1
|
Tuitje F, Martínez Gil P, Helk T, Gautier J, Tissandier F, Goddet JP, Guggenmos A, Kleineberg U, Sebban S, Oliva E, Spielmann C, Zürch M. Nonlinear ionization dynamics of hot dense plasma observed in a laser-plasma amplifier. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:187. [PMID: 33298838 PMCID: PMC7673011 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behaviour of matter under conditions of extreme temperature, pressure, density and electromagnetic fields has profound effects on our understanding of cosmologic objects and the formation of the universe. Lacking direct access to such objects, our interpretation of observed data mainly relies on theoretical models. However, such models, which need to encompass nuclear physics, atomic physics and plasma physics over a huge dynamic range in the dimensions of energy and time, can only provide reliable information if we can benchmark them to experiments under well-defined laboratory conditions. Due to the plethora of effects occurring in this kind of highly excited matter, characterizing isolated dynamics or obtaining direct insight remains challenging. High-density plasmas are turbulent and opaque for radiation below the plasma frequency and allow only near-surface insight into ionization processes with visible wavelengths. Here, the output of a high-harmonic seeded laser-plasma amplifier using eight-fold ionized krypton as the gain medium operating at a 32.8 nm wavelength is ptychographically imaged. A complex-valued wavefront is observed in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) beam with high resolution. Ab initio spatio-temporal Maxwell-Bloch simulations show excellent agreement with the experimental observations, revealing overionization of krypton in the plasma channel due to nonlinear laser-plasma interactions, successfully validating this four-dimensional multiscale model. This constitutes the first experimental observation of the laser ion abundance reshaping a laser-plasma amplifier. The presented approach shows the possibility of directly modelling light-plasma interactions in extreme conditions, such as those present during the early times of the universe, with direct experimental verification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Tuitje
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - P Martínez Gil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética and Instituto de Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde", ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Helk
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J Gautier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - F Tissandier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - J-P Goddet
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Guggenmos
- Department for Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Garching, Germany
- UltraFast Innovations GmbH, Garching, Germany
| | - U Kleineberg
- Department for Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - S Sebban
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - E Oliva
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética and Instituto de Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde", ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Spielmann
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - M Zürch
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Helk T, Zürch M, Spielmann C. Perspective: Towards single shot time-resolved microscopy using short wavelength table-top light sources. Struct Dyn 2019; 6:010902. [PMID: 30868083 PMCID: PMC6404932 DOI: 10.1063/1.5082686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved imaging allows revealing the interaction mechanisms in the microcosm of both inorganic and biological objects. While X-ray microscopy has proven its advantages for resolving objects beyond what can be achieved using optical microscopes, dynamic studies using full-field imaging at the nanometer scale are still in their infancy. In this perspective, we present the current state of the art techniques for full-field imaging in the extreme-ultraviolet- and soft X-ray-regime which are suitable for single exposure applications as they are paramount for studying dynamics in nanoscale systems. We evaluate the performance of currently available table-top sources, with special emphasis on applications, photon flux, and coherence. Examples for applications of single shot imaging in physics, biology, and industrial applications are discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zürch M, Jung R, Späth C, Tümmler J, Guggenmos A, Attwood D, Kleineberg U, Stiel H, Spielmann C. Transverse Coherence Limited Coherent Diffraction Imaging using a Molybdenum Soft X-ray Laser Pumped at Moderate Pump Energies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5314. [PMID: 28706258 PMCID: PMC5509821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) in the extreme ultraviolet has become an important tool for nanoscale investigations. Laser-driven high harmonic generation (HHG) sources allow for lab scale applications such as cancer cell classification and phase-resolved surface studies. HHG sources exhibit excellent coherence but limited photon flux due poor conversion efficiency. In contrast, table-top soft X-ray lasers (SXRL) feature excellent temporal coherence and extraordinary high flux at limited transverse coherence. Here, the performance of a SXRL pumped at moderate pump energies is evaluated for CDI and compared to a HHG source. For CDI, a lower bound for the required mutual coherence factor of |μ12| ≥ 0.75 is found by comparing a reconstruction with fixed support to a conventional characterization using double slits. A comparison of the captured diffraction signals suggests that SXRLs have the potential for imaging micron scale objects with sub-20 nm resolution in orders of magnitude shorter integration time compared to a conventional HHG source. Here, the low transverse coherence diameter limits the resolution to approximately 180 nm. The extraordinary high photon flux per laser shot, scalability towards higher repetition rate and capability of seeding with a high harmonic source opens a route for higher performance nanoscale imaging systems based on SXRLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zürch
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,University of California Berkeley, Chemistry Department, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - R Jung
- Max-Born Institute, Max-Born Str. 2A, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Späth
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - J Tümmler
- Max-Born Institute, Max-Born Str. 2A, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Guggenmos
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - D Attwood
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - U Kleineberg
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - H Stiel
- Max-Born Institute, Max-Born Str. 2A, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Spielmann
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tadesse GK, Klas R, Demmler S, Hädrich S, Wahyutama I, Steinert M, Spielmann C, Zürch M, Pertsch T, Tünnermann A, Limpert J, Rothhardt J. High speed and high resolution table-top nanoscale imaging. Opt Lett 2016; 41:5170-5173. [PMID: 27842085 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a table-top coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) experiment based on high-order harmonics generated at 18 nm by a high average power femtosecond fiber laser system. The high photon flux, narrow spectral bandwidth, and high degree of spatial coherence allow for ultrahigh subwavelength resolution imaging at a high numerical aperture. Our experiments demonstrate a half-pitch resolution of 15 nm, close to the actual Abbe limit of 12 nm, which is the highest resolution achieved from any table-top extreme ultraviolet (XUV) or x-ray microscope. In addition, sub-30 nm resolution was achieved with only 3 s of integration time, bringing live diffractive imaging and three-dimensional tomography on the nanoscale one step closer to reality. The current resolution is solely limited by the wavelength and the detector size. Thus, table-top nanoscopes with only a few-nanometer resolutions are in reach and will find applications in many areas of science and technology.
Collapse
|