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Wenne R, Zbawicka M, Prądzińska A, Kotta J, Herkül K, Gardner JPA, Apostolidis AP, Poćwierz-Kotus A, Rouane-Hacene O, Korrida A, Dondero F, Baptista M, Reizopoulou S, Hamer B, Sundsaasen KK, Árnyasi M, Kent MP. Molecular genetic differentiation of native populations of Mediterranean blue mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819, and the relationship with environmental variables. The European Zoological Journal 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2022.2086306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Wenne
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - M. Zbawicka
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - A. Prądzińska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - J. Kotta
- Department of Marine Systems, Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, 12619 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - K. Herkül
- Department of Marine Systems, Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, 12619 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - J. P. A. Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - A. P. Apostolidis
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A. Poćwierz-Kotus
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - O. Rouane-Hacene
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Oran 1 - Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria
| | - A. Korrida
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, ISPITS-Agadir, Moroccan Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Kingdom of Morocco
| | - F. Dondero
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), Ecotoxicology and Ecology, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, 15121, Italy
| | - M. Baptista
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S. Reizopoulou
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Athens Sounio, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - B. Hamer
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research Rovinj, Rovinj, Croatia
| | - K. K. Sundsaasen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Centre for Integrative Genetics (Cigene), Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, No-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - M. Árnyasi
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Centre for Integrative Genetics (Cigene), Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, No-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - M. P. Kent
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Centre for Integrative Genetics (Cigene), Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, No-1432 Ås, Norway
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Lehnert SJ, Kess T, Bentzen P, Kent MP, Lien S, Gilbey J, Clément M, Jeffery NW, Waples RS, Bradbury IR. Genomic signatures and correlates of widespread population declines in salmon. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2996. [PMID: 31278264 PMCID: PMC6611788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Global losses of biodiversity are occurring at an unprecedented rate, but causes are often unidentified. Genomic data provide an opportunity to isolate drivers of change and even predict future vulnerabilities. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations have declined range-wide, but factors responsible are poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct changes in effective population size (Ne) in recent decades for 172 range-wide populations using a linkage-based method. Across the North Atlantic, Ne has significantly declined in >60% of populations and declines are consistently temperature-associated. We identify significant polygenic associations with decline, involving genomic regions related to metabolic, developmental, and physiological processes. These regions exhibit changes in presumably adaptive diversity in declining populations consistent with contemporary shifts in body size and phenology. Genomic signatures of widespread population decline and associated risk scores allow direct and potentially predictive links between population fitness and genotype, highlighting the power of genomic resources to assess population vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lehnert
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, 80 E White Hills Rd, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5X1, Canada.
| | - T Kess
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, 80 E White Hills Rd, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - P Bentzen
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, 6050 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - M P Kent
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - S Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - J Gilbey
- Marine Scotland Science, Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Faskally, Pitlochry, PH16 5LB, UK
| | - M Clément
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, 155 Ridge Rd, St. John's, NL, A1C 5R3, Canada
- Labrador Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 219 Hamilton River Rd, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL, A0P 1E0, Canada
| | - N W Jeffery
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Dr, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - R S Waples
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - I R Bradbury
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, 80 E White Hills Rd, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5X1, Canada
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, 6050 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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van Son M, Agarwal R, Kent MP, Grove H, Grindflek E, Lien S. Exploiting whole genome sequence data to fine map and characterize candidate genes within a quantitative trait loci region affecting androstenone on porcine chromosome 5. Anim Genet 2017; 48:653-659. [PMID: 29034488 PMCID: PMC5698758 DOI: 10.1111/age.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Male piglets are routinely castrated to eliminate boar taint. However, this treatment is undesirable, and alternative approaches, including genetic strategies to reduce boar taint, are demanded. Androstenone is one of the causative agents of boar taint, and a QTL region affecting this pheromone has previously been reported on SSC5: 22.6–24.8 Mb in Duroc. The QTL region is one of the few reported for androstenone that does not simultaneously affect levels of other sex steroids. The main objective of this study was to fine map this QTL. Whole genome sequence data from 23 Norwegian Duroc boars were analyzed to detect new polymorphisms within the QTL region. A subset of 161 SNPs was genotyped in 834 Duroc sires and analyzed for association with androstenone in adipose tissue and testosterone, estrone sulphate and 17β‐estradiol in blood plasma. Our results revealed 100 SNPs significantly associated with androstenone levels in fat (P < 0.001) with 94 of the SNPs being in strong linkage disequilibrium in the region 23.03–24.27 Mb. This haplotype block contains at least four positional candidate genes (HSD17B6,SDR9C7,RDH16 and STAT6) involved in androstenone biosynthesis. No significant associations were found between any of the SNPs and levels of testosterone and estrogens, confirming previous findings. The amount of phenotypic variance explained by single SNPs within the haplotype block was as high as 5.4%. As the SNPs in this region significantly affect levels of androstenone without affecting levels of other sex steroids, they are especially interesting as genetic markers for selection against boar taint.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Son
- Topigs Norsvin, Storhamargata 44, 2317, Hamar, Norway
| | - R Agarwal
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - M P Kent
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - H Grove
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - E Grindflek
- Topigs Norsvin, Storhamargata 44, 2317, Hamar, Norway
| | - S Lien
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
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Saura M, Chtioui A, Fernández AI, Morán P, Kent MP, Villanueva B. P4035 Exploiting Genomic Data of Spanish Atlantic salmon to identify genes involved in sex determination and to estimate effective population size. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas2016.94supplement495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Palti Y, Gao G, Liu S, Kent MP, Lien S, Miller MR, Rexroad CE, Moen T. The development and characterization of a 57K single nucleotide polymorphism array for rainbow trout. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 15:662-72. [PMID: 25294387 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the development and characterization of the first high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array for rainbow trout. The SNP array is publically available from a commercial vendor (Affymetrix). The SNP genotyping quality was high, and validation rate was close to 90%. This is comparable to other farm animals and is much higher than previous smaller scale SNP validation studies in rainbow trout. High quality and integrity of the genotypes are evident from sample reproducibility and from nearly 100% agreement in genotyping results from other methods. The array is very useful for rainbow trout aquaculture populations with more than 40 900 polymorphic markers per population. For wild populations that were confounded by a smaller sample size, the number of polymorphic markers was between 10 577 and 24 330. Comparison between genotypes from individual populations suggests good potential for identifying candidate markers for populations' traceability. Linkage analysis and mapping of the SNPs to the reference genome assembly provide strong evidence for a wide distribution throughout the genome with good representation in all 29 chromosomes. A total of 68% of the genome scaffolds and contigs were anchored through linkage analysis using the SNP array genotypes, including ~20% of the genome assembly that has not been previously anchored to chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Palti
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, ARS-USDA, 11861 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
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Poćwierz-Kotus A, Kijewska A, Petereit C, Bernaś R, Więcaszek B, Arnyasi M, Lien S, Kent MP, Wenne R. Genetic differentiation of brackish water populations of cod Gadus morhua in the southern Baltic, inferred from genotyping using SNP-arrays. Mar Genomics 2014; 19:17-22. [PMID: 24910372 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Baltic is a semi-enclosed sea characterised by decreasing salinity in the eastern and northern direction with only the deeper parts of the southern Baltic suitable as spawning grounds for marine species like cod. Baltic cod exhibits various adaptations to brackish water conditions, yet the inflow of salty North Sea water near the bottom remains an influence on the spawning success of the Baltic cod. The eastern Baltic population has been very weakly studied in comparison with the western population. The aim of this study is to demonstrate for the first time genetic differentiation by the use of a large number of SNPs between eastern and western Baltic populations existing in differentiated salinity conditions. Two cod samples were collected from the Bay of Gdańsk, Poland and one from the Kiel Bight, Germany. Samples were genotyped using a cod derived SNP-array (Illumina) with 10 913 SNPs. A selection of diagnostic SNPs was performed. A set of 7944 validated SNPs were analysed to assess the differentiation of three samples of cod. Results indicated a clear distinctness of the Kiel Bight from the populations of the eastern Baltic. FST comparison between both eastern samples was non-significant. Clustering analysis, principal coordinates analysis and assignment test clearly indicated that the eastern samples should be considered as one subpopulation, well differentiated from the western subpopulation. With the SNP approach, no differentiation between groups containing 'healthy' and 'non-healthy' cod individuals was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poćwierz-Kotus
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - A Kijewska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - C Petereit
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Research Unit: Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fish, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - R Bernaś
- Department of Migratory Fishes in Gdansk, Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - B Więcaszek
- Department of Fish Systematics, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, K. Krolewicza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Arnyasi
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - S Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - M P Kent
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - R Wenne
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
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7
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Poćwierz-Kotus A, Bernaś R, Dębowski P, Kent MP, Lien S, Kesler M, Titov S, Leliūna E, Jespersen H, Drywa A, Wenne R. Genetic differentiation of southeast Baltic populations of sea trout inferred from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Anim Genet 2013; 45:96-104. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Poćwierz-Kotus
- Institute of Oceanology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Powstanców Warszawy 55 81-712 Sopot Poland
| | - R. Bernaś
- Department of Migratory Fishes Synów Pułku 37, 80-298 Gdansk; Inland Fisheries Institute; Olsztyn Poland
| | - P. Dębowski
- Department of Migratory Fishes Synów Pułku 37, 80-298 Gdansk; Inland Fisheries Institute; Olsztyn Poland
| | - M. P. Kent
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE); Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Postboks 5003, 1432 Ås Norway
| | - S. Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE); Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Postboks 5003, 1432 Ås Norway
| | - M. Kesler
- Estonian Marine Institute; Tartu University; EE-12618 Tallinn Estonia
| | - S. Titov
- State Research Institute on Lake and River Fisheries (GosNIORKH); Makarova emb., 26, St. Petersburg 199053 Russian Federation
| | - E. Leliūna
- Institute of Ecology of Nature Research Centre; Akademijos str. 2 LT-08412 Vilnius-21 Lithuania
| | - H. Jespersen
- Technical and Environmental Services; Municipality of Bornholm; Skovløkken 4, Tejn 3770 Allinge Denmark
| | - A. Drywa
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute; Kołłataja 1 81-332 Gdynia Poland
| | - R. Wenne
- Institute of Oceanology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Powstanców Warszawy 55 81-712 Sopot Poland
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Morton JD, Bickerstaffe R, Kent MP, Dransfield E, Keeley GM. Calpain-calpastatin and toughness in M. longissimus from electrically stimulated lamb and beef carcasses. Meat Sci 2012; 52:71-9. [PMID: 22062145 DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(98)00150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/1997] [Revised: 09/30/1998] [Accepted: 10/10/1998] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shear strength, pH, temperature, μ-calpain, m-calpain and calpastatin levels were measured over a two-week post-slaughter period in Longissimus lumborum et thoracis (LD) from six lamb and six beef carcasses. All carcasses were subjected to high voltage electrical stimulation. The toughness of the beef LD determined by a MIRINZ tenderometer at 24 h post-slaughter showed a strong correlation (r=0.91) with pH of the LD at 3 h. Beef LD toughness at 14 days was correlated (r=0.84) with initial m-calpain levels. In both lamb and beef, LD toughness at 4 and 14 days respectively was also correlated with initial levels of calpastatin (r=0.85, 0.83, respectively). The strong correlation between calpastatin and the rate of tenderisation indicates that the calpain system is closely linked to the proteolytic breakdown of myofibrillar proteins. There is also evidence of an interaction between pH and μ-calpain activity. The μ-calpain, m-calpain, calpastatin, pH and temperature kinetic changes which occurred during the post-mortem ageing of beef and lamb LD were applied to a computer program which predicted rate of meat tenderisation by calculating in situ calpain activity. The closeness of fit between the predicted rate of meat tenderisation and the observed tenderness values of beef and lamb LD indicates that the post-mortem activity of μ-calpain is the major determinant of variations in tenderness. However, application of the meat tenderisation predictive program to LD from individual animals revealed that the program was not sufficiently robust for this use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Morton
- Animal and Food Sciences Division, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Canterbury, New Zealand
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Olsen HG, Hayes BJ, Kent MP, Nome T, Svendsen M, Larsgard AG, Lien S. Genome-wide association mapping in Norwegian Red cattle identifies quantitative trait loci for fertility and milk production on BTA12. Anim Genet 2011; 42:466-74. [PMID: 21906098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive performance is a critical trait in dairy cattle. Poor reproductive performance leads to prolonged calving intervals, higher culling rates and extra expenses related to multiple inseminations, veterinary treatments and replacements. Genetic gain for improved reproduction through traditional selection is often slow because of low heritability and negative correlations with production traits. Detection of DNA markers associated with improved reproductive performance through genome-wide association studies could lead to genetic gain that is more balanced between fertility and production. Norwegian Red cattle are well suited for such studies, as very large numbers of detailed reproduction records are available. We conducted a genome-wide association study for non-return rate, fertility treatments and retained placenta using almost 1 million records on these traits and 17 343 genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Genotyping costs were minimized by genotyping the sires of the cows recorded and by using daughter averages as phenotypes. The genotyped sires were assigned to either a discovery or a validation population. Associations were only considered to be validated if they were significant in both groups. Strong associations were found and validated on chromosomes 1, 5, 8, 9, 11 and 12. Several of these were highly supported by findings in other studies. The most important result was an association for non-return rate in heifers in a region of BTA12 where several associations for milk production traits have previously been found. Subsequent fine-mapping verified the presence of a quantitative trait loci (QTL) having opposing effects on non-return rate and milk production at 18 Mb. The other reproduction QTL did not have pleiotropic effects on milk production, and these are therefore of considerable interest for use in marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Olsen
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Aas, Norway.
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Sodeland M, Kent MP, Olsen HG, Opsal MA, Svendsen M, Sehested E, Hayes BJ, Lien S. Quantitative trait loci for clinical mastitis on chromosomes 2, 6, 14 and 20 in Norwegian Red cattle. Anim Genet 2011; 42:457-65. [PMID: 21906097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is the most frequent and costly disease in dairy production and solutions leading to a reduction in the incidence of mastitis are highly demanded. Here a genome-wide association study was performed to identify polymorphisms affecting susceptibility to mastitis. Genotypes for 17 349 SNPs distributed across the 29 bovine autosomal chromosomes from a total of 2589 sires with 1 389 776 daughters with records on clinical mastitis were included in the analysis. Records of occurrence of clinical mastitis were divided into seven time periods in the first three lactations in order to identify quantitative trait loci affecting mastitis susceptibility in particular phases of lactation. The most convincing results from the association mapping were followed up and validated by a combined linkage disequilibrium and linkage analysis. The study revealed quantitative trait loci affecting occurrence of clinical mastitis in the periparturient period on chromosomes 2, 6 and 20 and a quantitative trait locus affecting occurrence of clinical mastitis in late lactation on chromosome 14. None of the quantitative trait loci for clinical mastitis detected in the study seemed to affect lactation average of somatic cell score. The SNPs highly associated with clinical mastitis lie near both the gene encoding interleukin 8 on chromosome 6 and the genes encoding the two interleukin 8 receptors on chromosome 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sodeland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Centre for Integrative Genetics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Aas, Norway.
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Olsen HG, Hayes BJ, Kent MP, Nome T, Svendsen M, Lien S. A genome wide association study for QTL affecting direct and maternal effects of stillbirth and dystocia in cattle. Anim Genet 2009; 41:273-80. [PMID: 19968646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dystocia and stillbirth are significant causes of female and neonatal death in many species and there is evidence for a genetic component to both traits. Identifying causal mutations affecting these traits through genome wide association studies could reveal the genetic pathways involved and will be a step towards targeted interventions. Norwegian Red cattle are an ideal model breed for such studies as very large numbers of records are available. We conducted a genome wide association study for direct and maternal effects of dystocia and stillbirth using almost 1 million records of these traits. Genotyping costs were minimized by genotyping the sires of the recorded cows, and using daughter averages as phenotypes. A dense marker map containing 17,343 single nucleotide polymorphisms covering all autosomal chromosomes was utilized. The genotyped sires were assigned to one of two groups in an attempt to ensure independence between the groups. Associations were only considered validated if they occurred in both groups. Strong associations were found and validated on chromosomes 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 20, 22 and 28. The QTL region on chromosome 6 was refined using LDLA analysis. The results showed that this chromosome most probably contains two QTL for direct effect on dystocia and one for direct effect on stillbirth. Several candidate genes may be identified close to these QTL. Of these, a cluster of genes expected to affect bone and cartilage formation (i.e. SPP1, IBSP and MEPE) are of particular interest and we suggest that these genes are screened in candidate gene studies for dystocia and stillbirth in cattle as well as other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Olsen
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway.
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Kent MP, Veiseth E, Therkildsen M, Koohmaraie M. An assessment of extraction and assay techniques for quantification of calpain and calpastatin from small tissue samples. J Anim Sci 2008; 83:2182-8. [PMID: 16100074 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8392182x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate whether small (biopsy-sized) samples could be used to measure calpain and calpastatin activities in skeletal muscle. The accuracy of different separation and assay methods for the quantification of calpains and calpastatin from small (1.0 and 0.2 g) skeletal muscle samples was tested. In Exp. 1, the LM was removed from six lambs, and a 50-g subsample was processed using the reference method (DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and casein assay). Subsamples (1.0 and 0.2 g) also were processed using the two-step separation (1 mL DEAE-Sephacel and bulk elution using 200 and 400 mM NaCl) and heated calpastatin methods; in both cases, fractions were assayed with Bodipy-labeled and [14C]-labeled casein microassays. Finally, casein zymography was used to separate and quantify the calpain proteases from 1.0-and 0.2-g samples. The values obtained after processing the 50-g sample using the reference method were judged most accurate, and the alternative approaches were compared with these. For each extraction and assay approach, we considered: 1) the effect of the sample size on the mean activity; 2) increased or decreased variation of data; and 3) the correlation relative to the reference method. Where possible, we compared the ratio of calpain to calpastatin activities determined using the alternative approaches with the ratios found using the reference method. These methodologies were further investigated in Exp. 2, where single homogenates from different tissues (heart, spleen, lung, and muscle) were assayed using the alternative approaches. Experiment 1 established that most of the approaches suffered from poor correlations and/or unacceptable variation. By using a large, homogenous sample in Exp. 2, however, we determined that this error was not due to the methodologies themselves. Therefore, the unacceptable variation found in Exp. 1 resulted from the small sample size, and we recommend that large tissue samples (e.g., 50 g) should be used for calpain and calpastatin activity measurements in skeletal muscle instead of small tissue biopsies (e.g., 0.2 and 1.0 g).
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Kent
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 As, Norway
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Abstract
Using both in vitro and in vivo approaches, numerous studies have provided evidence that mu-calpain is responsible for postmortem proteolysis. This paper reports the effect of overexpression of calpastatin on postmortem proteolysis in transgenic mice. Transgenic mice (n = 8) with a human calpastatin gene, whose expression was driven by the human skeletal muscle actin promoter, were killed along with control nontransgenic littermates (n = 5). Hind limbs were removed and stored at 4 degrees C, and muscle samples were dissected at 0, 1, 3, and 7 d postmortem and analyzed individually. At time 0, active human calpastatin was expressed in transgenic murine skeletal muscle at a level 370-fold greater (P < 0.001) than calpastatin in control mice. Although the native isoform of this protein was degraded with storage, at 7 d postmortem, approximately 78% of at-death activity remained, indicating that degraded calpastatin retains activity. Calpain (mu- and m-) expression was unaffected (P > 0.05) by the transgene as assessed by immunoreactivity at d 0. Over 7 d, 33% of at-death 80-kDa isoform immunoreactivity of mu-calpain was lost in transgenics compared to an 87% loss in controls, indicating that autolysis of mu-calpain was slowed in transgenic mice. Desmin degradation was also inhibited (P < 0.05) in transgenics when compared to controls. Control mice lost 6, 78, and 91% of at-death native desmin at 1, 3, and 7 d postmortem, respectively; conversely, transgenic mice lost only 1, 3, and 17% at the same times. A similar trend was observed when examining the degradation of troponin-T. Interestingly, m-calpain seemed to undergo autolysis in control mice, which in postmortem tissue is indicative of proteolysis. Further investigation revealed that both mu- and m-calpain are active postmortem in normal murine skeletal muscle. In conclusion, a high level of expression of active calpastatin was achieved, which, by virtue of its inhibitory specificity, was determined to be directly responsible for a decrease in postmortem proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Kent
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, ARS, USDA, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
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Ilian MA, Morton JD, Kent MP, Le Couteur CE, Hickford J, Cowley R, Bickerstaffe R. Intermuscular variation in tenderness: association with the ubiquitous and muscle-specific calpains. J Anim Sci 2001; 79:122-32. [PMID: 11204692 DOI: 10.2527/2001.791122x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemistry of intermuscular variation in tenderness is not fully understood. To investigate the role of the calpains in this process we performed two experiments using bovine and ovine species. In the bovine experiment, two distinct muscles, longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LT) and psoas major (PM), were used. In the ovine experiment, four muscles, LT, PM, semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST), were used. Muscles were sampled at death for the determination of the steady-state mRNA level of calpains and calpastatin and the activities of calpain 1, 2, and calpastatin. Muscles were also sampled to determine the temporal changes in pH, tenderness, and the activity of the ubiquitous calpain system during postmortem aging. The results of the relative rate of tenderization in both species was found to be related to muscle type; LT had the highest value in both species. Within species, the mRNA steady-state levels of calpain 1 and calpastatin were similar in various bovine and ovine muscles. Bovine calpain 2 mRNA level was significantly lower in the LT than in the PM. Ovine calpain 2 mRNA level was lower, but not significantly different, in the LT compared to the other muscles. The mRNA level of bovine calpain 3 was significantly higher in the LT muscle than in the PM. In the ovine, the mRNA level of calpain 3 was highest in the LT, followed by SM, PM, and ST. Results on the activity of the ubiquitous calpain system in various muscles at death were dependent on muscle type and species. Temporal changes in the activity of calpains and calpastatin during the first 24 h of postmortem aging were similar in the muscles studied: calpain 1 and calpastatin declined significantly and calpain 2 remained relatively unchanged. The temporal changes in muscle pH in both experiments indicated that the extent and rate of pH decline during aging was related to muscle type. Correlation analysis between the relative rate of tenderization and mRNA expression of calpains revealed a strong relationship with calpain 3 in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ilian
- Animal and Food Sciences Division, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand.
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