Development of a Guide to Recommended Print Materials for Diabetes Patient Education

There are hundreds of current booklets, pamphlets, and manuals available for diabetes patient educa tion. Everyone, it seems, is writing them from large pharmaceutical com panies and publishing houses to small rural hospitals.

A national review of those materials has led to the development of an an notated resource booklet entitled "Recommended Print Materials for Diabetes Patient Education, 1984. " This article discusses the overall results of the review and the methodology used in its formation.

Categorization of North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses: epitopic profiles of the N, M, GP5 and GP3 proteins and susceptibility to neutralization

Eleven epitopes were identified by murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that represented the N, M, GP5 and GP3 proteins of the North American (NA) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, KY 35 (NVSL 46907). Three discontinuous epitopes of the N and M proteins were designated EpORF7-Fd through Hd and EpORF6-Ad through Cd. Five continuous epitopes of the GP5 and GP3 proteins were designated EpORF5-A through C and EpORF3-A and B. The MAbs representing EpORF5-C and EpORF6-A and B had neutralizing activity. The MAbs representing the above epitopes, except EpORF7-Gd and Hd, expanded the virus marker system described in a previous study in which a panel of 69 NA viruses and the Lelystad virus were categorized into 5 antigenic groups, I15 through V15 based on the presence or absence of 5 continuous epitopes of the N protein. Antigenic groups I15 and II15, which represented 84.7 and 11.6% of all viruses tested, were categorized further into 9 and 4 subgroups, respectively. The remaining NA viruses and the Lelystad virus were distributed among 4 groups, one of which was represented by 2 subgroups. Significant (P<0.05) differences in sensitivity to neutralization of 28 viruses representing 6 antigenic groups by the 3 neutralizing MAbs suggested that sensitivity to neutralization may also be of value in categorizing PRRS viruses.

Antigenic and genetic variations of the 15 kD nucleocapsid protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates

The antigenic variability of the 15 kD nucleocapsid protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus was characterized with a panel of 24 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against the American PRRS virus isolate ISU-P. Five continuous epitopes designated EpORF7-A through E were revealed by the reactivity pattern of these MAbs with 67 American field isolates, two modified-live vaccine viruses, and the European Lelystad virus as determined by the indirect immnofluorescence assay and Western immunoblotting and confirmed by additivity and blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The reactivity pattern of isolates in the IFA permitted their subdivision into 4 American antigenic groups which represented 84.1, 11.6, 2.9 and 1.4% of viruses tested. The antigenic variation among isolates was correlated to single, group specific nucleotide substitutions and mediated by a combination of at least 4 of the 5 epitopes. EpORF7-A was conserved in all American isolates and the Lelystad virus which constituted a separate antigenic group. Consequently, monoclonal antibodies specific for EpORF7-A may prove useful as the antigenic basis for a universal diagnostic test for the PRRS virus. EpORF7-C, D and E were only present in the American isolates tested.

Differentiation of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine strain from North American field strains by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of ORF 5

The suitability of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for differentiating a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine strain from other North American field strains was investigated. Open reading frame 5 nucleotide sequence data of the vaccine virus, its parent strain VR-2332, and 22 other strains of PRRSV included in this study indicated that 3 restriction enzyme gel patterns characterize the vaccine virus and the parent strain genotype. The combined 3 RFLP patterns differentiate the vaccine and parent virus from other PRRSV strains. This test will be a valuable tool in epidemiologic studies and will be useful in identifying individual strains in cases of multistrain PRRSV infections.

Neutralizing antibodies to type 1 and 2 bovine viral diarrhea viruses: detection by inhibition of viral cytopathology and infectivity by immunoperoxidase assay

Neutralizing antibodies to type 1 and 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains were measured by a microtiter virus neutralization test (MVNT) in cell culture. Antibodies (neutralizing) were detected by inhibition of viral infectivity, by the absence of viral cytopathology for cytopathic strains, or by immunoperoxidase staining for noncytopathic strains. The immunoperoxidase-stained monolayers could be detected without the aid of light microscopy. Twenty BVDV strains were used as challenge viruses in the in vitro MVNT, including 14 type 1 and 6 type 2 strains. Representative noncytopathic and cytopathic strains of both types were used. Positive control serum samples available for diagnostic testing contained both type 1 and type 2 BVDV antibodies. There did not appear to be major differences in antibody titers among the respective type strains, regardless of biotype (cytopathic or noncytopathic). In a study with sera from calves receiving a modified live virus or inactivated BVDV vaccine, the calves receiving type 1 strains responded with higher antibody titers to type 1 strains than to type 2 strains.

Comparison of the antigen distribution of two US porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates with that of the Lelystad virus

One hundred 4-week-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated with one of two different US porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates (VR2385, VR2431) or the European Lelystad virus to detect and compare the location and amount of virus antigen. Interstitial pneumonia, myocarditis, lymphadenopathy, and encephalitis were consistently seen in all three groups; however, disease and lesions were more severe in the VR2385 group. Immunohistochemical evaluation of formalin-fixed tissues revealed virus antigen in alveolar macrophages in lungs of 22/25, 14/25, 14/25, and 0/25 of the VR2385, VR2431, Lelystad, and control pigs, respectively. Follicular macrophages and dendritic cells in the lymph nodes of 14/25, 10/25, 10/25, and 0/25 pigs from the VR2385, VR2431, Lelystad, and control groups, respectively, stained positive for virus antigen. Similar cells in the tonsils from 25/25, 21/25, 23/25, and 0/25 pigs from the VR2385, VR2431, Lelystad, and control groups, respectively, stained positive for virus antigen. Other tissues and cells in which virus antigen was detected included macrophages and endothelial cells in the heart, macrophages, and interdigitating cells in the thymus, macrophages and dendritic cells in the spleen and Peyer's patches, and macrophages in hepatic sinusoids, renal medullary interstitium, and adrenal gland. PRRSV persisted in macrophages in the lung, tonsil, lymph node, and spleen for at least 28 days. Significantly more PRRSV antigen was detected in the lung (P < 0.01), lymph nodes (P < or = 0.05), and tonsils (P < 0.05) of the VR2385 pigs than was detected in the same tissues of the VR2431 and Lelystad pigs. The cell types in which PRRSV antigen was detected and the distribution of PRRSV antigen-positive cells within particular tissues and organs were generally similar for the different virus inoculation groups despite differences in virulence of the isolates.

Comparison of the pathogenicity of two US porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates with that of the Lelystad virus

The Lelystad virus or one of two US isolates (VR2385, VR2431) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus were given intranasally to 25 4-week-old cesarian-derived colostrum-deprived pigs. Pigs from these groups were necropsied at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 21, or 28 days postinoculation. The Lelystad virus and VR2431 induced mild transient pyrexia, dyspnea, and tachypnea. VR2385 induced labored and rapid abdominal respiration, pyrexia, lethargy, anorexia, and patchy dermal cyanosis. All three isolates induced multifocal tan-mottled consolidation involving 6.8% (n = 9; SEM = 3.4) of the lung for Lelystad, 9.7% (n = 9, SEM = 2.7) of the lung for VR2431, and 54.2% (n = 9, SEM = 4.4) of the lung for VR2385 at 10 days postinoculation. Characteristic microscopic lung lesions consisted of type 2 pneumocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, necrotic debris and increased mixed inflammatory cells in alveolar spaces, and alveolar septal infiltration with mononuclear cells. Lymphadenopathy with follicular hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and necrosis was consistently seen. Similar follicular lesions were also seen in Peyer's patches and tonsils. Lymphohistiocytic myocarditis and encephalitis were reproduced with all three isolates. Clinical respiratory disease and gross and microscopic lung lesion scores were considerably and significantly more severe in the VR2385-inoculated pigs. All three viruses were readily isolated from sera, lungs, and tonsils throughout the 28 days of the study. The lymphoid and respiratory systems have the most remarkable lesions and appear to be the major site of replication of these viruses. This work demonstrated a marked difference in pathogenicity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome isolates.

Characterization of the humoral immune response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus infection

The development of the humoral immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus was monitored by an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum virus neutralization (SVN) test over a 105-day period in 8 pigs experimentally infected with ATCC strain VR-2402. Specific antibodies against PRRS virus were first detected by the IFA test, IPMA, ELISA, and the SVN test 9-11, 5-9, 9-13, and 9-28 days postinoculation (PI), respectively, and reached their maximum values by 4-5, 5-6, 4-6, and 10-11 weeks PI, respectively, thereafter. After reaching maximum value, all assays showed a decline in antibody levels. Assuming a constant rate of antibody decay, it was estimated by regression analysis that the ELISA, IFA, IPMA, and SVN antibody titers would approach the lower limits of detection by approximately days 137, 158, 324, and 356 PI, respectively. In this study, the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay appeared to offer slightly better performance relative to the IFA test, ELISA, and SVN test in terms of earlier detection and slower rate of decline in antibody titers. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that antibody specific for the 15-kD viral protein was present in all pigs by 7 days PI and persisted throughout the 105-day observation period. Initial detection of antibodies to the 19-, 23-, and 26-kD proteins varied among pigs, ranging from 9 to 35 days PI. Thereafter, the antibody responses to these 3 viral proteins of PRRS virus continued to be detected throughout the 105-day study period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Detection of a cell line contaminated with hog cholera virus

Cell lines from the repository of the American Type Culture Collection were examined for possible contamination with bovine viral diarrhea virus. During testing, hog cholera virus (HCV) was detected in the IB-RS-2 D10 porcine kidney cell line. This variant of HCV was avirulent for pigs and seldom induced detectable concentrations of antibody against reference viruses (HCV-Ames or bovine viral diarrhea virus-NY1) in serum of inoculated pigs. Additionally, this variant of HCV did not confer protection to pigs against virulent HCV. The contaminated cell line had been distributed to > 20 laboratories in the United States. The cell line was not used in field studies and has been destroyed.

Enhanced replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in a homogeneous subpopulation of MA-104 cell line

Two different cell populations, high- (MARC-145) and low-permissive cell clones (L-1) to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, were derived from MA-104 cell line (parent cell: P) by cell cloning. Maximum virus yields in MARC-145, P, and L-1 cell clones were 10(8.5), 10(3.5), and 10(2.5) tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50)/0.1 ml, respectively. The MARC-145 cell clone supported replication of all 11 different porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates that were tested. These results indicated that the MARC-145 cells will be useful for PRRS virus replication.

Experimental transmission of an apparent viral pneumonia in conventional and gnotobiotic pigs

Endemic pneumonia in five- to eight-week-old pigs induced microscopic lesions of proliferative interstitial pneumonia which were compatible with a viral aetiology. The disease was transmitted experimentally to conventional and gnotobiotic pigs by means of a lung homogenate filtered through a 0.22 micron filter. No common viral respiratory pathogens of pigs were isolated. Two types of virus particles were observed in cell culture by electron microscopy; one was about 70 nm in diameter and had an envelope and short surface spicules, the other also had an envelope, was elongated, pleomorphic, measured 80 x 320 nm and was coated by antibodies.

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus-specific bovine monoclonal antibody

A bovine monoclonal antibody specific for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) recognized all the reference strains of BVDV and over 90% of the field isolates tested. It neutralized the virus and precipitated a 56 k-58 k viral protein.

Conjunctivitis associated with a Mycoplasma-like organism in swine

A midwestern producer reported high incidence of conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis in a herd of crossbred finishing swine. Complete necropsy was performed on 3 pigs with bilateral mucopurulent conjunctivitis and chemosis; other gross lesions were not seen. Mycoplasma sp was isolated from conjunctival swab specimens obtained from 1 pig; small numbers of streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated from conjunctival swab specimens from all 3 pigs. Neither swine influenza virus nor pseudorabies virus was isolated from conjunctival swab specimens. Histologically, the 3 pigs had chronic lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis with lymphofollicular hyperplasia and foci of epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia. Ultrastructural examination of conjunctival specimens from the 3 pigs revealed large numbers of Mycoplasma-like organisms adhered to superficial conjunctival cells. Mycoplasma-like organisms also were seen in membrane-bound vacuoles in superficial conjunctival cells. Bacteria (including chlamydiae) or viruses were not seen ultrastructurally. The lymphoproliferative nature of the conjunctival lesion and the evidence of adhered and intracellular organisms suggested an etiologic role for a Mycoplasma-like organism in the disease in these pigs.

Comparative pathogenicity of selected bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates in gnotobiotic lambs

The infectivity and pathogenicity of selected bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates were determined in gnotobiotic, colostrum-deprived neonatal lambs. Five-day-old cesarean-derived gnotobiotic lambs were exposed to 1 of 10 BVDV isolates via aerosol suspension. These isolates were from tissues or secretions of calves or lambs affected with respiratory tract disease, weak neonatal calves, aborted bovine fetuses, or reference Singer or Draper BVDV. The pathogenicity of each isolate, relative to the others, was evaluated in lambs by measurement of the neutralizing antibody response, virus isolation from nasal secretions or tissues, and postmortem lesions. The BVDV isolates varied in their infectivity and pathogenicity. Singer, the cytopathic reference strain, was the most lymphotrophic isolate and stimulated the greatest neutralizing antibody response. Encephalitis was the most consistent lesion observed and was used as the final determinant of relative pathogenicity of the viruses. The most neuropathogenic isolates were the 2 viruses originating from lambs affected with respiratory tract disease, the 2 weak neonatal calf isolates, and 1 isolate from an aborted bovine fetus. The least pathogenic isolates were the 2 reference isolates, Draper and Singer; the 2 mucosal disease isolates; and 1 isolate originating from an aborted bovine fetus.

A blocking ELISA for the detection of specific antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus

A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been adapted to detect specific antibodies in bovine sera to respiratory syncytial virus using a horseradish peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibody to the fusion protein of the virus. This assay plus an indirect blocking ELISA and indirect ELISA were used to detect antibodies to the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in 159 field-origin bovine sera. Results of these assays were compared with serum antibody titers measured by the serum neutralization (SN) test. Over a 56-day period, the mean neutralization titers and the mean delta absorbance values for the blocking ELISA, on the same sera, showed similar declines. However, the calculated correlation coefficients between mean SN titer and mean absorbance value for the blocking ELISA of the individual sera ranged from -0.2 to -0.5 depending on the source of sera. Similar values were obtained whether using crude or purified viral antigen in the assays. Corresponding calculated correlation coefficients were generally higher for the indirect blocking ELISA or indirect ELISA than for the blocking ELISA. The blocking ELISA was between 70 and 64% as sensitive as the serum neutralization test with a specificity of 100 or 90% using the crude and purified viral antigen, respectively. The indirect blocking ELISA and indirect ELISA had similar calculated sensitivities and specificities. The blocking ELISA was faster to run than either of the other ELISA's or the neutralization test. Further, nonspecific background absorbance was obviated because the blocking ELISA detects antibodies to 1 specific viral protein, the fusion protein. These studies suggest that the blocking ELISA should be useful as a serological test for BRSV antibodies.

A central venous temperature sensing lead

Pacemaker rate responsiveness derived from changing central venous blood temperature requires the development of sensor leads that are stable and reliable. The relevant characteristics of one such design are described. Temperature response time, data acquisition time, temperature sensitivity, and long-term sensor shunt impedance have been studied both in vitro and in vivo. These parameters are analyzed with respect to the intrinsic temperature signal and to pacemaker implementation problems.

Serologic survey of selected pathogens in white-tailed and mule deer in western Nebraska

Exposure of free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in western Nebraska to selected livestock pathogens was determined by serology and attempted virus isolation. Antibodies to bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus were present in both species of deer. No serologic reactors to Brucella or Anaplasma were found. Attempts to isolate bluetongue virus were negative.

Serosurvey for selected pathogens in hunter-killed pronghorns in western Nebraska

Exposure of pronghorns (Antilocapra americana) in western Nebraska in 1983 to selected livestock pathogens was examined by serology and attempted virus isolation. Antibodies were present to the agents of bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. There were no serologic reactors to Brucella, and attempts to isolate the viruses of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease were negative.

The biggest problem in diabetes

An assessment of the big gest problem in diabetes care from the viewpoint of 115 health care profes sionals and 428 diabetic patients was obtained. There was substantial agreement by health pro fessionals and patients alike that diet and diet- related issues constituted the most difficult problem faced by persons with diabetes and by health professionals caring for those persons. These find ings may be important in organizing diabetes patient education and in the selection of research efforts within the overall field of diabetes.

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

The current knowledge is reviewed in regards to the importance of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in the bovine respiratory disease complex. The epidemiology, clinical disease, pathologic findings, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this viral disease are discussed.

Identification and characterization of a bovine rhinovirus isolated from Iowa cattle with acute respiratory tract disease

Viral isolate FS1-43 isolated from a calf with acute respiratory tract disease was characterized as a bovine rhinovirus. This virus was antigenically indistinguishable from rhinovirus strains C-07 and VC-96. The virus replicated in low passage Madin-Darby and Georgia bovine kidney cells. A relative noncytopathogenic replication occurred in epithelial bovine turbinate, bovine fibroblastic turbinate, and bovine lung cells. Ciliary activity of tracheal explants was unaffected during eight serial passages. Viral replication was detected earlier and viral titers were higher at 33 C than at 37 C. Rotation of cultures did not affect viral titers but was necessary to produce a cytopathic effect in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells.

Isolation, characterization, and pathogenicity studies of a bovine respiratory syncytial virus

The isolation and characterization of a bovine respiratory syncytial (RS) virus is described. Serological studies indicate that bovine RS virus is widespread in Iowa cattle and that it is involved in some outbreaks of respiratory disease. Experimental infection in calves indicates that the virus can cause illness in calves, particularly those with serum neutralizing antibody.

Immunofluorescent identification of mycoplasma colonies grown on agar-covered glass slides

Mycoplasma colonies were grown on microscope slides overlaid with solid medium. After the slides were dried, washed, acetone fixed, and stained with fluorescein-conjugated antisera, specific immunofluorescence was easily observed against a dark background.

Factors affecting the stability of transmissible enteritis virus of turkeys

The effects of environmental factors on the stability of transmissible enteritis virus of turkeys were studied, using an assay system of poult inoculation. Viral infectivity persisted for less than 6 hr at 37 C in nutrient broth. Survival of virus was enhanced in the presence of cysteine and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, and at pH 5.5. Survival was also enhanced in a growing culture of intestinal microflora and could be observed as well in a culture of Streptococcus fecalis in medium with reduced oxygen tension. These results were compared with findings in experiments with several other intestinal viruses, and it is suggested that some intestinal viruses may be adapted to the conditions of low pH and redox potential that are normal in the intestine.

Chronological development of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae infections in cultures of a swine synovial cell strain

The sequential development of Mycroplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae was observed in cultures of a swine synovial fluid cell strain. An early transitory filamentous phase was observed with M. hyorhinis infection followed by the development of cell-associated, relatively large, round structures and some ring forms. Infection with M. hyorhinis was characterized by a generalized distribution of the organism and a severe cytopathic effect. Infection with M. hyosynoviae was represented by the development of circumscribed foci of small pleomorphic structures and a milder effect on the cells. At a high multiplicity of infection, this organism became associated with the cytoplasmic membranes of the cells.

Epizootiologic Studies of Shipping Fever of Cattle: I. The Microbial Agents Isolated

Nineteen strains of Pasteurella spp., but no viruses cytopathogenic for bovine embryonic kidney cells were isolated from pneumonic lesions present in "normal" veal calves at slaughter. In studies on two herds of native cattle and six lots of western feeder calves, Pasteurella spp. were isolated from nasal swabs from healthy cattle and those with shipping fever. Viruses of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group were isolated from nasal swabs from animals in five groups. Viruses provisionally identified as bovine enteroviruses were isolated from nasal swabs of calves in two lots. There was serologic evidence of a temporal association of myxovirus para-influenza 3 (PI3) with shipping fever in three lots of calves. From two of these three lots, strains of PI3 were isolated from ten animals, four of which had clinical shipping fever at the time of virus isolation.