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Maneiro M, De Vita E, Conole D, Kounde CS, Zhang Q, Tate EW. PROTACs, molecular glues and bifunctionals from bench to bedside: Unlocking the clinical potential of catalytic drugs. Prog Med Chem 2021; 60:67-190. [PMID: 34147206 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of currently marketed drugs rely on small molecules with an 'occupancy-driven' mechanism of action (MOA). Therefore, the efficacy of these therapeutics depends on a high degree of target engagement, which often requires high dosages and enhanced drug exposure at the target site, thus increasing the risk of off-target toxicities (Churcher, 2018 [1]). Although small molecule drugs have been successfully used as treatments for decades, tackling a variety of disease-relevant targets with a defined binding site, many relevant therapeutic targets remain challenging to drug due, for example, to lack of well-defined binding pockets or large protein-protein interaction (PPI) interfaces which resist interference (Dang et al., 2017 [2]). In the quest for alternative therapeutic approaches to address different pathologies and achieve enhanced efficacy with reduced side effects, ligand-induced targeted protein degradation (TPD) has gained the attention of many research groups both in academia and in industry in the last two decades. This therapeutic modality represents a novel paradigm compared to conventional small-molecule inhibitors. To pursue this strategy, heterobifunctional small molecule degraders, termed PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) have been devised to artificially redirect a protein of interest (POI) to the cellular protein homeostasis machinery for proteasomal degradation (Chamberlain et al., 2019 [3]). In this chapter, the development of PROTACs will first be discussed providing a historical perspective in parallel to the experimental progress made to understand this novel therapeutic modality. Furthermore, common strategies for PROTAC design, including assays and troubleshooting tips will be provided for the reader, before presenting a compendium of all PROTAC targets reported in the literature to date. Due to the recent advancement of these molecules into clinical trials, consideration of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties will be introduced, together with the biotech landscape that has developed from the success of PROTACs. Finally, an overview of subsequent strategies for targeted protein degradation will be presented, concluding with further scientific quests triggered by the invention of PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maneiro
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E De Vita
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Conole
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C S Kounde
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Fernández-Eulate G, Fernández-Torrón R, Guisasola A, Gaspar MTI, Diaz-Manera J, Maneiro M, Zulaica M, Olasagasti V, Formica AF, Espinal JB, Ruiz M, Schlüter A, Pujol A, Poza JJ, López de Munain A. Phenotypic correlations in a large single-center cohort of patients with BSCL2 nerve disorders: a clinical, neurophysiological and muscle magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:1364-1373. [PMID: 32320108 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE BSCL2 heterozygote mutations are a common cause of distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMNs). A series of BSCL2 patients is presented and clinical, neurophysiological and muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are correlated. METHODS Twenty-six patients from five families carrying the p.N88S mutation were identified. Age of onset, clinical phenotype (dHMN, Charcot-Marie-Tooth, spastic paraplegia), physical examination, disability measured as a modified Rankin Scale score and neurophysiological findings were collected. A whole body muscle MRI had been performed in 18 patients. The pattern of muscle involvement on T1-weighted and short time inversion recovery sequences was analysed. Hierarchical analysis using heatmaps and an MRI Composite Score were generated. Statistical analysis was carried out with STATA SE v.15 (TX, USA). RESULTS The mean age was 51.54 ± 19.94 years and 14 patients were men. dHMN was the most common phenotype (50%) and five patients (19.23%) showed no findings on examination. Disease onset was commonly in childhood and disability was low (modified Rankin Scale score 1.34 ± 1.13) although median time since onset of disease was 32 years (range 10-47). Charcot-Marie-Tooth-like patients were more disabled and disability correlated with age. On muscle MRI, thenar eminence, soleus and tibialis anterior were most frequently involved, irrespective of clinical phenotype. MRI Composite Score was strongly correlated with disability. CONCLUSION Patients with the p.N88S BSCL2 gene mutation are phenotypically variable, although dHMN is most frequent and generally slowly progressive. Muscle MRI pattern is consistent regardless of phenotype and correlates with disease severity, probably serving as a reliable outcome measure for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fernández-Eulate
- Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.,Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - R Fernández-Torrón
- Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.,Neuromuscular Area, Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A Guisasola
- Department of Radiology, Osatek, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M T I Gaspar
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - J Diaz-Manera
- Unitat de Malaties Neuromuscularis, Servei de Neurologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Center, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - M Maneiro
- Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M Zulaica
- Neuromuscular Area, Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - V Olasagasti
- Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A F Formica
- Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - J B Espinal
- Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - A Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J J Poza
- Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A López de Munain
- Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.,Neuromuscular Area, Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,Neuroscience Department, School of Medicine of the University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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de la Riva P, Maneiro M, Martí-Massó JF, López de Munain A. Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: lesions on magnetic resonance. Neurologia 2011; 26:371-2. [PMID: 21345537 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Maneiro M, Villanúa J, Martí Massó JF. [Early Wallerian degeneration after internal capsule infarction]. Neurologia 2009; 24:200-201. [PMID: 19418297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Maneiro
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Donostia, Osatek, S.A., Resonancia Magnética, San Sebastián
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Rodríguez‐Doutón MJ, Fernández MI, González‐Noya AM, Maneiro M, Pedrido R, Romero MJ. Novel Manganese(III) Complexes with the Schiff Base N,N′‐(1,2‐Phenylene)‐bis(3‐Hydroxysalicylidenimine). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15533170600962430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Rodríguez‐Doutón
- a Departmento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Ciencias , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Fernández
- a Departmento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Ciencias , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo, Spain
| | - A. M. González‐Noya
- a Departmento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Ciencias , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo, Spain
| | - M. Maneiro
- a Departmento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Ciencias , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo, Spain
| | - R. Pedrido
- b Departmento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Química , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. J. Romero
- b Departmento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Química , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Sanmartin J, Bermejo MR, Fondo M, Garcia-Deibe AM, Maneiro M, McAuliffe CA, Pritchard RG. THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF [(4-MepyO)2H](I− 3) AND [Co(4-EtO2CpyO)6](I2 8 −), PRODUCTS OF AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION FROM ETHANOLIC SOLUTIONS OF SO2 ADDUCTS CONTAINING PYRIDINE-N-OXIDE DERIVATIVES. J COORD CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00958979908027958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sanmartin
- a Departamento de Quimica Inorgdnica, Facultade de Quimica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, E-15706, Spain
| | - M. R. Bermejo
- a Departamento de Quimica Inorgdnica, Facultade de Quimica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, E-15706, Spain
| | - M. Fondo
- a Departamento de Quimica Inorgdnica, Facultade de Quimica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, E-15706, Spain
| | - A. M. Garcia-Deibe
- a Departamento de Quimica Inorgdnica, Facultade de Quimica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, E-15706, Spain
| | - M. Maneiro
- a Departamento de Quimica Inorgdnica, Facultade de Quimica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, E-15706, Spain
| | - C. A. McAuliffe
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology , P. O. Box 88, Manchester, M601QD, United Kingdom
| | - R. G. Pritchard
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology , P. O. Box 88, Manchester, M601QD, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Bermejo
- a Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Química , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , E-15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A. M. González
- a Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Química , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , E-15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Maneiro
- a Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Química , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , E-15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Rey
- a Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Química , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , E-15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Vázquez
- a Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Química , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , E-15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - O. L. Hoyos
- b Departamento de Química , Universidad del Cauca , Popayán, Colombia
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Maneiro M, Bermejo M, Fondo M, González A, Sanmartı́n J, Garcı́a-Monteagudo J, Pritchard R, Tyryshkin A. Structural and photolytic studies on new mononuclear and binuclear manganese complexes containing Schiff base ligands. The crystal structure of [Mn(μ-3,5-Brsalpn)(μ-O)]2·2DMF. Polyhedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(01)00719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maneiro M, Bermejo M, Sousa A, Fondo M, González A, Sousa-Pedrares A, McAuliffe CA. Synthesis and structural characterisation of new manganese(II) and (III) complexes. Study of their photolytic and catalase activity and X-ray crystal structure of [Mn(3-OMe, 5-Br-salpn)(EtOH)(H2O)]ClO4. Polyhedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(99)00321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mahía J, Maestro MA, Vázquez M, Bermejo MR, Sanmartín J, Maneiro M. N,N'-Bis(2-tosylaminobenzylidene)-1,3-propanediamine. Acta Crystallogr C 1999. [DOI: 10.1107/s010827019900685x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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