophoroside from Candida bogoriensis

When cultured in stirred fermentors the yeast Candida bogoriensis produces extracellular glycolipids in yields of 0.5 to 1 g/l. The principal component of these is a crystalline sophorosyl hydroxy fatty acid, the structure of which has been established as 13-[(2′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-oxy]docosanoic acid 6′,6″-diacetate. The hydroxy acid portion of the molecule probably has the L-configuration. A monoacetyl glycolipid is also present as a minor component.

Extracellular lipids of yeasts

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