Mutations in the non-structural protein 5A gene in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus 1b infection during repeated interferon treatment

It has been previously reported that the non-structural region 5A (NS5A) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) includes an interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR) and that amino acid substitutions in this region are closely associated with the response to interferon (IFN) treatment. We assessed the clinical significance of serial changes of amino acid sequences in the ISDR during repeated IFN treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C (genotype 1b), related to serum HCV RNA load. During treatment, additional amino acid substitutions in the ISDR were observed in four of eight patients (50% 2/5 of complete responders (CR); 2/3 of non-responders (NR). However, comparing these amino acid substitutions to wild-type ISDR, the number of amino acid mutations was limited to only one amino acid identified in two CRs. The virus load changed regardless of the amino acid substitutions in the ISDR during treatment, and the wild-type and intermediate type (with less than three amino acid substitutions) showed wide variations in virus load. These data indicate that amino acid mutations in the ISDR, which indicate the switch to mutant-type do not occur easily even during repeated IFN treatment, and the additional amino acid substitutions in the ISDR are not a sensitive marker during repeated IFN treatment. In cases where virus load is used as a marker of response to repeated UN treatment, serial examinations are necessary to determine the precise virus load levels.

Congenital hepatic fibrosis with fatal cholestatic liver damage

A 23-year-old male with congenital hepatic fibrosis died because of progressive cholestatic liver damage. Pathologically, marked extension of fine fibers along the sinusoids in addition to fibrosis in Glisson's sheath, miniaturization and pseudo-glandular formation of hepatocytes as parenchymal damage, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia were considered as the cause of rapid aggravation of liver damage or portal hypertension.

Amino acid mutations in the interferon sensitivity determining region and serum virus load in hepatitis C virus carriers with long-term normal ALT levels

The amino acid mutations in a part of the non-structural region 5A (NS5A) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome, called the interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR), can affect the response to interferon (IFN) treatment. We analyzed the serial changes of the amino acid substitutions in the ISDR during the natural course of patients with sustained long-term normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in relation to the changes in virus load, and assessed the clinical significance of ISDR in the natural course and IFN treatment. The subjects were nine patients infected with HCV (genotype 1b) who had been examined for serum ALT levels every month for more than 1 year and had well-sustained normal levels. The amino acid sequence of the ISDR was determined by the direct sequencing method, and the number of amino acid mutations was evaluated in comparison with the prototype (HCV-J). Quantitation of serum HCV RNA levels was conducted by the Amplicor-monitor method (Nihon Roche). On the initial analysis of the ISDR, six patients were determined to have no mutations, and three patients had one or two mutations. However, an increased number in amino acid mutations compared with the wild type during the follow-up period was confirmed in only one patient, and that increase was limited to within two amino acids. Virus load changed regardless of the changes in amino acid substitutions in the ISDR. The ISDR was therefore inferred to be a stable region unrelated to the virus load in patients with well-sustained normal ALT levels. Additional changes of amino acid sequence in this region were not a sensitive marker for determining whether IFN treatment is indicated.

Increased serum levels and sinusoidal expression of thrombomodulin in acute liver damage

Thrombomodulin (TM) is a surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells involved in both anticoagulation and antifibrinolysis. In this study, we assessed the clinical significance of TM in acute liver damage by using a rat model induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (Gal-N). Serum TM levels were measured with enzyme immunoassay utilizing rabbit anti-rat TM antibody. Simultaneously, immunohistochemical examination was performed using the same antibody. Serum TM levels increased significantly after the injection of Gal-N compared with preinjection levels, peaking from 48 to 72 hours after injection and normalizing by 168 hours. Changes in parenchymal damage were synchronized with changes of TM, and changes of TM levels mirrored changes of liver weight. In immunohistochemical examination, TM immunoreactivity was observed only on the endothelial surfaces of both the artery and portal vein within Glisson's sheath in controls. After injection of Gal-N, TM immunoreactivity was gradually intensified, especially around the necrotic area and the central veins. These findings disappeared with improvement of parenchymal damage. Both the increase of serum TM levels and intensified TM immunoreactivity in the liver were synchronized with acute liver parenchymal damage induced by Gal-N. These findings on TM are related to endothelial damage with parenchymal necrosis and liver regeneration interacting with both homeostasis of microcirculation and healing of parenchymal damage.

Transcatheter arterial embolization for impending rupture of an isolated internal iliac artery aneurysm complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation

A 90-year-old male, with impending rupture of an isolated internal iliac artery aneurysm (IIAA) complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was successfully treated with transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). After TAE, enlargement of the aneurysm was arrested and coagulation-fibrinolytic abnormalities induced by DIC improved without severe complications. Although IIAA is relatively rare, the post-operative mortality of patients with ruptures is reportedly high. We assessed the usefulness of this procedure for impending rupture of IIAA, especially for patients in high risk groups.

Clonotypic analysis of T cells in patients with autoimmune and viral hepatitis

The immunopathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and the role of T cells in the onset and maintenance of this disease, are still unclear. Since T cells expand clonally after stimulation by an antigen, it is important to analyze the behavior of T cells at a clonal level. We have established recently a novel system, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and subsequent single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) that allows the identification of clonal accumulation of T cells in a lymphocyte population. Using this system, we demonstrated that oligoclonal T cells were accumulated in the liver of patients with AIH, and that identical T-cell clonotypes were detected in two different regions of the liver, although these features were also observed in cases with viral hepatitis. Only in cases with AIH, however, nearly all identical T cells were found to belong to CD8+ subset and there were very few CD4+ T cells in this population. Our results suggest that common antigens presented to CD8+ T cells in the context of HLA class I molecule are distributed diffusely in the liver of AIH. These findings also suggest that antigens recognized by CD4+ T cells may be relatively heterogeneous in the liver with AIH.

[Cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C-related chronic liver disease in Japan]

The association between the actual status of cryoglobulins (CGs) expression in hepatitis C-related chronic liver disease (C-CLD) and different types of liver pathology, HCV-RNA titers and genotypes was investigated. Sixteen out of 1340 ordinary clinical specimens were CGs-positive (1%), and in 8 of them (50%) the patients blood was HCV-RNA positive. CGs was detected in 63% of C-CLD patients as a whole, but when compared with the histological findings in the liver, it was 88% in F3, and 92% in A3, and thus high percentages were detected in patients with progression of liver fibrosis and patients with strong activity. Serum IgG, IgM, transaminase and gamma-GTP levels were significantly higher in the patients with CGs, and their RA test and C3dCIC levels tended to be higher, but the differences were not significant, and no association was found with the anti-nuclear antibody positive level, or the HCV-RNA titers or genotypes. Based on the above, there was a clear involvement of HCV infection, especially the activity and histological progression of hepatitis in CGs formation in Japan as well, but there were few extrahepatic manifestations, suggesting differences in CGS levels and immune response to CGs from cases in Western countries.

[Outcome of the cases of chronic liver disease type C who exhibited long term response to interferon therapy; comparison of the cases with or without serum HCV-RNA]

We evaluated the outcome of 71 Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C who exhibited a sustained normal level of serum ALT for one to five years after the cessation of interferon (IFN) therapy. Patients were classified into two groups: 9 (13%) cases with a sustained positive for serum HCV-RNA (incomplete responders: ICR) and 62 (87%) cases with a sustained negative for serum HCV-RNA (complete responders: CR). The anti-C100-3 titer was similarly decreased in both groups especially up to one year after cessation of IFN becoming negative in 50% of each group over a 4-year period. The anti-C-22 titer was also decreased in the CR group and stabilized at about 100U (RIA). The titer of anti-C-22 was either increased or maintained at pretreatment levels in most cases of ICR. Monitoring of anti-C-22 may be useful in distinguishing the presence of HCV viremia from a previous HCV infection. According to the backgrounds between both groups, ICR cases were significantly older and more often of genotype 1b (67%) than CR cases (1b; 32%), however there were no significant differences in sex, liver histology or pretreatment levels of HCV-RNA. Serum levels of HCV-RNA in ICR cases after IFN therapy either increase or remained similar to pretreatment levels however most patients with ICR showed an improvement in liver histology. Thus if the serum ALT level remained normal in case of ICR the objective of administering IFN to treat chronic hepatitis C was considered to have been achieved despite the persistence of HCV viremia.

[Risk factors for pulmonary hypertensive crisis (PHC) following VSD repair in infants]

We examined 100 patients who had undergone VSD repair from 1988 to 1991 to determine the risk factors to induce PHC postoperatively. We analyzed age, weight, preoperative Pp/Ps, Rp/Rs, Qp/Qs, and postoperative Pp/Ps using discriminant analysis. We had 34 cases of pulmonary hypertension (PH: Pp/Ps > 0.7) preoperatively. Among 100 cases, PHC developed in 6 patients and 2 of them died postoperatively. Incidence of PHC in all patients was 6%, and that in patients with PH was 18%. PHC fatality rate was 33%. The analysis revealed that the occurrence of PHC was significantly higher among those whose ages were below 2.1 years, and with weight of under 9.85 kg, preoperative Pp/Ps > 0.73, Rp/Rs < 0.34, and postoperative Pp/Ps > 0.43. In those with preoperative PH, the risk for PHC increased significantly when their postoperative Pp/Ps exceeded 0.44.

[Study of hepatocellular carcinoma type C by quantitation of serum HCV-RNA using branched DNA probe assay]

Serum HCV-RNA levels were determined by newly developed branched DNA probe (bDNA) assay in 87 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), compared with 73 patients with chronic hepatitis active and 30 patients with liver cirrhosis. Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (LC-d) had a significant lower viremia (mean 3.2Meg.eq./ml, bDNA positive rate; 40%) than chronic hepatitis active (18.0; 64%) and compensated LC (LC-c, 17.9; 80%) (p < 0.05). Those data indicates that HCV replication may decrease as progression of LC. In contrast, there was no difference between the levels of HCC with LC-c (8.2; 85%) and LC-d (6.1; 89%), and their positive rate of bDNA assay were significantly higher than LC-d without HCC (p < 0.01). Therefore, patients undergoing LC in whom serum HCV-RNA sustained high level may correspond to the high risk group of HCC. In HCC of heavy drinker, serum HCV-RNA levels (11.3; 91%) were significantly higher than the levels (4.6; 79%) of HCC without heavy drink (p < 0.05). The result indicates that heavy drink may induced an increase in HCV replication.

[Serum levels of HCV-RNA determined by branched DNA (bDNA) probe assay in chronic hepatitis C: method and clinical significance on interferon (IFN) therapy]

Recently serum levels of HCV RNA (s-HCV RNA) in chronic hepatitis C has been regarded as one of an important indicator for the activity of disease and outcome of IFN therapy. Quantitative analysis by competitive RT-PCR, however, requires special skills and is too expensive for clinical use. We attempted to determine serial sample of s-HCV RNA and genotypes in 117 cases treated with IFN using bDNA probe assay which has lately been developed by Chiron corporation. Cases with complete response to IFN therapy showed 62% (49/79) in lower than 10(6) levels, 27% (8/30) in 10(6)-10(7) and only 5% (2/41) in higher than 10(7). Genotype III, IV had higher response than type II on the same level of s-HCV RNA. These data indicates that determination of s-HCV levels by bDNA assay may be useful for prediction of the outcome of IFN therapy and making adequate schedule of the therapy in each cases.

[Long-term interferon (IFN), neominophagen C (SNMC) combination therapy of active liver cirrhosis type C]

Possible effects of IFN and SNMC combination therapy for active liver cirrhosis were described. 28 patients with active liver cirrhosis were treated with natural IFN alpha 3-6 MU TIW for 3-17 months (mean, 8 +/- 6). 8 of 28 patients received combination therapy of SNMC (40 ml iv, TIW). 8 (29%) of 28 patients sustained normal ALT levels with no relapse (complete response) which involved 6 patients with persistent lack of serum HCV RNA sequences after IFN therapy. In those 8 patients, 4 had been received combination of SNMC. There were 4 (14%) patients with relative response. Patients with genotype III or IV had significantly higher response to IFN therapy than the patients with genotype II. In active liver cirrhosis, determination of HCV genotype and HCV RNA levels thought to be significant for the indication of IFN therapy, and that combination of SNMC may provide beneficial effect to IFN therapy for active liver cirrhosis.

[Airborne fungi during the last ten years in Sagamihara]

Airborne fungi have been surveyed every week during the 10 years from 1983 to 1992 in Sagamihara. This is a follow up of a 1970 and a 1980 survey at the same sampling station (19.5 m above the ground), using the same gravity potato dextrose agar plate. There were two peak seasons during tsuyu (rainy season; June) and autumn (September to October). The most predominant fungi found, except for yeasts and non-sporulated fungi, were Cladosporium (2 seasons) and Alternaria (more frequently in tsuyu). These were followed by Epicoccum (tsuyu), Aureobasidium, Curvularia (summer), Ulocladium (autumn), Penicillium, Arthrinium, Nigrospora (summer), Fusarium, Trichoderma, Pestalotia in decreasing order of their total frequency throughout the 10 years. The most common fungi found during the most years were different from those found during 1970, particularly in the frequency of Aspergillus and Penicillium, but similar to those during 1980 in Sagamihara as well as in most areas of Japan.

[Cerebral protection during aortic arch replacement: usefulness of continuous O2 saturation monitoring of internal jugular bulb to optimize cerebral perfusion]

How to optimize cerebral perfusion pressure and flow during selective extracorporeal circulation is a crucial problem for cerebral protection in surgical repair of aortic arch aneurysm. Among 47 cases of aortic arch replacement between 1980 and 1992, extracorporeal circulation (ECC) for the first 17 cases [group-1] were hypothermic ECC with selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) and 8 cases [group-2] with hypothermic ECC with hypothermic cardiac arrest. For the latest 16 cases [group-3] we introduced continuous O2 saturation monitoring by oximetry catheter placed in internal jugular bulb (SIJVO2) and maintained SIJVO2 value above 90% to effectively adjust pump flow to optimize cerebral perfusion pressure and flow for cerebral protection. We have retrospectively compared the effectiveness of SIJVO2 monitoring among these three groups. The mortality was 35% (6 cases: group-1), 37% (3 cases: group-2) and 6% (1 case: group-3) respectively. Cerebral dysfunction which were diagnosed in immediate postoperative period were 23% (4 cases: group-1), 0% (0 case: group-2) and 6% (1 case: group-3) respectively. We conclude continuous monitoring of SIJVO2 during selective ECC in aortic arch replacement is useful to optimize cerebral perfusion pressure and flow thereby reducing postoperative cerebral damage by selective ECC.

[Adequate parameters for the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in patients with liver diseases]

Despite of many investigations addressing the problem on the diagnosis of DIC associated with liver diseases, however, an adequate clinical and laboratory criteria has not yet been established. We attempted to clarify this problem by evaluating the changes of plasma levels of PIC, D dimer, TAT and several endothelial factors in 20 patients with severe liver disease who had the evidence of hemorrhage, and were treated with AT III concentrate and gabexate mesilate (FOY). In patients who show a good response to treatment, plasma levels of PIC and D dimer before treatment were both significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those in patients who did not respond, while there was no significant difference in other coagulation fibrinolysis parameters except for platelet count which showed rather lower in the response group (p < 0.05). We believe that combination assay for both PIC and D dimer will be adequate to differentiate whether the hemostatic abnormalities are induced mainly by DIC or hepatic insufficiency.

[Effect of prostaglandin E1 on peripheral body temperature in pediatric patients after open heart surgery]

The effect of prostaglandin E1 was studied to examine if it works favorably for peripheral circulation in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery. Dose of 0.1 mcg.kg-1.min-1 increased temperature of dorsal pedis significantly. Difference of temperature of dorsalis pedis and that of rectum was significantly smaller than that in control group. A significant increase in heart rate and a decrease in systolic arterial pressure produced no clinical side effects. We conclude that prostaglandin E1 is a useful and safe vasodilator for circulatory management of pediatric patients after cardiac surgery.

[Massive hemorrhage induced by tracheo-innominate artery fistula in two infants]

Two cases of massive hemorrhagic shock induced by tracheo-innominate artery fistula are reported. The first case is a 4 year-old girl with encephalitis under prolonged mechanical ventilation. The second case is a 6 year-old tracheostomized girl with mental and motor retardation of congenital origin who has been taken care of at her home. This catastrophic complication is usually caused by long term placement of tracheostomy tube with the cuff inflated especially in malnourished pediatric patients. The cuff pressure is apt to be concentrated on one side of the tracheal wall especially in mechanically ventilated immobilized patients. Although this complication is rare because cuffed tube is currently avoided in pediatric patient, sophisticated care should be taken in managing tracheostomized patients.

[Reversal of high-dose fentanyl anesthesia by naloxone: analysis of factors attenuating respiratory and hemodynamic responses to naloxone]

The respiratory and hemodynamic responses to postoperative reversal by naloxone of high-dose fentanyl anesthesia were studied in 101 patients after open heart surgery. Respiratory and hemodynamic changes after drip infusion of naloxone were minimum. Change of systolic blood pressure (BPs), mean blood pressure (BPm), CVP and PO2 were statistically significant. BPs increased for 3.8 +/- 14.0 mmHg, BPm increased for 1.6 +/- 8.2 mmHg. CVP decreased for 0.4 +/- 2.1 mmHg, and PO2 decreased for 8.6 +/- 3.4 mmHg. Severe side effect was not observed. Multi-factorial analysis revealed that the abrupt recovery of consciousness from anesthesia and acidosis were the most important factors that attenuate hemodynamic response to naloxone.

[Reversal of high-dose fentanyl anesthesia by naloxone]

The EEG, respiratory and hemodynamic responses to postoperative reversal by naloxone of high-dose fentanyl anesthesia were studied in 20 patients (17 cardiac and 3 non-cardiac surgeries). In power spectrum analysis of EEG, power of delta band markedly decreased after naloxone drip infusion. Respiratory and hemodynamic responses were minimum, but increase in HR by 6.4 +/- 9.2 bpm, increase in diastolic BP by 5.3 +/- 9.6 mmHg, and decrease in CVP by 1.9 +/- 2.9 mmHg were statistically significant. Emergence of pain was also minimum and severe side effect was not observed. Reversal of high-dose fentanyl anesthesia by naloxone can reduce the incidence of postoperative respiratory depression and enables early extubation.

[Effects on blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system after transcatheter hepatic arterial therapy in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma analyzed by plasma levels of plasmin-alpha 2-PI complex, D dimer and thrombin-ATIII complex]

To clarify the effects on blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system after transcatheter hepatic arterial therapy for cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), plasma levels of Plasmin-alpha 2PI complex (PIC), Ddimer and Thrombin-ATIII (TAT) before and after therapy were measured by EIA, in addition to other conventional coagulofibrinolytic parameters. In the group (9 cases) treated with intra-arterial injection of adriamycin, there were no significant changes of coagulofibrinolytic parameters except for Ddimer (P less than 0.05) which was elevated 1-2 days after therapy. However, only two cases in whom plasma PIC, Ddimer and TAT levels were clearly elevated before therapy, showed further marked elevation of those parameters after therapy. In the group (29 cases) treated with intra-arterial injection of adriamycin-lipiodol suspension, whether or not embolized with gelfoam, plasma PIC, Ddimer and TAT levels were significantly elevated (P less than 0.01) after therapy, as well as other conventional coagulofibrinolytic parameters. These results indicate that hypercoagulable and hyperfibrinolytic states were induced by treatment. Moreover, the secondary hyperfibrinolytic state tended to persist longer than the hypercoagulable state. The 14 cases embolized with gelfoam seemed to have more apparent effects on blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system than cases not treated with gelfoam. Therefore, we conclude that caution and prophylaxis for the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation are necessary for transcatheter arterial therapy for cases of HCC.

[Qualitative analysis of tissue plasminogen activator in plasma obtained from various liver diseases by gel filtration and affinity chromatography]

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in plasma obtained from patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis, obstructive jaundice, fulminant hepatitis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), was analysed chromatographically. Liver disease cases showed a new peak (peak C) on HPLC fractionation. The protein of peak C had a lower molecular weight than ovalbumin. Lysine- and zinc- chelating affinity chromatography revealed that the peak C consist with the light chain (L-chain) of t-PA. The L-chain was also found in patients with DIC, but disappeared after improvement of DIC. Therefore, it was suggested that appearance of the L-chain would be related to acceleration of secondary fibrinolysis in plasma. The L-chain was especially high in plasma obtained from patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. These results indicated that high increase of the L-chain in cases of severe liver disease may be due to either impaired clearance of t-PA in the liver or secondary hyperfibrinolysis accompanied by DIC. We concluded that determination of the L-chain of t-PA may contribute to clarify the mechanism of hyperfibrinolysis in liver diseases.

A patient with an arteriovenous fistula between the internal mammary artery and the pulmonary artery

A case of arteriovenous fistula between the internal mammary artery and the pulmonary artery was presented. In a recent review of the literature only 19 cases of this abnormality were described. In most instances, patients had continuous precordial murmur that might be confused with a patent ductus arteriosus. Definitive diagnosis was enabled by selective angiography.

[EEG analysis of high-dose fentanyl anesthesia--a comparison of rapid sequence anesthesia and the conventional method]

Twenty-one patients who underwent cardiac surgery were assigned to receive high-dose fentanyl rapid sequence anesthesia or conventional high-dose fentanyl anesthesia. In conventional method group, power of delta wave decreased with respect to time. But in rapid sequence group, no decrease was seen until the end of operation. Good maintenance of delta wave in rapid sequence group may be achieved by higher plasma fentanyl concentration and the absence of acute tolerance. In conclusion, high-dose fentanyl rapid sequence anesthesia is a useful method for cardiac surgery.

Surface affinity chromatographic separation of blood cells. VI. Capacity factors of human peripheral blood cells on poly(propylene glycol) bonded chromagel columns and their correlation with surface hydrophobicities of the gel beads and the cells

The chromatographic behaviour of human peripheral blood cells was investigated on poly(propylene glycol) (PPG)-bonded Chromagel. The mobile phase was 0.09 M phosphate-buffered 2% (w/w) dextran T40 solution at the pH of the respective isoelectric points of human blood cells. The elution order of four kinds of blood cells from PPG-C3-Chromagel columns coincided with that of the delta log K values of these cells determined by the hydrophobic affinity partition method using Pluronic P84 as a hydrophobic ligand. The capacity factors of granulocytes and lymphocytes increased with increase in the delta log K values of PPG-C3-Chromagel beads. Hydrophobic interactions contributed to the retention of the four kinds of blood cells on PPG-bonded Chromagel columns.

A resuscitation puzzle: acute acquired methemoglobinemia

We treated a 32-day-old baby suffering acute acquired methemoglobinemia induced by topical application of aniline cocaine. Although acute acquired methemoglobinemia with severe cyanosis and distress is potentially fatal, this rare syndrome is easily curable if it is correctly diagnosed.

Cortically induced masticatory rhythm and its modification by tonic peripheral inputs in immolbilized cats

Repetitive cortical stimulation induced rhythmical masticatory jaw movement and masseteric nerve activity in cats with the spinal cord sectioned at the C2 level. Jaw depression alone did not induce any rhythmical jaw movement, but it turned the irregular jaw movement evoked by subthreshold cortical stimulation into the regular jaw movement as evoked by suprathreshold cortical stimulation. The cortically induced rhythmical masseseteric nerve activity could be induced even in immobilized condition and after cerebellectomy, although the rhythmical nerve activity was depressed in amplitude and the rhythm became slower than before immobilization. Tonic jaw depression after immobilization facilitated the tonic activity in the masseteric nerve and also induced a remarkable increase in the amplitude of the cortically evoked rhythmical nerve activity and a slight acceleration of the rhythm, leading to the same masticatory rhythm as before immobilization. It was concluded (1) that the cortically induced masticatory rhythm in cats is basically generated centrally and (2) that the tonic inputs from the muscle spindle in the jaw-closing muscles participate in the rhythm formation by supplying tonic excitatory inputs mainly to the jaw-closer motoneuron and also to the central rhythm generator.

[Revaluation of gentamicin in laboratory and clinical studies (author's transl)]

The MIC of gentamicin and other antibiotics against clinical isolates was determined, and the following sensitivity distribution was obtained. a) Against 54 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, GM had the lowest MIC, followed by TOB, DKB, BB-K8 in order. The distribution range of 0.1-6.25 mug/ml was noted with GM. The peak of MIC was 1.56 mug/ml. b) Against 54 strains of E. coli, the lowest MIC was obtained with GM, and 53 strains (98%) were in the range of 0.4-6.25 mug/ml. The peak of MIC was 3.12 mug/ml. GM was followed by TOB, CL, DKB in order of superiority. c) Against 27 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, GM and TOB had the lowest MIC, showing the peak of MIC of 0.8 mug/ml. No significance difference was noted between GM and TOB. GM and TOB were followed by DKB, CL, BB-K8 in order of superiority. d) Against 27 strains of Proteus, GM had the lowest MIC, followed by TOB, DKB and BB-K8 in order. But the peak was 6.25 mug/ml even in GM. The activity of antibiotics against Klebsiella pneumoniae was generally low. e) Against 54 strains of Pseudomonas, the peak of MIC of GM was 3.12 mug/ml and 49 strains (91%) were in the range of 1.56-12.5 mug/ml. Whereas TOB had the peak value of 0.8 mug/ml and 49 strains (91%) were in the range of 0.4-3.12 mug/ml. TOB was followed by DKB, GM, BB-K8 in order of superiority.