Near-infrared spectroscopy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for pediatric cardiac arrest: a prospective, observational study

AIM

Cerebral oxygenation (rSO2) is not routinely measured during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We aimed to determine whether higher intra-arrest rSO2 was associated with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to hospital discharge.

METHODS

Prospective, single-center observational study of cerebral oximetry using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during pediatric cardiac arrest from 2016 to 2020. Eligible patients had ≥30 s of rSO2 data recorded during CPR. We compared median rSO2 and percentage of rSO2 measurements above a priori thresholds for the entire event and the final five minutes of the CPR event between patients with and without ROSC and survival to discharge.

RESULTS

Twenty-one patients with 23 CPR events were analyzed. ROSC was achieved in 17/23 (73.9%) events and five/21 (23.8%) patients survived to discharge. The median rSO2 was higher for events with ROSC vs. no ROSC for the overall event (62% [56%, 70%] vs. 45% [35%, 51%], p = 0.025) and for the final 5 minutes of the event (66% [55%, 72%] vs. 43% [35%, 44%], p = 0.01). Patients with ROSC had a higher percentage of measurements above 50% during the final five minutes of CPR (100% [100%, 100%] vs. 0% [0%, 29%], p = 0.01). There was no association between rSO2 and survival to discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher cerebral rSO2 during CPR for pediatric cardiac arrest was associated with higher rates of ROSC but not with survival to discharge.

Characteristics and outcomes of AED use in pediatric cardiac arrest in public settings: The influence of neighborhood characteristics

BACKGROUND

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are critical in the chain of survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), yet few studies have reported on AED use and outcomes among pediatric OHCA. This study describes the association between bystander AED use, neighborhood characteristics and survival outcomes following public pediatric OHCA.

METHODS

Non-traumatic OHCAs among children less than18 years of age in a public setting between from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2017 were identified in the CARES database. A neighborhood characteristic index was created from the addition of dichotomous values of 4 American Community Survey neighborhood characteristics at the Census tract level: median household income, percent high school graduates, percent unemployment, and percent African American. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the association of OHCA characteristics, the neighborhood characteristic index and outcomes.

RESULTS

Of 971 pediatric OHCA, AEDs were used by bystanders in 10.3% of OHCAs. AEDs were used on 2.3% of children ≤1 year (infants), 8.3% of 2-5 year-olds, 12.4% of 6-11 year-olds, and 18.2% of 12-18 year-olds (p < 0.001). AED use was more common in neighborhoods with a median household income of >$50,000 per year (12.3%; p = 0.016), <10% unemployment (12.1%; p = 0.002), and >80% high school education (11.8%; p = 0.002). Greater survival to hospital discharge and neurologically favorable survival were among arrests with bystander AED use, varying by neighborhood characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS

Bystander AED use is uncommon in pediatric OHCA, particularly in high-risk neighborhoods, but improves survival. Further study is needed to understand disparities in AED use and outcomes.

Premedication with meloxicam exacerbates intracranial haemorrhage in an immature swine model of non-impact inertial head injury

Meloxicam is a cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) preferential non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with very effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in swine. Previous reports in piglets have demonstrated that meloxicam also inhibits COX-1 and reduces production of thromboxane significantly. We use preinjury analgesia in our immature swine (3-5-day-old piglets) model of brain injury using rapid head rotations without impact. In 23 consecutive subjects we found that premedication with meloxicam (n = 6) produced a significantly higher mortality rate (5/6 or 83%) than buprenorphine (n = 17, 1/17 or 6%, P < 0.02). On gross neuropathological examination of the meloxicam-treated swine, we observed massive subdural and subarachnoid bleeding which were not present in buprenorphine-premedicated animals. To our knowledge there are no previous reports in swine of increased bleeding or platelet inhibition associated with meloxicam administration and further research is needed to define mechanisms of action in piglets. We caution the use of meloxicam in swine when inhibition of platelet aggregation might adversely affect refinement of experimental research protocols, such as in stroke, trauma and cardiac arrest models.